Educational Psychology Cedarville University Quiz 1 – Flashcards
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What are the four general principles that characterize most theories of development (A)
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The sequence of development is somewhat predictable
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What are the four general principles that characterize most theories of development (B)
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Children develop at different rates
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What are the four general principles that characterize most theories of development (C)
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Development is often marked by periods of relatively rapid growth spurts between periods of slower growth (plateaus)
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What are the four general principles that characterize most theories of development (D)
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Heredity and environment interact in their effects on development
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What are the four layers of environmental influence in Brofenbrenner's theory? (A)
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Cultural behaviors and belief systems
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What are the four layers of environmental influence in Brofenbrenner's theory? (B)
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State, province, country, and beyond
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What are the four layers of environmental influence in Brofenbrenner's theory? (C)
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Neighborhood and community
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What are the four layers of environmental influence in Brofenbrenner's theory? (D)
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Family
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What are the text's four key points regarding the brain and its role in development? (A)
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Different parts of the brain have different specialties, but they all work closely with one another
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What are the text's four key points regarding the brain and its role in development? (B)
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Most learning probably involves changes in neurons and synapses
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What are the text's four key points regarding the brain and its role in development? (C)
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Development changes in the brain enable increasingly complex and efficient thought
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What are the text's four key points regarding the brain and its role in development? (D)
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The brain remains adaptable through life
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What are Piaget's six basic assumptions to describe development? (1)
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Children are active and motivated learners
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What are Piaget's six basic assumptions to describe development? (2)
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Children construct rather than absorb knowledge
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What are Piaget's six basic assumptions to describe development? (3)
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Children continually learn new things through two complementary processes: assimilation and accommodation
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What are Piaget's six basic assumptions to describe development? (4)
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Interaction with one's physical and social environments are essential for cognitive development
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What are Piaget's six basic assumptions to describe development? (5)
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The process of equilibration promotes progression toward increasing complex thought
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What are Piaget's six basic assumptions to describe development? (6)
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In part as a result of maturational changes in the brain, children think in qualitatively different ways and different ages
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What are four basic criticisms of Piaget's theory? (A)
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The trouble with stages
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What are four basic criticisms of Piaget's theory? (B)
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Underestimating ability
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What are four basic criticisms of Piaget's theory? (C)
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Cross-cultural generalizations
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What are four basic criticisms of Piaget's theory? (D)
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Formal operations (and beyond)
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What are the eight basic assumptions of development in Vygotsky's theory? (1)
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Through both in formal conversations and formal schooling, adults convey to children the ways in which their culture interprets and responds to the world
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What are the eight basic assumptions of development in Vygotsky's theory? (2)
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Every culture passes along physical and cognitive tools that make daily living more productive and efficient
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What are the eight basic assumptions of development in Vygotsky's theory? (3)
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Thought and language become increasingly interdependent in the first few years of life
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What are the eight basic assumptions of development in Vygotsky's theory? (4)
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Complex mental processes begin as social activities and gradually evolve into internal mental activities that children can use independently
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What are the eight basic assumptions of development in Vygotsky's theory? (5)
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Children appropriate their culture's tools in their own idiosyncratic manner by more advanced and competent individuals
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What are the eight basic assumptions of development in Vygotsky's theory? (6)
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Children can accomplish more difficult tasks when assisted by more advanced and competent individuals
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What are the eight basic assumptions of development in Vygotsky's theory? (7)
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Challenging tasks promote maximum cognitive growth
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What are the eight basic assumptions of development in Vygotsky's theory? (8)
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Play allows children to stretch themselves cognitively
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What are three common themes in Piaget and Vgotsky's theories? (A)
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Children acquire increasingly complex thinking processes with age and experience
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What are three common themes in Piaget and Vgotsky's theories? (B)
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The importance of challenge in the form of puzzling new info (Piaget's disequilibrium or tasks that can be completed only with assistance and V's zone of proximal development)
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What are three common themes in Piaget and Vgotsky's theories? (C)
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At any given point in development children are cognitively ready for some experiences but not for others
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What are the key differences in the theories of Piaget or Vgotsky? (A)
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Piaget- self exploration and discovery. V- guided exploration and instruction
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What are the key differences in the theories of Piaget or Vgotsky (B)
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Piaget- cultural differences may have an impact, but he didn't systematically explain them. V- culture is of paramount importance in molding the specific thinking skills children acquire.
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What are the key differences in the theories of Piaget or Vgotsky? (C)
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Piaget- language certainly enhances cognitive development because it provides labels to help children mentally represent their world. V- language is absolutely essential for cognitive growth
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What are four key components of language acquisition and development? (phonology)
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How words sound and the ability to produce the sequence of sounds that make up any given word
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What are four key components of language acquisition and development? (semantics)
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The meaning of many thousands of words
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What are four key components of language acquisition and development? (syntax)
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Knowing how words can legitimately be combined to form understandable phrases and sentences
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What are four key components of language acquisition and development? (pragmatics)
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The social conventions and speaking strategies that enable effective communication with others
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What three classroom applications can be learned about development from brain research? (A)
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Provide reasonable stimulation for young children. Don't overload them with new info and activities for fear of their losing synapses
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What three classroom applications can be learned about development from brain research? (B)
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Keep in mind that adolescents' brains have not yet fully matured
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What three classroom applications can be learned about development from brain research? (C)
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Be optimistic that students of all ages can acquire a wide variety of new topics and skills
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What are five classroom applications of Piaget's theory? (1)
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Use Piaget's stages as a rough guide to what students at different grade levels can do, but don't take them too literally.
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What are five classroom applications of Piaget's theory? (2)
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When young children show signs of egocentric thinking, express confusion or explain that others think differently
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What are five classroom applications of Piaget's theory? (3)
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Relate abstract and hypothetical ideas to concrete objects and observable events.
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What are five classroom applications of Piaget's theory? (4)
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Ask students to explain their reasoning about physical phenomena, and challenge illogical explanations
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What are five classroom applications of Piaget's theory? (5)
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Draw adolescents'idealism to engage them in public service projects and other charitable endeavors
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What are five classroom applications of Vgotsky's theory? (1)
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Provide cognitive tools that students can use in thinking about and tackling new tasks
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What are five classroom applications of Vgotsky's theory? (2)
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Encourage students to talk themselves through difficult tasks
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What are five classroom applications of Vgotsky's theory? (3)
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Present some tasks that students can perform successfully only with assistance
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What are five classroom applications of Vgotsky's theory? (4)
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Provide sufficient support, or scaffolding, to enable students to perform challenging tasks successfully, gradually withdrew support as they become more proficient.
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What are five classroom applications of Vgotsky's theory? (5)
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Have students work in small groups to accomplish complex, multifaceted tasks
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What is scaffolding and what are eight ways it can be implemented in classrooms? (1)
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Help students develop a plan for dealing with a complex new task
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What is scaffolding and what are eight ways it can be implemented in classrooms? (2)
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Demonstrate proper performances in a manner that students can easily imitate
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What is scaffolding and what are eight ways it can be implemented in classrooms? (3)
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Divide a multifaceted task into several smaller, simpler tasks
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What is scaffolding and what are eight ways it can be implemented in classrooms? (4)
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Give specific guidelines for accomplishing the task
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What is scaffolding and what are eight ways it can be implemented in classrooms? (5)
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Ask questions that encourages students to think about the task in productive ways
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What is scaffolding and what are eight ways it can be implemented in classrooms? (6)
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Provide a calculator, computer software, or other technology that makes some aspects of the task easier
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What is scaffolding and what are eight ways it can be implemented in classrooms? (7)
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Remind students of what their goals are in performing the task
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What is scaffolding and what are eight ways it can be implemented in classrooms? (8)
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Give frequent feedback about how students are progressing
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What is the relationship between universals and developmental milestones?
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The universality is marked by the acquisition of development milestones in predictable sequences
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How does Brofenbrenner's understanding of culture (inside the head, out there in the world relate to the idea of worldview?)
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It provides an overall framework by which a child comes to determine what things are normal and abnormal, true and not true, rational and irrational, good and bad
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What is an operation in Piagetian theory?
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Operations are larger systems of mental processes that allow children to think more logically than they have previously.
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How is operational thinking different from preoperational thought?
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Preoperational thought has definite limitations, whereas with operational thinking, children now realize that their own perspectives and feelings aren't necessarily shared by others and may reflect personal opinions rather than reality.
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How is formal operational thought different (and cognitively superior) to concrete operational thought?
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Children can think about concepts that have little to no basis in concrete reality. Furthermore, they recognize that what is logically valid is different from what is true in the real world. Scientific reasoning and improved mathematics skills are also included.
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Using Piaget's and Vgotsky's theories, many contemporary theorists believe what is the most important variable in cognitive development?
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Acquiring language is the most important factor in cognitive development.
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How does the concept of sensitive (critical) periods relate to the idea of language acquisition?
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Children who have little or no exposure to any language in the early years often have trouble acquiring language later on, even with intensive language instruction. Furthermore, when learning a second language, people have an easier time mastering pronunciation and various verb tenses if they're immersed in the language during childhood or early adolescence.
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What advantages are seen in students who are truly bi-lingual?
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They have a head start in their development of metalinguistic awareness. They tend to perform better on tasks requiring focused attention and on tasks requiring creative, flexible thinking. Helps maintain cross-culture social relationships.
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universals
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similar patterns in how children change and progress over time regardless of their specific environment
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developmental milestones
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appearance of a new, more advanced behavior that indicates significant progress in a child's development
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maturation
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occurrence of genetically controlled physical advancements as a child develops
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sensitive (critical) period
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age range during which a certain aspect of a child's development is especially susceptible to environmental conditions
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synaptic pruning
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universal process in brain development in which many previously formed synapses whither away
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plasticity
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ability to recognize in order to adapt to changing circumstances, term often used when describing the brain
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constructivism
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theoretical perspective proposing that learners actively construct (rather than passively absorb) knowledge from their experiences
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scheme
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organized group of similar actions or thoughts that are used repeatedly in response to the environment
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assimilation
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process of dealing with an object or event in a way that is consistent with the existing scheme
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accommodation
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process of dealing with a new object or event by either modifying an existing scheme or making a new one
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disequilibrium
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state of being unable to address new events with existing schemes, typically accompanies by some mental discomfort
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equilibration
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movement from equilibrium to disequilibrium and back, a process that promotes development of more complex thought and understanding
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sensorimotor stage
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Piaget's first stage of cognitive development in which schemes are based largely on behaviors and perceptions
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preoperational stage
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Piaget's second stage of cognitive development in which children can think about objects and events beyond their immediate view but do not yet reason in logical, adult-like ways
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preoperational egocentrism
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inability of children in preoperational stage to view situations from another person's perspective
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concrete operations stage
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Piaget's 3rd stage of cognitive development in which adult-like logic appears but is limited to concrete reality
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formal operations stage
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Piaget's 4th and last stage of cognitive development in which logical and reasoning processes are applied to abstract ideas as well as to concrete objects
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formal operational egocentrism
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inability of adolescents in Piaget's formals operations stage to separate their own abstract logic from the perspectives of others and from practical considerations
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sociocultural theory
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theoretical perspective emphasizing the importance of society and culture in promoting learning and development
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cognitive tool
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concept, symbol, strategy, prodecure, or other culturally constructed mechanism that helps people think about and respond to situations more effectively
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internalization
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process by which a learner gradually incorporates socially based activities into his or her cognitive processes
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zone of proximal development
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range of tasks that a learner can perform with help from others but cannot yet perform independently
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mediated learning experience
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discussion between an adult and a child in which the adult helps the child make sense of an event that they are mutually experiencing
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scaffolding
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support mechanism that helps a learner successfully perform a challenging task (withing in the ZPD)
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English language learner
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school-age child who is not fully fluent in English because of limited exposure to English prior to enrollment at an English-speaking school
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immersion
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second-language instruction in which students hear and speak that language almost exclusively in the classroom
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bilingual education
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second-language instruction in which students are instructed in academic subject areas in their native language while simultaneously being taught to speak and write in the second language
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maturation
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In development, the occurrence of genetically controlled advances in abilities or behavior is known as... A. Developmental milestones B. Maturation C. Sensitive (critical) period D. Plasticity
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sensitivity (critical) period
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In development, the age range during which certain behaviors or traits are particularly susceptible to environmental conditions is known as... A. Developmental milestones B. Maturation C. Sensitive (critical) period D. Plasticity
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Disequilibrium
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In Piagetian theory, the mental state that motivates a person to learn due to an inability to explain new events through the use of one's existing understanding is known as... A. Scheme B. Assimilation C. Accommodation D. Disequilibrium
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Scheme
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In Piagetian theory, a group of organized similar actions or thoughts used to respond to the environment is known as... A. Scheme B. Operation C. Universal D. Disequilibrium
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Accommodation
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Three-year-old Abby calls every animal she sees a "doggie." One day she pets a cat and calls it a "doggie." Her mom says, "No, Abby, that is a kitty." After this, Abby is able to correctly identify and differentiate between "doggies" and "kitties." In Piaget's theory, Abby is demonstrating... A. Assimilation B. Accommodation C. Equilibration D. The fact that she is gifted
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Bilingual Education
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The type of language instruction where an English learner (ELL) is given instruction in their native language while also learning English is called... A. Nativism B. Immersion C. Bilingual education D. Socio-cultural linguistic
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Formal operations
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Polly Procrastinator, Cedarville senior and still undeclared major, is talking to her friends over dinner. "I found myself thinking about my future and then I began to think about why I was thinking about my future, which caused me to think how can I think about my future..." Piaget would say that Polly was operating (poorly) in which stage of cognitive development> A. Pre-operational B. Concrete operations C. Formal operations D. None - Piaget would say that Polly is a few fries short of a Happy Meal
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Pre-operational
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Four-year-old Andrew hears his grandmother say that she would just love to "squeeze the pudding" out of his new baby sister. Later Andrew asks his mom why babies have pudding inside them. Piaget would explain Andrew's confusion as typical of what stage of cognitive development? A. Sensorimotor B. Pre-operational C. Concrete operations D. Formal operations
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Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
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In Vygotsky's theory, The range of tasks which a learner can perform with the help and guidance of others is called... A. Cognitive tool B. Internalization C. Zone of proximal development (ZPD) D. Mediated learning experience
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Heredity and environment rarely interact in affecting development
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Which of the following IS NOT a general principle that characterizes most theories of development? A. The sequence of development is generally predictable. B. Children develop at different rates C. There are periods of rapid growth (spurts) between periods of slower growth (plateaus). D. Heredity and environment rarely interact in affecting development.
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Children quickly absorb information from the environment
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Which of the following IS NOT a basic assumption regarding development in Piaget's theory? A. Children quickly absorb information from the environment B. Children are active and motivated learners C. Physical and social interactions are critical for cognitive development D. Equilibration promotes development towards increasingly complex thought
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Most adults use only 10-15% of their brain capacity
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Which of the following IS NOT a key point regarding the brain and its role in development? A. Most learning probably involves changes in neurons and synapses. B. Different parts of the brain have specialties but work closely with one another C. Developmental changes in the brain enable more complex and efficient thought D. Most adults use only 10-15% of their brain capacity
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Scaffolding
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Pam Pedagogy helps her students understand complex cognitive tasks by breaking them down into smaller subtasks. She will also ask guided questions to help them think about the task in a certain way and (at times) demonstrate parts of the task so that her students can imitate her. Pam's actions are consistent with the Vygotskian concept... A. Zone of proximal development B. Internalization C. Scaffolding D. Doing her job as a teacher
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Individual
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Which of the following IS NOT a layer of the environmental influence in Brofenbrenner's theory of development? A. Individual B. Family C. Community D. Culture
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Cognitive tool
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In Vygotsky's theory, the cultural constructed mechanisms (e.g. concepts, symbols, language) that allow people to think and respond to situations effectively are called... A. Cognitive tool B. Mediated learning experience C. Immersion D. Socio-cultural theory
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Constructivism
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The theoretical perspective which claims that learners actively develop knowledge from their experience is know as... A. Mediated leaning B. Constructivism C. Socio-cultural theory D. Scaffolding
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Cognitive development progresses in a linear fashion
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All of the following are common themes in BOTH Piaget and Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development EXCEPT... A. complex thinking is acquired with age and experience B. Challenging task promote cognitive growth C. Not all learners are ready for cognitive challenges at the same time D. Cognitive development progresses in a linear fashion
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Discourage adolescent idealism in favor of more concrete, realistic ideas
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All of the following are applications of Piaget's theory to classrooms (as discussed in the text) EXCEPT... A. Stages are rough guides to developmental differences, but should not be taken too literally B. Relate abstract / hypothetical ideas to concrete objects and events C. Discourage adolescent idealism in favor of more concrete, realistic ideas. D. Ask students to explain reasoning and challenge their illogical explanations.
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Pre-operational
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In Piaget's theory, in inability to view situations from the perspective of other people is known as ________________ egocentrism. A. Sensorimotor B. Pre-operational C. Concrete operational D. Formal operations
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Operation
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In Piaget's theory, a logical system of mental processes (e.g. addition or comparison) that allows a person to think in a logical fashion is called... A. Synaptic pruning B. Disequilibriation C. Mediated learning D. Operation
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Allow students to experiment with task performance
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All of the following are applications of scaffolding to classrooms discussed in the text EXCEPT... A. Help students develop a plan for dealing with a task B. Allow students to experiment with task performance C. Divide complex tasks into several smaller / similar tasks D. Provide specific guidelines to accomplish tasks.
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Discourage students from thinking about the task in new, unique, or idiosyncratic ways
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Once again, all of the following are applications of scaffolding to classrooms discussed in the text EXCEPT... A. Discourage students from thinking about the task in new, unique, or idiosyncratic ways B. Give frequent feedback to students regarding progress C. Provide appropriate technologies to make aspects of the task easier. D. Give students a goal (example) in performing the task.
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The rational tools of teaching are culturally universal
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All of the following are basic assumptions foundational to Vygotsky's theory EXCEPT... A. Adults convey to children ways that culture interprets and responds to the world B. Thought and language are interdependent C. Mental processes start as social activities that become internalized. D. The rational tools of teaching are culturally universal
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Children simply "mirror" or mimic the cultural tools of the society
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Once again, all of the following are foundational assumptions to Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development EXCEPT... A. Children simply "mirror" or mimic the cultural tools of the society B. Children can accomplish difficult tasks when assisted by more advanced / competent people C. Challenging tasks promote maximum cognitive growth. D. Play allows children to stretch themselves cognitively
