Educational Psychology—Memory and Info Processing – Flashcards
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Sensory Register
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Information comes into you and reaches your senses (sensory memory); Information is constantly coming in; If you don't pay attention to it ever so briefly,FORGOTTEN; usually last briefly
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Attention
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focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events
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Selective attention
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critical to everyday functioning; imagine how poorly you'd function if everything demanding equal attention
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Attention
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acts like a filter that screens out most stimuli; people have difficulty if they try to focus their attention on 2 or more inputs simultaneously; divided attention impairs performances (cell phones/ texting!!!)
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Guidelines on Gaining Students' Attention
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Use cues which suggest "this is important": raise or lower voice, gestures, reptition; Increase emotional content of material; use unusual, inconsistent or surprising stimuli;
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Short-term (Working) Memory
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memory system for holding a limited amount of info for short time; Capacity 7+-2 = 5-9 bits/chunks; up to 30 seconds info can be held; rehearsal is way to hold short term longer; longer we can keep in STM, the better chances to transfer to LTM
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Principle of Displacement
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info in short term memory is pushed out (displaced) by new info if there is no rehearsal
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STM
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Rehearsing gives students time to let info "sink in"
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Chunking
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How we organize info....the better organzied the better STM can handle and then transfer to LTM
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interplay of STM & LTM
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use LTM to assist STM
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Long Term Memory
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memory system holding large amount of info for very long time
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Type of LTM
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Episodic(mental images) Semantic(schemata) Procedural(stimulus-response connections)
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Episodic
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Memory of personal experiences; Stored as mental images; space & time cues helpful for retrieval; hard to remember--unless something memorable happens during episode
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Semantic
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facts, concepts, and general info, problem solving skills, includes most learned in schools; organized very differently (NETWORK of connected ideas...SCHEMATA); gain access by mentally following paths
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Procedural
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involves knowing "how" to do something; stored in the from of stimulus response connections
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3 Stages of Memory
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Encoding Storage Retrieval
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2 Types of Interference/Inhibition
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Retroactrive Proactive
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Retroactive Inhibition
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Newer or later learning interferes with older learning
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Proactive Inhibition
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Old learning interferes with newer learning
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Keyword Method
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good for paired-associate learning; helps make connection between image & word EX; payaso=clown pato= duck
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Loci Method
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good for serial learning (ball, bread, cow, shirt)
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Rhyming
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...
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Initial Letter Strategies
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Roy G Biv; My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pickles (Planets)
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Rote vs. Meaningful Learning
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Ability to recall rote info is limited; we can retain meaningful info much better; Mnemonics impose meaning to arbitray; BUT, not all rote learning is bad; HOWEVER, it has been overused at times
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Metacognition
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knowledge about one's own learning, knowing how to learn; thinking skills and study skills are meta-cognitive skills; students can be taught these skills; EX: practicing of info; self questioning
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Advance Organizers
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initial statement about a subject to be learned that provides a structure for the new information and relates it to info the student already processes
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Analogies
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help students learn by relating info the students already know
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Elaboration
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comprehend better and retain the info
