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Educational Psychology:

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-the scientific study of the teaching & learning process

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Characteristics of Effective Teachers:

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-concern for student learning -ability to communicate clearly -ability to create a positive learning environment -knowledge of the content -high expectations for oneself & for the students

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Ecological Model: Internal characteristics:

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-knowledge -attitudes/beliefs -skills -pedagogy

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Ecological Model: External characteristics:

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-behavior of students -# of students in class -size of the classroom -organization of classroom

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We are often unaware of how subtle factors in our environment influence our beliefs & actions...These are often even unconscious, for example:

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-experimental group shown negative facial expressions so quickly that they did not register -control group shown neutral facial images at the same speed as the images were shown in the experimental group -finding-after being shown images, participants in the experimental group reported lower mood than the control group participants -source-emotion elicitor or emotion messenger? subliminal priming reveals 2 faces of facial expressions

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Our expectations also impact what we think, feel, & do: another example:

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-experimental group: told that the rats they were given were "smart" & would learn the maze quicker -control group: told that the rats they were given were "dumb" & would learn the maze more slowly -finding: "smart" rats ran the maze faster & with fewer errors than "dumb" rats. -source: the effect of experimenter bias on the performance of the albino rat

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Epistemology:

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-a student's attitude or belief about the nature of knowledge & learning

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Reflective teaching:

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-the process of asking questions about your teaching & attempting to identify answers

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6 characteristics of the classroom environment (Doyle, 1986):

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-multidimensional: many different behaviors -simultaneous: all at once -immediate: teacher often must react in the moment -unpredictable: can not always anticipate -public: open environment -history: compare past behavior with current behavior

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The pedagogical, or teaching, principles that are valued & taught in educational psychology are those that have been held up to rigorous standards of science: THE TENETS OF SCIENCE:

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-observation -testability -replication -parsimony

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Facts:

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-disconnected pieces of knowledge & information

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concepts of facts:

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-observation -discrete/specific -elemental -unitary -actual behavior

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Principles:

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-expand on & connect several facts, help create meaning, & establish associations between facts

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concepts of principles:

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-inference -smaller numbers -connected facts -relates behaviors (help relate behaviors to one another)

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Theories:

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-collections of principles (which are based on facts); even more general & more inclusive than principles

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concepts of theories:

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-speculation (about facts) -comprehensive & fewest in number -made up of connected principles -explains behaviors

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Experiments: What do you study in an experiment?

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-Treatment

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Treatment:

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-a special program that is the subject of an experiment (this is also sometimes referred to as the independent variables or an IV)

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Experiments: How do you place participants into groups in an experiment?

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-random assignment

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Random Assignment:

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-selection by chance into different treatment groups to try to ensure the quality of the groups

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experimental group:

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-group which receives treatment during experiment

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control group:

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-group that does not receive special treatment during experiment

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Experiments: Where is the experiment conducted?

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-laboratory experiments -field experiments

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laboratory experiments:

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-experiments in which conditions are highly controlled (internal validity)

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field experiments:

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-experiments conducted under realistic conditions (external validity)

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Single Subject Research:

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-participants are compared against themselves as opposed to a control group -for example, altering the behavior of a single student in your classroom

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single subject research typically involves:

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-baseline phase -treatment phase

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Experimental Research:

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-studying the impact or effect of one variable or factor on another variable or factor

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Requirements of experimental research are:

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1. make the independent variable happen by manipulation 2. include a control group 3. except for the treatment, treat the experimental & control groups the same 4. assign subjects randomly to experimental & control groups 5. keep participants unaware of what group they are in

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Random assignment is important because...?

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-it increases the likelihood that one group will not be different from the other to begin with

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Correlational Research:

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-a researcher collects 2 or more sets of data from a group of participants for analysis & then attempts to determine the relationship between them.

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Correlation coefficient:

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-the data are based on test scores or observational measures & their relationship is determined using a statistic in correlational research **coefficient ranging from -1 to 1

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3 types of correlations:

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-positive -negative -zero or uncorrelated

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There is a difference between the ________ & the ______ of a correlation

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-there is a difference between the DIRECTION & the STRENGTH of a correlation

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Positive correlations:

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-as one variable increases, the other variable tends to increase -or, as one variable decreases, the other variable tends to decrease **example #1: school achievement & self-esteem are positively correlated **example #2: completing reading assignments & achievement are positively correlated

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Negative Correlations:

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-as scores on one variable increase, scores on the other variable tend to decrease **example #1: as the teacher-child ratio in a class goes up, student attention goes down **example #2: the more days a student is absent, the lower his/her grades are likely to be

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Zero Correlation/Uncorrelated:

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-the variables are not related **example #1: IQ score & long jumping **example #2: Shoe size & creativity

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Correlation DOES NOT equal Causation:

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-correlations help us to predict behavior, but we can not use them to establish cause -for example, watching TV violence correlates positively with aggressiveness. no

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What is the major difference between Correlational research & Experimental research?

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- is in the idea of internal validity--the confidence we have that one variable causes another.

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How many individuals live in the State of Georgia?

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-9.5 million

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How many school aged individuals (5-18) live in the State of Georgia?

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-1.8 million

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what percentage of Georgia residents over 25 have a Bachelor's Degree or higher?

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-27%

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How many k-12th grade teachers are there in Georgia?

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-119 thousand

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What percentage of teachers in Georgia are female? male?

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-female: 81% -male: 19%

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Educational Psychology: definition of concept:

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-The science of teaching & learning

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Epistemology: example of concept:

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-A student believing learning is a complex process that happens by connecting what they are learning to things they already know

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Ecological Model:

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-Studying a student or teacher's behavior within the context of their environment

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Reflective Teaching: example of a concept

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-Talking with a mentor teacher after a week of school to improve what will go on in the classroom

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Parsimony:

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-The simpler the theory the better

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Self-fulfilling Prophecy: example of concept

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-A student behaving in a way that confirms their teacher's expectation of them

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Experimental Research: definition of concept

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-A study that manipulates variables

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Random assignment: example of concept

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-Placing students in various groups by using a coin toss

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Baseline Phase:

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-Measuring a student's behavior under ordinary circumstances

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Correlational Research: definition of concept

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-Attempting to determine the association between 2 or more variables

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Positive Correlation: example of concept

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-Amount of study and course grades

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Participant Observer:

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-When a researcher is involved in a situation

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Pedagogy:

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-science of teaching -study of teaching

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Which is more specific, Facts or Theories?

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-facts are more specific

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Which is more general, Facts or Theories?

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-theories are more general

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external validity:

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-factors that affect external validity; generalizing

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What are the 2 characteristics of correlation?

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-strength: how close it is to 1 -direction

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example of negative correlation:

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-one variable goes up, one goes down

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example of positive correlation:

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-the MORE you run, the MORE weight you lose

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Zero correlation:

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-variables are not related **Correlation does NOT equal causation

EDUC 2130 Ch. 1-Study of Educational Psychology – Flashcards

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