Educational Psychology Chapter 5 Test Questions – Flashcards
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behavioral learning theories
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explanations of learning that emphasize observable changes in behavior
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social learning theories
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learning theories that emphasize not only reinforcement but also the effects of cues on thought and of thought on action
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cognitive learning theories
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explanations of learning that focus on mental processes
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learning
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a change in an individual that results from experience
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stimuli
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environmental conditions that activate the senses; the singular is stimulus
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unconditioned stimulus
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a stimulus that naturally evokes a particular response
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unconditioned response
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a behavior that is prompted automatically by a stimulus
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neutral stimuli
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stimuli that have no effect on a particular response
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conditioned stimulus
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a previously neutral stimulus that evokes a particular response after having been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
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classical conditioning
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the process of repeatedly associating a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus in order to evoke a conditioned response
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operant conditioning
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the use of pleasant or unpleasant consequences to control the occurrence of behavior
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skinner box
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an apparatus developed by B.F Skinner for observing animal behavior in experiments of operant conditioning
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consequences
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pleasant or unpleasant conditions that follow behaviros and affect the frequency of future behaviors
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reinforcer
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a pleasurable consequence that maintains or increases a behavior
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primary reinforcer
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food, water, or other consequence that satisfies a basic need
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secondary reinforcer
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a consequence that people learn to value through its association with a primary reinforcer
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positive reinforcer
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pleasurable consequence given to strengthen behavior
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negative reinforcer
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release from an unpleasant situation, given to strengthen behavior
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Premack Principle
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rule stating that enjoyable activities can be used to reinforce participation in less enjoyable activities
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intrinsic reinforcers
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behaviors that a person enjoys engaging in for their own sake
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extrinsic reinforcers
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praise or reward given to motivate people to engage in behavior that they might not do otherwise
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punishment
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unpleasant consequences used to weaken behavior
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aversive stimulus
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an unpleasant consequence that a person tries to avoid or escape
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presentation punishment
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an aversive stimulus following a behavior, used to decrease the chances that the behavior will occur again
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removal punishment
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withdrawal of a pleasant consequence that may be reinforcing a behavior, designed to decrease the chances that the behavior will recur
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response cost
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procedure of charging misbehaving students against their free time or other privileges
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time out
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procedure of removing a student from a situation in which misbehavior was being reinforced
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shaping
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the teaching of a new skill or behavior by means of reinforcement for small steps toward the desired goal
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extinction
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the weakening and eventual elimination of a learned behavior as reinforcement is withdrawn
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extinction burst
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the increase in levels of a behavior in the early stages of extinction
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schedule of reinforcement
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the frequency and predictability of reinforcement
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fixed-ratio schedule
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reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following a fixed number of behaviors
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variable-ratio schedule
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reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following an unpredictably number of behaviors
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fixed interval schedule
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reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following a constant amount of time
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variable interval schedule
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reinforcement schedule in which desired behavior is rewarded following unpredictable amount of time
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maintenance
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continuation of behavior
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antecedent stimuli
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events that precede behaviors
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cues
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signals as to which behaviors will be reinforced or punished
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discrimination
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perception of and response to differences in stimuli
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generalization
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carryover of behaviors, skills, or concepts from one setting or task to another
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modeling
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imitation of others'behaviors
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observational learning
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learning by observation and imitation of others
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vicarious learning
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learning based on observation of the consequences of others behavior
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self-regulation
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rewarding or punishing one's own behavior
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cognitive behavior modification
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procedures based on both behavioral and cognitive principles for changing one's own behavior by means of self-talk
