Egyptian Civilization – Flashcards
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Flat, black stone which presents the demotic script, and Greek
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Rosetta Stone
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Popular Folk tale which relates the wanderings of Sinuhe, an Egyptian official forced to flee into what is now Syria
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The Tale of Sinyhe
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What was the name of the Egyptian writing system?
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hieroglyphics
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According to the Ancient Egyptians, who was the great lord of the gods?
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Amon Re
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Re was the name of a _____ god worshipped during the Old Kingdom. Amon-Re was a combination of Re and another god, Amon. Amon-Re was the great ______ of the gods.
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sun, lord
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What were among the few occupations closed to women?
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scribes and government jobs
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How did Osiris' wife, Isis, resurrect him from death?
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She reassembled the pieces of his body
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What discovery helped scholars to understand the meaning of hieroglyphs?
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the Rosetta Stone
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The Rosetta Stone presents the same passage carved in _______, demotic script and Greek, which allowed a _____ scholar to decipher the meanings of many hieroglyphs.
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hieroglyphics, french
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Which Egyptian's tomb offered a great number of remains and treasures that helped scholars learn about Egyptian civilization?
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Tutankhamen's
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The tomb of pharaoh Tutankhamen held _____ that have provided scholars a ______ of evidence about Egyptian civilization.
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treasures, wealth
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Amenhotep IV devoted his life to the worship of a minor god and took the name of _________
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Akhenaton
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Amenhotep IV worshiped Aton and took the name Akhenaton, meaning "he who ______ _______."
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serves Aton
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Mummification is the preservation of what?
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dead bodies
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According to the ancient Egyptians, what happed to sinners after death?
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They had to pass a test to win eternal life
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What did Egyptians rely on for information on the afterlife?
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The Book of the Dead
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To survive the dangerous journey through the underworld, Egyptians relied on the Book of the Dead, which contained _________, charms, and formulas.
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spells
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Ancient Egyptians made lasting contributions to civilization in many fields. Their ______, writing, art, science, and ______ have interested people for thousands of years.
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reading, literature
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During the Middle Kingdom, Egyptians prayed to a supreme god named Amon-Re. Around 1380 B.C., pharaoh Amenhotep IV tried to replace ______-______ with a minor god named Aton. He changed his own name to Akhenaton, mean- ing "he who serves _____."
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Amon, Re, Aton
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However, priests, nobles, and peasants turned against Akhenaton's _________ changes, and his radical ideas failed
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revolutionary
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Most Egyptians worshipped the god ______. He judged souls in the afterlife. His wife, the goddess Isis, was also popular. The Egyptians also learned to preserve bodies by __________, or embalming and wrapping in cloth. This was so the soul could return to the body in the afterlife.
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Osris, mumification
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Ancient Egyptians made advances in ______. Their first writing, hieroglyphics, used symbols and pictures. They later used a script system called demotic. The Egyptians also invented a material to write on, made from _______ plants. After ancient Egypt declined, the meaning of the writing was lost.
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writing, papyrus
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However, in the early 1800s, Frenchman Jean Champollion deciphered, or _______ out, the carvings on the Rosetta Stone. This stone had three forms of the same passage written in hieroglyphics, demotic, and Greek. By comparing _______, which he knew, to the other passages, Champollion was able to decode the hieroglyphics.
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figured, Greek
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Egyptians also made advances in ______ and math. Doctors identified illnesses and performed surgeries. They prescribed _________—some of which are still used today. Priest- astronomers studied stars and planets and created a _____-month calendar. Egyptian mathematicians developed basic _____
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science, medicines, 12, geometry
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Egyptian ______ has lasted thousands of years. These ancient people created monuments, statues, wall paintings, and other objects. Ancient Egyptian _________ includes hymns, love poems, and folk tales.
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artwork, literature
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Religious beliefs about _____, values, and life after _____ affected the daily lives of ancient Egyptians
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gods, death
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Scribes used one of the world's earliest forms of ____ to record information and scholar and artists made advances in science, ____, literature
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writing, art
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Much of what we know about Egyptian religions comes from inscriptions on _______ and wall _____ in tombs
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monuments, paintings
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In the sun-drenched land of Egypt, the chief god was the ___ _____
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sun god
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During the Old Kingdom, Egyptians worshipped a sun god named_____
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Re
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By the Middle Kingdom, Egyptians associated Re with another god, ______, and called him lord of the gods ____ _____
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Amon, Amon Re
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The pharaohs, whom Egyptians viewed as gods, as well as _____, were believed to receive their right to rule from _____-____
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kings, Amon Re
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Most Egyptians related more to the god _______ and the goddess ______, whose story touched human emotions, such as love and jealousy
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Osiris, Isis
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According to mythology, Osiris ruled Egypt until his jealous brother, ____, killed him. Set then cut Osiris into _______, which he tossed all over ______. Isis _______ his body and brought him back to life. Because Osiris could no longer rule over the living, he became god of the ____ and judge of _____ seeking ____ to the afterlife.
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Set, pieces, Egypt, reassembled, dead, souls, admission
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Osiris was important, not only because he was the ruler of the ______, but he was also the god of the _____
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underworld, Nile
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Osiris controlled the annual ____ that made the land ______
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floods, fertile
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Isis had a special ______ for women, who believed that she first taught women to grind corn, spin flax, _____ cloth and care for _____
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appeal, weave, children
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Isis promised the ______ that they would have ____ after death
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faithful, life
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Egyptians believed that Osiris and Isis had promised them ____ life after death
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eternal
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The Egyptians believed that each soul had to pass a ____ to win ___ _____ First: The dead soul would be ferried across a lake of ____ to the hall of ______ Second: The dead person's heart would be ____ against the feather of _____
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test, eternal life, weighed, truth
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Those Osiris judged to be sinners would be fed to the ____-shaped Eater of the ______. Worthy souls would enter the ___ ____ of _____, where they would live forever in bliss.
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crocodile, dead, Happy Field, Food
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To surive the dangerous journey through the underworld, Egyptians relied on the ___ of the ____. It contained spells, charms and formulas for the dead to use
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Book, Dead
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Egyptians believed that after life would be much like life on _____. Therefore, they buried their dead with all of their ____
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earth belongings
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At first, mummification was a privilege for rulers and _____. Eventually ordinary people won the right to ____ their dead, including pets
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nobles,mummify
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Many nobles were buried in the ____ of the ____. Their tombs, which were filled with treasures, were a great temptation to _____
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Valley, Kings, robbers
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In 1922, Howard Carter unearthed the tomb of the young pharaoh __________, who was the son-in law of Akhenaton. His tomb has remained untouched for more than _____ years.
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Tutankhamen, 3,000
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The body of the ____ year old "King Tut" had been placed in a solid-_____ coffin. He was only a ____ king
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18, gold, minor
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Egypt had it's own ___ ____. The pharaoh occupied the highest level then ____ officials, high priests, merchants, scribes, _____. The Bottom layer was the largest (____ who worked the land)
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class system, government, artisans, farmers
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Most Egyptians were ____ _____. Many were also ____
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peasant farmers, slaves
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Men and women spent their days working the _____ or repairing _____
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soil, dikes
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In the off-season, peasant men were expected to serve the _______, laboring to build palaces, ____ and tombs. Besides working in the fields, women also spent most of their time caring for ______, collecting ___ and preparing food
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pharaohs, temples, children, water
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During the New Kingdom, social classes became more fluid as _____ and _____ increased
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trade, warfare
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Trade offered new opportunities to the grow ___ class
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merchant
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Foreign conquests brought riches to ______ which in turn meant more business for ______
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Egypt, artisans
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Egyptian women enjoyed a higher status and ___ ____ than women elsewhere in the ancient world
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greater independence
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Women could inherit ______, enter business ____, buy and sell ______, got to _____, and obtain ______
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property, deals, goods, court, divorces
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Women's work was not confined to _______. Women manufactured _____ and textiles, managed farming estates and served as _______. Women could also enter ______, especially in the services of goddess. Few women learned to _____ and ______. They were not allowed to be _____ or have ______ jobs
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home, perfume, doctors, priesthood, read, write, scribes, government
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Learned _____ played a central role in Egyptian society. Some kept records of ceremonies, ______ and gifts. Others served government officials or _____. Scribes required skills in _______, medicine and engineering. A scribe from a poor family might become ____ and powerful
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scribes, taxes, pharaohs, mathematics, rich
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a system in which symbols or pictures represent objects, or sounds
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Hieroglyphics
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The Egyptians used _____ to record important economic, administrative, and royal informations. Often, priests and scribes carved hieroglyphs in ____
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hieroglyphics, stone
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Egyptians also invented ____ writing, a simpler script for every day use. It was a ____ form of writing created by simplifying the shapes of the hieroglyphs. Over time it was replaced by _____ writing.
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hieratic, simpler, demotic
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The Egyptians learned to make paper like writing material from ____, a plant that grows along the bank of the Nile
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papyrus
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Paper was invented in ______
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China
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After ancient Egypt declined, the learnings of ancient _____ were lost
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hieroglyphs
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flat black stone that presents the same passage carved in hieroglyphics, demotic script, and Greek
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Rosetta Stone
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Egyptians believed in various types of ______. They learned a great deal about ______, astronomy, and ________. They also became skilled at observing ______ and finding ___
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magic, math, medicine, symptoms, cure
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_______ also performed complex surgical operations which we know about today because they are described on _____ scrolls.
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Doctors, papyrus
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Egyptians developed a ______ that included 12 months of ____ days as well as ____ days added at the end of each year
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calendar, 30, 5
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Egyptian scholars developed ____ in order to survey the land
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geometry
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The arts of ancient Egypt included _____, wall paintings, tombs, and _____ on temples
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statues, carvings
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Statues often showed people in _____, ____ position
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stiff, statue
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The oldest Egyptian literatures includes ____ and prayers to gods, proverbs, and ___ poems
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hymns, love
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Folk tales were popular, especially the ______ of ______. It relates the wanderings of Sinuhe, who fled to Syria. This tale helps us see how Egyptians viewed themselves and the people of the surrounding _____
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Tale, Sinuhe, desert
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Some human figures have ____ _____ that represent spiritual qualities
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animal heads
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