Educational Psychology Definitions – Flashcards
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concept mapping
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identifying and visually representing on paper the ideas that comprise a section of text
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observational learning or modeling
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observing and imitating a behavior (to learn new capabilities)
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self-efficacy
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The degree to which people believe they are capable or prepared to handle particular tasks.
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self-regulated learning
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conscious and purposeful use of one's cognitive skills, feelings, and actions to maximize the learning of knowledge and skills for a given task and set of conditions.
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self-reinforcement
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individual strives to meet personal standards
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social cognitive theory
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explanation of how people learn to become self-regulated learners through the interactive effects of their personal characteristics, behaviors, and social reinforcement.
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triadic reciprocal causation
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-foundation of social cognitive theory - learned capabilities are the product of interactions among an individual's personal characteristics, behaviors, and social environment
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behavior modification
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use of operant conditioning techniques to modify behavior, generally by making rewards contingent on certain action
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computer-based instruction (CBI)
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Teaching methods that use interactive software as an aid to learning.
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contingency contracting
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A behavior-strengthening technique that specifies desirable behaviors and consequent reinforcement.
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discrimination
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individuals learn to notice the unique aspects of seemingly similar situations and thus learn different ways of responding.
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extinction
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Causing a target behavior to cease by ignoring it.
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generalization
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The learned ability to respond in similar ways to similar stimuli.
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negative reinforcement
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A way of strengthening a target behavior by removing an aversive stimulus after a particular behavior is exhibited.
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operant conditioning
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(developed by B. F. Skinner) organisms respond to their environments in particular ways to obtain or avoid particular consequences.
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positive reinforcement
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strengthening a target behavior (increasing and maintaining the probability that a particular behavior will be repeated) by supplying a positive stimulus immediately after a desired response.
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grandma's rule
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shaping technique that allows students to indulge in a favorite activity after completing a set of instructional objectives AKA Premack principle
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punishment
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weakening a target behavior by presenting an aversive stimulus after the behavior occurs. Types- Presentation and Removal
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response cost
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withdrawal of previously earned positive reinforcers as a consequence of undesirable behavior, often used with a token economy
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shaping
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Promoting the learning of complex behaviors by reinforcing successive approximations to the terminal behavior.
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time-out
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A procedure that weakens a target behavior by temporarily removing the opportunity for the behavior to be rewarded.
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token economy
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A behavior-strengthening technique that uses items of no inherent value to "purchase" other items perceived to be valuable.
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Ratio
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number
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fixed ratio
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reinforcement of a particular behavior after a specific number of responses.
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variable ratio
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a schedule where reinforcement happens after a changing number of responses. ( Example slot machine)
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Interval
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time
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Fixed interval
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reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (Ex workers pay)
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variable interval
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a schedule where reinforcement happens after a changing length of time. (Ex. fishing)
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reinforcement schedule
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Fixed Interval Variable Interval Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio
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removal
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take away something positive (ex. time out, response cost)
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Response Cost
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take away something(ex. no phone)
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Presentation
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apply something adverse Types- Satiation, Verbal Reprimand, Saturday School
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Types of punishments
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Removal and Presentation
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Reciprocal Determinism Model Factors
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Behavior, Environment, Person/ Cognitive
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Social Cognitive Theory
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theoretical perspective that focuses on how people learn by observing others and how they eventually assume control over their own behavior
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Self Regulating
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-Self Determined Goals and standards -Self monitoring -Self instructions -Self Evaluation Self imposed contiguity
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motivation
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need for the actions we witness; their usefulness to us
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Production Processes
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ability to actively perform the actions we observe
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Vicarious Punishment
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observed reinforcement or punishment experienced by someone else (ex. fear of parents)
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Vicarious Reinforcement
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imitate the behavior of someone that has been reinforced for that behavior (ex. avoidance of hot stuff)
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primary reinforcement
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something necessary for psychological or physical survival that is used as a reward (ex food)
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Secondary reinforcement
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Something that you have learned to value (ex. money)
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reinforcement
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anything that will increase the frequency of a behavior
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Cueing
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provide stimulus just before certain behavior occurs
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Fading
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making cues less direct
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ABC Analysis
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Antecedent, Behavior, Consequences (Skinner believed that behavior can be changed by altering A and C )
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Classical Conditioning Principles
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-Generalization -Discrimination -Extinction
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Contiguity
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repeated pairing of a stimulus and response that will cause an association (ex. Drills)
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Learning
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Change in a behavior due to your experiences
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How to develop new behaviors
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reinforcement, contingency contract, Token Economy Program
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Token Economy Program
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use of something without value as a incentive
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Satiation (Presentation Type)
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make kid do behavior until they get tried of it
