Educational Psychology Test Questions – Flashcards
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Educational psychology
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The branch of psychology that specializes in understanding teaching and learning in educational settings
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William James
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Importance of observing teaching to improve it
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John Dewey
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Emphasized that childs adaptation to environment
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E.L. Thorndike
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Initiated an emphasis on assessment and measuring learning, educational psychology
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Leta Hollingsworth
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gifted
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George Sanchez
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intelligence tests
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Mamie and Kenneth Clark
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studied African American students
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B.F. Skinner
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Psychology as the science of observable behavior and controlling conditions, programmed learning
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Bloom's Taxonomy of Cognitive Skills
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remembering, comprehending, synthesizing, and evaluating which teachers should help students do
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What deals with Descriptive Research
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observation, standardized tests, case studies, ethnographic studies, interviews and questionnaires, focus groups, and personal journals and diaries
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What deals with Correlational Research
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Research that describes the strength of the relation between two or more events or characteristics, Correlation does not equal causation
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Program Evaluation
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Designed to make decisions about a particular program
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Action Research
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used to solve a particular classroom or school problem
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Teacher as Researcher
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Teachers conduct their own studies to improve their teaching
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Three processes of development
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cognitive, biological, socioemotional processes
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continuity
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involves gradual, cumulative change (gradual growth)
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discontinuity
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distinct stages (caterpillar growing)
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early-later experience issue
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the issue of the degree to which earl experiences (especially infancy or later experiences are the key determinants of the child's development
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splintered development
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the circumstances in which development is uneven across domains (good math skills, poor writing skills)
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Assimilation
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piagetian concept of the incorporation of new info into existing knowledge , working it in to what we know
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Accommodation
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piagetian concept of adjusting schemas to fit new info and experiences
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organization
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piaget's concep of grouping isolated behaviors into a higher order, more smoothly functioning cognitive system; the grouping or arranging of items into categories
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equilibration
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a mechanism that piaget proposed to explain how children shift occurs as children experience cognitive conflict, or disequilibrium, in trying to understand the world. Eventually, they resolve the conflict and reach a balance, or equilibrium, of thought
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what are piagets four stages of development
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sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational
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Sensorimotor
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the infant constructs an understanding f the world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions
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preoperational
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the child begins to represent the world with words and images, symbolic thinking
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concrete operational
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the child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets, ego centrism, middle school
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formal operational
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the adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic, and logical ways, high school
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object performance
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realize things exist over time, sensorimotor
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symbolic function substage
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the first substage of preoperational thought, occurring between about 2 to 4 years of age; the ability to represent an object not present develops and symbolic thinking increases; egocentrism is present- mine
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intuitive thought substage
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the second substae of preoperational thought, lasting from about 4 to 7 years of age. children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answer to all sorts of questions. they seem so sure about their knowledge in this substage but are unaware of how they know what they know
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centration
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focusing or centering attention on one characteristic to exclusion of all others; characteristic of preoperational thinking, everything pink
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conservation
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the idea that some characteristic of an object stays the same even though the object might change in appearance; a cognitive ability that develops in the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget
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seriation
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a concrete operation that involves ordering stimuli
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Transitivity
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the ability to reason and logically combine relationships
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hypothetical deductive reasoning
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Piaget's formal operational concept that adolescents can develop hypotheses to solve problems and systematically reach (deduce) a conclusion, Formal Operational
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zone of proximal development
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Vygotsky's term for the range of tasks that are too difficult for children to master alone but that can be mastered with guidance
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scaffolding
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a technique that involves changing the level of support for learning. A teacher or more advanced peer adjusts the amount of guidance to fit the student's current performance
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social constructivist approach
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emphasizes the social contexts of learning and that knowledge is mutually built and constructed; Vygotsky's theory exemplifies this approach
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syntax
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the ways that words must be combined to form acceptable phrases and sentences
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semantics
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the meaning of words and sentences
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pragmatics
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the appropriate use of language in different contexts
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ecological theory
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Bronfenbrenner's theory that consists of five environmental systems; microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem
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Microsystem
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diract interactions, (family, friends sports teachers)
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mesosystem
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links between micorsystem, (families of their friends, schools and their teacher, sports family, siblings friends)
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exosystem
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indirectly influences through setting, (mall and stores, public facility, movies, sports events)
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macrosystem
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the role of culture values and customs, (trends, peer expectations, opinions of parents, opinions of friends)
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chronosystem
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sociohistorical conditions
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what did Erikson create
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the 8 stages of human development
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8 stages of human development
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Trust v. Mistrust Autonomy v. Shame Initiative v. Guilt Industry v. inferiority ID v. ID confusion intimacy v. isolation geherativity v. isolation integrity v. despair
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Authoritarian parenting
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a restrictive and punitive parenting style in which there is little verbal exchange between parents and children; associated with children's social incompetence
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authoritative parenting
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a positive parenting style that encourages children to independent but still places limits and controls on their actions; extensive verbal give and take is allowed; associated with children's social competence
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neglectful parenting
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a parenting style of uninvolvement in which parents spend lite time with their children; associated with children's social incompetence
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indulgent parenting
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a parenting style of involvement but few limits or restrictions on children behavior; linked with children's social incompetence
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developmentally appropriate practice
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education based on knowledge of the typical development of children within an age span (age appropriateness) as well as the uniqueness of the child (individual appropriateness), proven to have less stress, better work habits, more creative, more socially apt
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Montessoria approach
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an educational philosophy in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing
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self esteem
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also called self image and self worth, the individuals overall conception of herself or himself
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James Marcia
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identity statuses, diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, achievement
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identity diffusion
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the identity status in which individuals have neither explored meaningful alternatives nor made a commitment
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identity foreclosure
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the identity status in which individuals have made a commitment but have not explored meaningful alternatives
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identity moratorium
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the identity status inwhich individuals are in the midst of exploring alternatives but have not yet made a commitment
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identity achievement
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the identity status in which individuals have explored meaningful alternatives and made a commitment
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Kohlbergs three provocactive cognitive developmental theory
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preconventional, conventional, postconventional
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moral development
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development with respect to the rules and conventions of just interactions between people
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preconventional reasoning
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mortality is often focused on reward and punishment
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1 punishment and obedience orientation (lowest)
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preconventional reasoning,moral thinking is often tied to punishment
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2 individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
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preconventional reasoning, individuals pursue their own interests but also let others do the same
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conventional reasoning
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individuals abide by certain standards (internal), but they are the standards of others such as parents or the laws of society (external)
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3 mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity
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conventional reasoning, individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis or moral judgement
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4 social systems morality
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conventional reasoning, moral judgments are based on understanding the social order, law, justice and duty
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Postconventional reasoning
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morality is more internal
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5 social contract or utility and individual rights
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postconventional reasoning, individuals reason that values, rights, and principles undergird or transcend the law
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6 Universal ethical principles (highest)
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the person has developed a moral standard based on universal human rights
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justice perspective
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a moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; Kohlberg's theory is a justice perspective
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care perspective
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a moral perspective that focuses on connectedness and relationships among people; Gilligan's approach reflects a care perspective
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altruism
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an unselfish interest in helping another person
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gratitude
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a feeling of thankfulness and appreciation, especially in response to someone doing something kind or helpful
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character education
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a direct approach to moral education that involves teaching stents basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior and doing harm to themselves
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values clarification
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an approach to moral education that emphasizes helping people clarify what their lives are for and what is worth working for; students are encouraged to define their own values and understand the values of others
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cognitive moral education
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an approach to moral education based on the belief that students should value things such as democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops; Kohlberg's theory has served as the foundation for many cognitive moral education efforts
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service learning
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a form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community
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Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory
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Microsystes, Mesosystems, exosystems, macrosystems, chronosystems
