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Teachers' Sense of Efficacy

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A teacher's belief that he or she can reach even difficult students to help them learn.

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Reflective

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Thoughtful and inventive. Teachers think back over situations to analyze what they did and why, and to consider how they might improve learning for their students.

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Differentiated Instruction

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Teaching that takes into account students' abilities, prior knowledge, and challenges so that instruction matches not only the subject being taught but also students' needs.

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Educational Psychology

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The discipline concerned with teaching and learning processes; applies the methods and theories of psychology and has its own as well.

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Descriptive Studies

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Studies that collect detailed information about specific situations , often using observation, surveys, interviews, recordings, or a combination of these methods.

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Ethnography

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A descriptive approach to research that focuses on life within a group and tries to understand the meaning of events to the people involved.

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Participant Observation

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A method for conducting descriptive research in which the reseacher becomes a participant in the situation in order to better understand life in that group.

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Case Study

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Intensive study of one person or one situation.

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Correlations

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Statistical descriptions of how closely two variables are related.

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Positive Correlation

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A relationship between two variables in which the two increase or decrease together. Example: Calorie intake and weight gain.

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Negative Correlation

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A relationship between two variables in which a high value on one is associated with a low value on the other. Example: height and distance from top of head to the ceiling.

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Experimentation

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Research method in which variables are manipulated and the effects recorded.

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Participants/ Subjects

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People or Animals studied.

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Random

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Without any definite pattern; following no rule.

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Quasi-Experimental Studies

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Studies that fit most of the criteria for true experiments, with the important exception that the participants are not assigned to groups at random. Instead, existing groups such as classes or schools participate in the experiments.

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Statistically Significant

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Not likely to be a chance occurrence.

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Single-Subject Experimental Studies

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Systematic interventions to study effects with one person, often by applying and then withdrawing a treatment.

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Microgenetic Studies

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Detailed observation and analysis of changes in a cognitive process unfolds over a several-day or several-week period of time.

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Action Research

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Systematic observations or tests of methods conducted by teachers or schools to improve teaching and larning for their students.

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Evidenced-based practice in psychology (EBPP)

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Practices that intergrate the best avaliable research with the insights of expert practitioners and knowledge of the characteristics, culture, and preferences of the client.

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Principle

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Established relationship between factors.

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Theory

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Integrated statement of principles that attempts to explain a phenomenon and make predictions.

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Hypothesis/Hypotheses

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A prediction of what will happen in a research study based on theory and previous research.

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Empirical

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Based on systematically collected data.

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Development

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Orderly, adaptive changes we go through between conception and death and remain for a resonably long period of time.

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Physical Development

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Changes in body structure and function over time.

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Personal Development

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Changes in personality that take place as one grows.

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Social Development

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Changes over time in the ways we relate to others.

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Cognitive Development

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Gradual orderly changese by which mental processes become more complex and sophisticated.

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Maturation

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Genetically programmed, naturally occurring changes over time.

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Coactions

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Joint actiions of individual biology and the environment-each shapes and influences the other.

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Sensitive Periods

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Times when a person is especially ready for or responsive to certain experiences

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Fuctional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

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An MRI is an imaging technique that uses a magnetic field along with radio wavesw and a computer to create detailed pictures of the inside of the body. A fuctional MRI uses the MRI to measure the tiny changes that take place in the brain during brain activity.

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Event-Related Potential (ERP)

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Measurements that assess electrical activity of the brain activity using computer-assisted motion pictures of the brain.

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Neurons

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Nerve cells that store and transfer information.

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Neurogenesis

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The production of new neurons.

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Synapses

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The tiny space between neurons-chemical messages are sent across these gaps.

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Glial Cells

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The white matter of the brain. These cells greatly outnumber neurons and appear to have many functions such as fighting infections, controlling blood flow and communication among neurons, and providing the myelin coating around axon fibers.

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Myelination

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The process by which neural fibers are coated with a fatty sheath called myelin that makes message transfer more efficient.

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Lateralization

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The specialization of the two hemispheres (sides) of the brain cortex.

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Plasticity

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The brain's tendency to remain somewhat adaptable or flexible.

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Organization

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Ongoing process of arranging information and experiences into mental systems or categories.

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Adaptation

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Adjustment to the environment.

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Schemes

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Mental systems or categories of perception and experience.

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Assimilation

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Fitting new information into existing schemes.

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Accommodation

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Altering existing schemes or creating new ones in response to new information.

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Equilibration

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Search for mental balance between cognitive schemes and information from the environment.

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Disequilibrium

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In Piaget's theory, the "out-of-balance" state that occurs when a person realizes that his or hercurrent ways of thinking are not working to solve a problem or understand a situation.

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Sensorimotor

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Involving the senses and motor activity.

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Object Permanence

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The understanding that objects have a separate, permanent existence.

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Goal-Directed Actions

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Deliberate actions toward a goal.

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Operations

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Actions a person carries out by thinking them through instead of literally performing the actions.

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Preoperational

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The stage before a child masters logical mental operations.

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Semiotic Function

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The ability to use symbols-language, pictures, signs, or gestures-to represent actions or objects mentally.

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Reversible Thinking

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Thinking backward, from the end to the beginning.

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Conservation

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Principle that some characteristics of an oject remain the same despite changes in appearance.

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Decentering

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Focusing on more than one aspect at a time.

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Egocentric

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Assuming that others experience the world the way you do.

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Concrete Operations

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Mental tasks tied to concrete objects and situations.

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Identity

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Principle that a person or object remains the same over time.

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Compensation

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The principle that changes in one dimension can be offset by changes in another.

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Classification

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Grouping objects into categories.

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Reversibilty

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A characteristic of Piagetian logical operations-the ability to think through a series of steps, then mentally reverse the steps and return to the starting point; also called reversible thinking.

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Seriation

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Arranging objects in sequential order according to one aspect, such as size, weight, or volume.

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Formal Operations

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Mental Tasks involving abstract thinking and coordination of a number of variables.

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Hypothetico-deductive Reasoning

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A formal-operations problem-solving strategy in which an individual begins by identifying all the factors that might affect a problem and then deduces and systematically evalutes specific solutions.

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Adolescent Egocentrism

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Assumption that everyone else shares one's thoughts, feelings, and concerns.

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Neo-Piagetian Theories

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More recent theories that integrate findings about attention, memory, and strategy use with Piaget's insights about children's thinking and the construction of knowledge.

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Sociolocultural Theory

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Emphasizes role in development of cooperative dialogues between children and more knowledgeable members of society. Children learn the culture of their community (ways of thinking and behaving) through these interactions.

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Co-Constructed Process

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A social process in which people interact and negotiate (usually verbally) to create an understanding or to solve a problem. The final product is shaped by all participants.

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Cultural Tools

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The real tools (computers, scales, ect.) and symbol systems (numbers, language, graphs) that allow people in a society to communicate, think, solve problems, and create knowledge.

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Collective Monologue

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Form of speech in which children in a group talk but do not really interact or communicate.

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Private Speech

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Children's self-talk, which guides their thinking and action. Eventually, these verbalizations are internalized as silent inner speech.

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Zone of Proximal Development

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Phase at which a child can master a task if given appropriate help and support.

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Scaffolding

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Support for learning and problem solving. The support would be clues, reminders, encouragement, breaking the problem down into steps, providing an example or anything else that allows the student to grow in independence as a learner.

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Assisted Learning

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Providing strategic help in the initial stages of learning, gradually diminishing as students gain independence.

Educational Psychology Chap. 1-2 – Flashcards

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