Educational psychology – Flashcards
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concept map
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a visual presentation of a concepts connections and hierarchical organization
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thinking
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manipulating and transforming information in memory
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inductive reasoning
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reasoning from the specific to the general
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deductive reasoning
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reasoning from the general to the specific
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analogy
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a correspondence in some respects between otherwise dissimilar things
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critical thinking
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thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating the evidence
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mindfulness
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means being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks
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decision making
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evaluating alternatives and making choices among them
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confirmation bias
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the tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather then refutes them
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belief perseverance
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the tendency to hold on to a belief in the face of contradictory evidence
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overconfidence bias
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the tendency to have more confidence in judgment and decisions than we should have based on probability or past experience
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prototype matching
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deciding if an item is a member of a category by comparing it with the most typical items of the category
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hindsight bias
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the tendency to falsely report after the fact that we accurately predicted an event
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dual process model
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states that decision making is influenced by 2 systems: one analytical and one experimental which complete each other
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creativity
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the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and come up with unique solutions to problems
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convergent thinking
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thinking with the aim of producing one answer
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divergent thinking
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thinking with the aim of producing many answers
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problem solving
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finding an appropriate way to attain a goal
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subgoaling
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the process of setting intermediate goals that place students in a better position to reach the final goal
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algorithms
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strategies that guarantee a solution to a problem
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heuristics
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strategies or rules of thumb that can suggest a solution to a problem but don't ensure that it will work
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means end analysis
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a heuristic in which one identifies the goal of a problem, assesses the current situation, and evaluates what needs to be done to decrease the difference between the 2 conditions
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fixation
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using a prior strategy and thereby failing to examine a problem from a fresh new perspective
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mental set
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a type of fixation in which an individual tries to solve a problem in a particular way that has worked in the past
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problem based learning
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learning that emphasizes authentic problems like those that occur in daily life
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project based learning
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students work on real meaningful problems beyond those of everyday life and create tangible products
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transfer
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applying previous experiences and knowledge to learning or problem solving in a new situation
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near transfer
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the transfer of learning to a situation that is similar to the one in which the initial learning took place
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far transfer
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the transfer of learning to a situation that is very different from the one in which the initial learning took place
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low road transfer
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the automatic often unconscious transfer of learning to another situation
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high road transfer
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the transfer of learning from one situation to another that is conscious and effortful
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forward teaching transfer
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occurs when the individual looks to apply learned information to a future situation
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backward teaching transfer
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occurs when the individual looks back to a previous situation for information to solve a problem
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social constructivist approach
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approach that emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the idea that knowledge is mutually built and constructed
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situated cognition
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the idea that thinking occurs in social and physical contexts
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cognitive apprenticeship
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a relationship in which an expert stretches and supports a novice's understanding and use of a culture's skills
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cooperative learning
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learning that occurs when students work in small groups to help each other learn
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fostering a community of learners
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a social constructivist program that focuses on literacy development and biology
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reciprocal learning
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a learning arrangement used by FCL in which students take turns leading a small group learning
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schools for thought
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a social constructivist program that combines aspects of the jasper project, FCL, and CSILE
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motivation
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the processes that energize, direct, and sustain behavior
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incentives
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postive or negative stimuli or events that can motivate a student's behavior
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humanistic perspective
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a view that stresses student's capacity for personal growth, freedom to choose their destiny, and positive qualities
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self actualization
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the highest and most elusive of Maslow's needs
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competence motivation
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idea that people are motivated to deal effectively with their environment to master their world and to process information effectively
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extrinsic motivation
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the external motivation to obtain something else
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intrinsic motivation
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the internal motivation to do something for its own sake
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attribution theory
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the theory that individuals are motivated to discover the underlying causes of their own behavior and performance
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helpless orientation
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a response to challenges and difficulties in which the individual feels trapped by the difficulty and attributes the difficulty to a lack of ability
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mastery orientation
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a task oriented response to difficult or challenging circumstances that focuses on learning strategies and the process of achievement rather than the outcome
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performance orientation
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a focus on winning rather then an achievement outcome
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mindset
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Dweck's concept that refers to the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves
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self efficacy
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the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes
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social motives
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needs and desires that are learned through experience with the social world
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failure syndrome
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having low expectations for success and giving up at the first sign of difficulty
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auditorium style
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students sit facing the teacher
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face to face style
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students sit facing each other
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offset style
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small numbers of students sit at tables but don't sit directly across from each other
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seminar style
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large numbers of students sit in circular, square, or u-shaped set ups
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cluster style
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small numbers of students work in small closely bunched groups
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wittiness
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teachers show students that they are aware of what is happening
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active listening
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a listening style that gives full attention to the speaker and notes both the intellectual and emotional contents of the message
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formative assessment
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assessment during the course of instruction rather then after it's completed
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summative assessment
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assessment after instruction is finished to document student performance
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instructional validity
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the extent to which the assessment is a reasonable sample of what went on in the classroom
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grading
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translating descriptive assessment information into letters, numbers, or other marks that indicate the quality of a students learning or performance
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objective tests
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tests that have relatively clear, unambiguous scoring criteria
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performance assessment
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assessment that requires creating answers or products that demonstrate knowledge or skill
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selected response items
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test items with an objective format in which student responses can be scored quickly
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multiple choice item
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an objective test item consisting of 2 parts: a stem plus a set of possible responses
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constructed response
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items that require students to write out information
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authentic assessment
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evaluating a student's knowledge or skill in a context that approximates the real world or real life as closely as possible
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performance criteria
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specific behaviors that students need to perform effectively as part of an assessment
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portfolio
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a systematic and organized collection of a student's work that demonstrates the student's skills and accomplishments
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norm referenced grading
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a grading system based on a comparison of a student's performance with that of other students in the class or of other classes and other students
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criterion referenced grading
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a grading system based on a certain grade of performance regardless of any comparison with the work of other students
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growth portfolio
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a portfolio of work produced over an extended time frame to reveal the student's progress in meeting learning targets
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best work portfolio
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a portfolio that showcases the student's best work
