Educational Psychology Chap. 1-2 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
Teachers' Sense of Efficacy
answer
A teacher's belief that he or she can reach even difficult students to help them learn.
question
Reflective
answer
Thoughtful and inventive. Teachers think back over situations to analyze what they did and why, and to consider how they might improve learning for their students.
question
Differentiated Instruction
answer
Teaching that takes into account students' abilities, prior knowledge, and challenges so that instruction matches not only the subject being taught but also students' needs.
question
Educational Psychology
answer
The discipline concerned with teaching and learning processes; applies the methods and theories of psychology and has its own as well.
question
Descriptive Studies
answer
Studies that collect detailed information about specific situations , often using observation, surveys, interviews, recordings, or a combination of these methods.
question
Ethnography
answer
A descriptive approach to research that focuses on life within a group and tries to understand the meaning of events to the people involved.
question
Participant Observation
answer
A method for conducting descriptive research in which the reseacher becomes a participant in the situation in order to better understand life in that group.
question
Case Study
answer
Intensive study of one person or one situation.
question
Correlations
answer
Statistical descriptions of how closely two variables are related.
question
Positive Correlation
answer
A relationship between two variables in which the two increase or decrease together. Example: Calorie intake and weight gain.
question
Negative Correlation
answer
A relationship between two variables in which a high value on one is associated with a low value on the other. Example: height and distance from top of head to the ceiling.
question
Experimentation
answer
Research method in which variables are manipulated and the effects recorded.
question
Participants/ Subjects
answer
People or Animals studied.
question
Random
answer
Without any definite pattern; following no rule.
question
Quasi-Experimental Studies
answer
Studies that fit most of the criteria for true experiments, with the important exception that the participants are not assigned to groups at random. Instead, existing groups such as classes or schools participate in the experiments.
question
Statistically Significant
answer
Not likely to be a chance occurrence.
question
Single-Subject Experimental Studies
answer
Systematic interventions to study effects with one person, often by applying and then withdrawing a treatment.
question
Microgenetic Studies
answer
Detailed observation and analysis of changes in a cognitive process unfolds over a several-day or several-week period of time.
question
Action Research
answer
Systematic observations or tests of methods conducted by teachers or schools to improve teaching and larning for their students.
question
Evidenced-based practice in psychology (EBPP)
answer
Practices that intergrate the best avaliable research with the insights of expert practitioners and knowledge of the characteristics, culture, and preferences of the client.
question
Principle
answer
Established relationship between factors.
question
Theory
answer
Integrated statement of principles that attempts to explain a phenomenon and make predictions.
question
Hypothesis/Hypotheses
answer
A prediction of what will happen in a research study based on theory and previous research.
question
Empirical
answer
Based on systematically collected data.
question
Development
answer
Orderly, adaptive changes we go through between conception and death and remain for a resonably long period of time.
question
Physical Development
answer
Changes in body structure and function over time.
question
Personal Development
answer
Changes in personality that take place as one grows.
question
Social Development
answer
Changes over time in the ways we relate to others.
question
Cognitive Development
answer
Gradual orderly changese by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated.
question
Maturation
answer
Genetically programmed, naturally occurring changes over time.
question
Coactions
answer
Joint actiions of individual biology and the environment-each shapes and influences the other.
question
Sensitive Periods
answer
Times when a person is especially ready for or responsive to certain experiences
question
Fuctional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
answer
An MRI is an imaging technique that uses a magnetic field along with radio wavesw and a computer to create detailed pictures of the inside of the body. A fuctional MRI uses the MRI to measure the tiny changes that take place in the brain during brain activity.
question
Event-Related Potential (ERP)
answer
Measurements that assess electrical activity of the brain activity using computer-assisted motion pictures of the brain.
question
Neurons
answer
Nerve cells that store and transfer information.
question
Neurogenesis
answer
The production of new neurons.
question
Synapses
answer
The tiny space between neurons-chemical messages are sent across these gaps.
question
Glial Cells
answer
The white matter of the brain. These cells greatly outnumber neurons and appear to have many functions such as fighting infections, controlling blood flow and communication among neurons, and providing the myelin coating around axon fibers.
question
Myelination
answer
The process by which neural fibers are coated with a fatty sheath called myelin that makes message transfer more efficient.
question
Lateralization
answer
The specialization of the two hemispheres (sides) of the brain cortex.
question
Plasticity
answer
The brain's tendency to remain somewhat adaptable or flexible.
question
Organization
answer
Ongoing process of arranging information and experiences into mental systems or categories.
question
Adaptation
answer
Adjustment to the environment.
question
Schemes
answer
Mental systems or categories of perception and experience.
question
Assimilation
answer
Fitting new information into existing schemes.
question
Accommodation
answer
Altering existing schemes or creating new ones in response to new information.
question
Equilibration
answer
Search for mental balance between cognitive schemes and information from the environment.
question
Disequilibrium
answer
In Piaget's theory, the "out-of-balance" state that occurs when a person realizes that his or hercurrent ways of thinking are not working to solve a problem or understand a situation.
question
Sensorimotor
answer
Involving the senses and motor activity.
question
Object Permanence
answer
The understanding that objects have a separate, permanent existence.
question
Goal-Directed Actions
answer
Deliberate actions toward a goal.
question
Operations
answer
Actions a person carries out by thinking them through instead of literally performing the actions.
question
Preoperational
answer
The stage before a child masters logical mental operations.
question
Semiotic Function
answer
The ability to use symbols-language, pictures, signs, or gestures-to represent actions or objects mentally.
question
Reversible Thinking
answer
Thinking backward, from the end to the beginning.
question
Conservation
answer
Principle that some characteristics of an oject remain the same despite changes in appearance.
question
Decentering
answer
Focusing on more than one aspect at a time.
question
Egocentric
answer
Assuming that others experience the world the way you do.
question
Concrete Operations
answer
Mental tasks tied to concrete objects and situations.
question
Identity
answer
Principle that a person or object remains the same over time.
question
Compensation
answer
The principle that changes in one dimension can be offset by changes in another.
question
Classification
answer
Grouping objects into categories.
question
Reversibilty
answer
A characteristic of Piagetian logical operations-the ability to think through a series of steps, then mentally reverse the steps and return to the starting point; also called reversible thinking.
question
Seriation
answer
Arranging objects in sequential order according to one aspect, such as size, weight, or volume.
question
Formal Operations
answer
Mental Tasks involving abstract thinking and coordination of a number of variables.
question
Hypothetico-deductive Reasoning
answer
A formal-operations problem-solving strategy in which an individual begins by identifying all the factors that might affect a problem and then deduces and systematically evalutes specific solutions.
question
Adolescent Egocentrism
answer
Assumption that everyone else shares one's thoughts, feelings, and concerns.
question
Neo-Piagetian Theories
answer
More recent theories that integrate findings about attention, memory, and strategy use with Piaget's insights about children's thinking and the construction of knowledge.
question
Sociolocultural Theory
answer
Emphasizes role in development of cooperative dialogues between children and more knowledgeable members of society. Children learn the culture of their community (ways of thinking and behaving) through these interactions.
question
Co-Constructed Process
answer
A social process in which people interact and negotiate (usually verbally) to create an understanding or to solve a problem. The final product is shaped by all participants.
question
Cultural Tools
answer
The real tools (computers, scales, ect.) and symbol systems (numbers, language, graphs) that allow people in a society to communicate, think, solve problems, and create knowledge.
question
Collective Monologue
answer
Form of speech in which children in a group talk but do not really interact or communicate.
question
Private Speech
answer
Children's self-talk, which guides their thinking and action. Eventually, these verbalizations are internalized as silent inner speech.
question
Zone of Proximal Development
answer
Phase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support.
question
Scaffolding
answer
Support for learning and problem solving. The support would be clues, reminders, encouragement, breaking the problem down into steps, providing an example or anything else that allows the student to grow in independence as a learner.
question
Assisted Learning
answer
Providing strategic help in the initial stages of learning, gradually diminishing as students gain independence.
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New