Educational Psychology Chapters 4-5 – Flashcards
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Learner Diversity
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The group and individual differences in our students
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Ethnicity
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A person's ancestry and the way individuals identity with the nation from which they or their ancestors came
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Race
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A socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits considered important
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Cultural Mismatch
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A clash between a child's home culture and the culture of the school that creates conflicting expectations for students and their behavior
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Resistance Cultures
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Cultures with beliefs, values, and behaviors that reject the values of mainstream culture
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Stereotype Threat
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The anxiety felt by members of a group resulting from concern that their behavior might confirm a stereotype
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Multicultural Education
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An approach to teaching that examines the influence of culture on learning and attempts to find ways that students' cultures can be used to enhance achievement
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Bidialecticism
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The ability to switch back and forth between a dialect and Standard English
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English Learners (ELs)
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Students for whom English is not their first or home language
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Immersion Programs
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English language programs that place students who are ELs in general education classrooms without additional assistance t help them learn both English and academic content at the same time
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Structured Immersion
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A type of immersion English language program that attempts to assist students who are ELs by teaching both English and academic subjects at a slower pace
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Maintenance EL Programs
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Programs for students who are ELs that build on students' native language by teaching in both languages
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Transitional EL Programs
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English learner programs that attempt to use the native language as an instructional aid until English becomes proficient
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English as a Second Language (ESL) Pullout Programs
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Programs for students who are ELs who receive most of their instruction in general educational classrooms but are also pulled out for extra help
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Sheltered English
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An approach to teaching students who are ELs in academic classrooms tat modifies instruction to assist students in learning content
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Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills
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A level of proficiency in English that allows students to interact conversationally with their peers
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Academic Language Proficiency
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A level of proficiency in English that allows students to handle demanding learning tasks with abstract concepts
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Bilingualism
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The ability to speak, read, and write in two languages
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Single-Gender Classes
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Classes where boys and girls are segregated for part or all of the day
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Students at Risk
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Students who fail to complete their education with the skills necessary to succeed in today's society
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Resilience
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A learner characteristic that despite adversity, raises the likelihood of success in school and later life
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Learners with Exceptionalities
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Students who need special help and resources to reach their full potential
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Disabilities
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Functional limitations or an inability to perform a certain act
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Gifts and talents
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Abilities at the upper end of the continuum that require additional support to reach full potential
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Special Education
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Instruction designed to meet the unique needs of students with exceptionalities
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Fluid Intelligence
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The flexible, culture-free mental ability to adapt to new situations and acquire knowledge quickly
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Crystalized Intelligence
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Culture-specific mental ability, heavily dependent on experience and schooling
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Nature view of intelligence
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The assertion that intelligence is essentially determined by genetics
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Ability Grouping
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The process of placing students of similar abilities into groups and attempting to match instruction to the needs of these groups
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Between-Class Grouping
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Divides students into a certain grade into levels such as high, medium, and low
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Within-Class Grouping
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Divides students in a single class into groups, typically based o reading and math scores
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Tracking
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Placing students in different classes or curricula on the basis of achievement
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Joplin Plan
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Homogeneous grouping in reading, combined with heterogeneous grouping in other areas
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Learning Styles
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Students' personal approaches to learning, problem solving, and processing information
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Mainstreaming
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The practice of moving students with exceptionalities from segregated settings into general education classrooms
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Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
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A policy that laces students in as typical an educational setting as possible while still meeting the students' special needs
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Adaptive Fit
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The degree to which a school environment accommodates the student's needs and the degree to which student can meet the requirements of a particular school setting
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Inclusion
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A comprehensive approach to educating students with exceptionalities that advocates a total, systematic, and coordinated web of service
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Due Process
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The guarantee that parents have the right to be involved in identifying and placing their children in special programs to access school records, and to obtain n independent evaluation if they're not satisfied with the one conducted by the school
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Individualize Education Program (IEP)
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A written statement that provides a framework for delivering a free and appropriate education (FAPE) to every eligible student with a disability
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Curriculum-Based Assessment
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Measurement of learners' performance in specific areas of the curriculum
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Discrepancy Model of Identification
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One method of identifying student's with learning problems that focuses on differences between achievement and intelligence tests or subtests
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Response to Intervention Model of Identification
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A method o identifying a learning problem that focuses on the specific classroom instructional adaptions that teachers use and their success
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Disorder
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A general malfunction of mental, physical, or psychological processes
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Handicap
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A condition imposed on a person's functioning that restricts the individual's abilities
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People-First Language
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Language in which a student's disability is identified after the student is named
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Learning Disabilities
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Difficulty in acquiring and using reading, writing, reasoning, listening, or mathematical abilities
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
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A learning problem characterized by difficulties in maintaining attention
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Communication Disorders
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Exceptionalities that interfere wit students' abilities to receive and understand information from others and express their own ideas
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Speech Disorders (expressive disorders)
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Problems in forming and sequencing sounds
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Language Disorders (receptive disorders)
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Problems with understanding language or using language to express ideas
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Intellectual Disability
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A disability characterized by significant limitations both intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior
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Adaptive Behavior
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A person's ability to perform the functions o everyday living
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Behavior Disorders
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Serious and persistent age-inappropriate behaviors that result in social conflict, personal unhappiness ad often school failure
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Bipolar Disorder
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A condition characterized by alternative episodes of depressive and manic states
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Autism Spectrum Disorder
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description of a cluster of disorders characterize b impaired social relationships and skills and often associated with highly unusual behavior
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Visual Handicap
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An uncorrectable visual impairment that interferes with learning
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Partial Hearing Impairment
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An impairment that allows a student to use a hearing aid and to hear well enough to be taught through auditory channels
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Deaf
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A hearing impairment that requires the use of other senses, usually sight, to communicate
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Self-Regulation
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The ability to direct and control one's own actions and emotions
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Assistive Technology
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A set of adaptive tools that support students with disabilities in learning activities and daily life tasks
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Acceleration
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Programs for students who are gifted and talented that keep the curriculum the same but allow students to move through it more quickly
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Enrichment
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Programs for students who are gifted and talented that provide alternate instruction
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Collaborative Consultation
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The process of general and special education teachers working together to create effective learning experiences for students with exceptionalities
