EMT 106 Mid-Term Review – Flashcards
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Anticipated EMT Levels
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EMR Emergency Medical Responder EMT Emergency Medical Technician AEMT Advanced Emergency Medical Technician Paramedic
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Engineering Control
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precautionary measures that isolate or remove the bloodborne pathogens hazard from the work place.
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Agency affiliation
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Good samaritan law
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A series of laws, varying in each state, designed to provide limited legal protection for citizens and some health care personnel when they are administering emergency care.
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BVM difficulties
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Decreasing cardiac output Gastric distension Hyperventilation
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Palpation of abdominal quadrants
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Asses the four quadrants of the abdomen, palpate and asses DCAPBTLS
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Exam of responsive/nonresponsive
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Rectal/vaginal bleeding
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Documentation
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confidentiality, patient refusals, falsification, and error correction.
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Nitro indications/contraindications
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indications-chest pain, heart attack contraindications-ED drugs, low blood pressure administer 0.4 mg only 3 times or less
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Tall/thin spontaneous pneumothorax
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More likely to have a weak spot that can rupture with a caugh
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Small volume nebulizer
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a respiratory device that holds liquid medicine that is turned into a fine mist. The patient inhales the medicine into the airways and lungs as a treatment for conditions like asthma. The patient inhales the medicine into the airways and lungs as a treatment for conditions like asthma.
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Actions of beta-blocker drugs
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Reduces cardiac contractility (BP), decreases pulse.
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Congestive heart-failure
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syndrome where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs for oxygen and nutrients; as a result, fluid is retained and accumulates in the ankles and legs
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Result of a R/L failure
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Pulmonary Edema
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Pulmonary edema
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fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli, eventually flooding into the alveoli
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Glucose accuracy
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insure proper training with agencies blood glucose meter, and check meters for malfunctions
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Hyper/Hypoglycemia
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(hyperglycemia) a condition in which the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood is high, as in diabetes mellitus; (hypoglycemia) condition in which the level of sugar (glucose) in the blood is low
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Actions of glucose
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Increases blood sugar High glucose leads to increased ATP production, K+ channels close (more K+ inside the cell), depolarization of the cell will then open Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ enters the cell and insulin is secreted.
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Postictal phase of seizure
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pertaining to the period following a seizure or convulsion
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Cincinnati stroke scale
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Facial Droop, Arm Drift, Abnormal Speech
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Aphasia stroke
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partial or total loss of the ability to articulate ideas or comprehend spoken or written language, resulting from damage to the brain caused by injury or disease
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Insulin
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Hormone produced by the pancreas that is released when stimulated by elevated glucose levels. This hormone decreases blood sugar levels by accelerating the transport of glucose into the body cells where it is oxidized for energy or converted to glycogen or fat for storage.
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Seizure
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neuromuscular reaction to abnormal electrical activity within the brain
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Vagal maneuver
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method used to stimulate the vagus nerve in an attempt to slow conduction thru the AV node, resulting in slowing of the heart rate
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When to administer epi-pen
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As soon as the allergic reaction become anaphylaxis and life threats are present.
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Epi dose
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One adult dose is 0.3mg one infant or child dose is 0.15mg
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Epi actions/side effects
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Actions-dilates bronchioles, constricts blood vessels, makes the capillaries less permeable. Side effects-increased heart rate, pallor, dizziness, chest pain, anxiety
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Epi site time
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inject into thigh and hold in place for 10 seconds to ensure the full dosage has been administered.
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Alcohol withdrawl
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begins 6-8 hours after last drink s/s: irritability, anxiety, insomnia, tremors, sweating, mild tachycardia
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Activated charcoal dosage
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1. Adults and children: 1 gram of activated charcoal/kg of body weight. 2. Usual adult dose: 25 - 50 grams. 3. Usual pediatric dose: 12.5 - 25 grams. Mix with soda for easier consumption
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Time of drug ingestion
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Know when to administer drugs
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Recreational drug routes
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Intravenous, inhalation, sublingual
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Pt. refusal /contact med control
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Contact medical direction when you receive a patient refusal
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S/S Appendicitis
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lower R quadrant pain, fever, N/V, positive rebound tenderness (blumberg's sign), positive obturator test
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S/S Cholecystitis
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indigestion, moderate to sever pain, fever, jaundice, tenderness RUQ possible referred to R shoulder/ scapula. Possible N&V, restlessness, diaphoresis, leukocytosis, fever.
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S/S Pancreatitis
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Symptoms-- Severe abdominal pain, poorly localized, frequently radiates to back
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S/S Aortic aneurysm
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anterior chest pain, may radiate to back excruciating, tearing pain sudden onset, last hours to days pain unrelated to anything BP Lower in left arm
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parietal pain/visceral pain
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Visceral pain-A poorly localized, dull or diffuse pain that arises from the abdominal organs, or viscera. Parietal pain A localized, intense pain that arises from the parietal peritoneum, the lining of the abdominal cavity.
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Hypothermia effects
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- slows chemical reactions - increases blood viscosity - encourages blood coagulation - stimulates vasoconstriction - to overcome, the hypothalamic center stimulates shivering to increase heat production - muscular processes become sluggish
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Head trauma
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Injury to the head and, therefore, to the brain, typically caused by accidents; can lead to cognitive impairments, including memory loss.
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Mind altering substance effects
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Behavioral emergencies: how to act
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careful scene size-up Identify yourself and your role Complete primary assessment Perform as much of a detailed examination as possible Gather a thorough patient history
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Spitting patients
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BSI
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Pt. priorities
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Know when to transport and who to transport
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Reasonable force
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The force necessary to keep a patient from hurting themselves
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Suicidal pts
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Be nice, talk to them and gain trust. then slap them for being selfish!
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End stage renal disease
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refers to the late stages of chronic renal failure in which there is irreversible loss of the function of both kidneys
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Hemodialysis
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dialysis of the blood to remove toxic substances or metabolic wastes from the bloodstream
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AV fistula
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Surgically connects an artery to a vein
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Sickle cell anemia
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A genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape
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Renal system anatomy
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two kidneys, two ureters (to carry urine from each kidney to the bladder) and a single urethra (to carry urine from the bladder to the outside of the body)
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Types of shock
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Hypovolemic: due to external hemorrhage, lacerations, or plasma loss due to burns Septic: due to massive infection Vasogenic, Neurogenic: patients that suffer head or spinal trauma resulting in a failure of arterial resistance Cardiogenic: resulting from cardiac failure Allergic or anaphylaxis: results from being injected with a foreign protein, bee stings, iodinated contrast media
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Bleeding characteristics
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Arterial-spurting blood, pulsating flow, bright red color Venous-steady; slow flow dark red Capillary-slow even flow
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Use of tourniquet
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2 inches proximal of wound, in distal of joint if joint can be saved.
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Body response to blood loss
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Altered mental status pale, cool and clammy skin Nausea and vomiting Vital sign change
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Stages of shock
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Compensatory - body can maintain nearly normal levels. Decompensatory - failing blood pressure & perfusion. Irreversible - Death from organ, tissue & cell failure.
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Leading cause of internal bleeding
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Blunt Trauma * Falls * Motor-vehicle or motorcycle crashes * Auto Pedestrian collisions * Blast Injuries
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Time on scene
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the faster the better
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Skin anatomy
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Heat loss- Shock absorption-
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Avulsions
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open injury, flap created by damage to skin and tissues
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Impaled objects
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Leave them, unless they jeopardize a patent airway
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Eviscerations
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opening in abdominal wall with loops of intestines protruding, DO NOT PUSH IN, sterile dressing, may be moistened with sterile saline, occlusive dressing to prevent drying
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sprains/strains
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Sprains-excessive stretching of a ligament Strains-Tearing or overstretching of a muscle. Tendons attach muscles to bone.
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Burns-rule of 9s
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face-9 (total f&b) each arm-9 (total f&b) each leg-18 (total f&b) chest-36 (total f&b) genital-1
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Chest injuries
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Blunt trauma penetrating objects compression
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Commotio cordis
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a blunt chest injury caused by a sudden, direct blow to the chest that occurs only during the critical portion of a person's heartbeat.
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Tendons/ligaments
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tendons-Connect muscle to bone Ligaments-connect bone to bone
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Direct/indirect force
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Direct force-Force caused by a direct blow to an area of the body Indirect force-a force that causes injury some distance away from the point of impact
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Compartment syndrome
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involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles
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Blood loss from fractures
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Femur-2 pints Pelvic fracture-3-4 pints
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Types of fractures
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Greenstick;children-incomplete fracture. Epiphyseal; children-growth section, growth abnormalities. Comminuted;broken in more than 2 fragments. Pathological; weakened or diseased bone. Oblique; across the bone, angled. Transverse; across bone from direct blow or running. Spiral; twisting force. Incomplete; partial crack.
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Open/closed head injuries
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Cushing's triad
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widening of pulse pressure, irregular respirations, and bradycardia; is a sign of increased ICP
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Penetrating injuries
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Exit wounds
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Jaw injuries
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Glasgow coma scale
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It is a widely accepted measure of level of consciouness and responsiveness. It relates consciousness to three elements or response. Eye opening (E) with a max possible score = 4, Motor response (M) with a max possible score = 6, and verbal response (V) with a max possible score = 5. Score = (E+M+V) Max score = 15 and lowest score = 3. A score of ≤ 8 signifies coma or severe brain injury
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Result of severed jugular vein
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Air embolism
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obstruction of the circulatory system caused by an air bubble as, e.g., accidentally during surgery or hypodermic injection or as a complication from scuba diving
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Result of levels of spinal cord injuries
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Helmets remove/do not remove
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remove-interferes with the EMT's ability to assess and manage airway and breathing Helmet is improperly fitted interferes with immobilization cardiac arrest patient Do not remove-fits snugly, allowing little to no movement nothing blocking airway, airway patent removal would cause further damage
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Vehicle extrication
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Result of intercranial pressure
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the brain is forced into the opening base of skull called the Foramen magnum
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Actions/side effects of aspirin
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actions: prevents blood from clotting as quickly side effects: nausea, vomiting, heartburn, bleeding, if allergic wheezing and bronchospams dosage-320 mg
