EMT Midterm Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
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Earliest documented emergency medical service.
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In 1790 the French began transporting wounded soldiers from the battlefield.
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Who developed the first emergency medical standards?
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U.S. Department of Transportation
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What is enhanced 911?
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Dispatchers are able to determine location of the caller.
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Minimum level of certification to run on an ambulance crew.
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EMT
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Evaluation of patient's condition is done my doing a ___.
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Patient Assessment
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Who is responsible for scene safety?
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All crew members
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A person who speaks on behalf of the patient.
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The Advocate
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Assumes responsibility for all EMTs.
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The Medical Director
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Any agent that causes disease is called a ______.
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Pathogen
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How is Hepatitis A transmitted?
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Fecal-oral route
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What part of the nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response?
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Levels of EMS
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EMR, EMT, AEMT, Paramedic
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When lifting a patient, a basic principle is to:
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Know your own limitations
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Preferred number of rescuers when using a stair chair.
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3
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Set of limitations that defines the legal actions and limitations placed on the EMT.
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Scope of Practice
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Consent given by a school principal to treat a minor on behalf of the parents.
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In loco parentis (in place of the parent)
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An EMT's legal and ethical obligation to provide care to a patient.
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Duty to Act
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Act that governs patient confidentiality.
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HIPAA
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EMTs role at a crime scene.
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Care of the patient
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What is anatomy?
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The structures of the human body.
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What is physiology?
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The function of the human body.
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Sharing information about a patient's history or condition.
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Breach of confidentiality
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Medial
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Middle
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Lateral
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Outside
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Standing erect, facing the observer, with arms down and the palms of the hands facing forward.
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Anatomical Position
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Prone
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Face down
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Supine
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Face up
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Proximal
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Near to
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Distal
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Away from
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Patient is sitting straight up.
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Fowler's position
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Shock is also called _____.
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Hypoperfusion
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The two areas of the spine most easily injured.
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Cervical and Lumbar
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Arteries always carry blood ______ from the heart.
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away
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Veins always care blood _____ the heart.
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towards
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The clotting components of blood.
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Platelets
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The arteries the feed blood to the heart.
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Coronary arteries
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The pressure created by the contraction of the left ventricle
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Systolic
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The pressure remaining in the arteries when the left ventricle relaxes.
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Diastolic
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The system of the body that produces chemicals and hormones that regulate most of the body's activities and functions.
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Endocrine System
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Main function of the liver.
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Detoxifies harmful substances, stores sugar, and assists in the production of blood products.
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The most muscular and strongest part of the heart.
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Left Ventricle
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Primary organs of the renal system.
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Kidneys
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Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
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Pulmonary artery
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Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
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Pulmonary veins
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A source of major airway obstruction in children.
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The tongue
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The amount of air the moves in and out of the chest in one normal breathing cycle.
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Tidal volume
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Tidal volume x Breaths per minute = ?
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Minute volume
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What is ATP?
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The cell's internally created fuel that is responsible for powering all cellular function.
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When glucose and other nutrients are converted into energy.
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Cellular Respiration
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The byproducts of anaerobic respiration.
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Lactic acid and carbon dioxide
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The byproduct of cellular respiration that is removed from the blood and released through exhalation.
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Carbon dioxide
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The main control center of respiratory control.
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Medulla Oblongata
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Pathway of air from the nose to the alveoli.
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nose, nasopharynx, pharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli.
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A condition that is caused by a decreased number of red blood cells.
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Anemia
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Respiratory drive is triggered by changes in levels of ___.
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Carbon dioxide
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Birth to one year.
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Infancy
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A reflex in an newborn where it throws its arms out when started.
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Moro reflex
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Age group most concerned with body image
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Adolescence
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High-pitched upper airway obstruction.
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Stridor
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How to open the airway when a spinal injury is suspected.
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Jaw-thrust maneuver
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How to insert an oropharyngeal airway.
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Insert towards the roof of the mouth, then rotate it 180 degrees.
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Normal vital signs for a 4-year old.
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heart rate 80-130, respiratory rate 20-30, systolic pressure 70-100.
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Signs of hypoxia
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Blue or gray skin, decreased LOC, confusion, restlessness.
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Normal respiration rate for an adult.
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12 to 20 per minute
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Normal oxygen concentration via a non-rebreather mask.
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15 liters per minute
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When to replace an oxygen tank.
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200L
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AVPU
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Alert, Verbal, Pain, Unconscious
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Place to check a pulse on a responsive adult patient.
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Radial
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Place to check a pulse on an infant.
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Brachial
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Place to check a pulse on an unresponsive adult.
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Carotid
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Normal capillary refill time.
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Less than 2 seconds.
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Normal adult blood pressure
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120/80
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How often should you re-assess vital signs on an unstable patient?
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Every 5 minutes
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How often should you re-assess vital signs on a stable patient?
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Every 15 minutes
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Contraindication
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A reason why you should not give a medication.
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Medications an EMT can administer.
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Aspirin, oral glucose, oxygen, prescribed inhalers, nitroglycerin, epinephrine auto-injectors.
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Function of aspirin
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Reduces the blood's ability to clot and reduces pain.
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Why do you give nitroglycerin?
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It is given for angina pectoris.
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How does an epipen work?
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Anaphylaxis causes vasodilation and low blood pressure. Epinephrine causes vasoconstriction that counteracts the effect.
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What is the most important drug an EMT can give to a patient with signs and symptoms of miocardial infarction.
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Oxygen
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What are the two shockable rhythms.
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V-fib, F-tach
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Low blood sugar
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Hypoglycemia
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High blood sugar
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Hyperglycemia
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What is a febrile seizure?
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A seizure brought on in infants and young children caused by high fever.
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Most common signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis.
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Respiratory difficulties, low blood pressure
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Most common sound when ausclutating someone with anaphylaxis.
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Wheezing
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Highest risk of accidental poisoning
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Toddlers
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Signs and symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.
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flu-like symptoms, nausea, vomiting, altered LOC, headache, dizziness.
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What does activated charcoal do?
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It is an adsorbent that binds poisons to its surface, thus reducing the amount that gets absorbed into the bloodstream. It should not be used with strong acids or alkalis, lithium or iron tablets. It does not work on all poisons, and has no effect on alcohol poisoning.
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What effect does alcohol have on the CNS?
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It acts as a depressant.
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What are barbiturates?
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They are downers that depress the CNS.
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OxyContin, percocet, and lortab are examples of ____.
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Narcotics used for pain control
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Best treatment that an EMT can give for inhaled poisons.
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High-flow oxygen
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Effects of Delirium tremens.
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Occurs when someone has been using alcohol for some time, then stops using it suddenly. Signs and symptoms include altered LOC, hallucinations, unusual behavior, and seizure activity.
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How to do CPR on an adult.
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30 compressions and 2 breaths.
