EDUC 200 Midterm-Shields – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Physical development is characterized by both differentiation and integration. Which statement best describes the functioning of these two processes in physical development
answer
Differentiation and integration occur simultaneously and interactively
question
2. At age 3, Michelle could scribble, her crayon tightly grasped in her fist. By age 4 she could color neatly in the lines of her coloring book. By age 5 she could better control a pencil and write her name legibly. This progression most clearly illustrates:
answer
differentiation
question
3. A good example of a qualitative change in physical development that occurs during childhood is: a. a 5-year-old practices the steps and eventually ties her shoes independently. b. an 8-year-old gains 15 pounds over the course of a year. c. a 9-year-old becomes better able to walk on a balance beam due to a change in his center of gravity. d. a 6-year-old joins a soccer team and rapidly develops new skills at kicking
answer
a 9-year-old becomes better able to walk on a balance beam due to a change in his center of gravity
question
4. Three-month-old Mary Jo can hold her head up when in the arms of an adult, but she doesn't yet have much control of what her legs do. Which one of the following best describes Mary Jo's progression in muscular control? a. It shows a definite delay in fine motor skills. b. It shows a cephalocaudal trend, which is typical. c. It shows a proximodistal trend, which is not typical. d. It suggests that Mary Jo will probably be a good student but a poor athlete.
answer
It shows a cephalocaudal trend, which is typical
question
5. Which one of the following is the best example of a gross motor skill? a. sewing on a button b. writing a letter to Grandma c. skipping across the schoolyard d. cutting out a heart for a Valentine's Day card
answer
skipping across the schoolyard
question
7. You are watching a group of boys and girls interacting at a school fair. Many of the tallest youngsters are girls. The students you are observing are most likely to be: a. 5-6 years old b. 7-8 years old c. 10-12 years old d. 14-16 years old
answer
10-12 years old
question
12. Christine is an obese 12-year-old. What is one prediction about her health as an adult that cannot be made? a. She faces the possibility of developing diabetes. b. There are no possible serious health risks that she will face in adulthood c. She may have high cholesterol. d. She may have high blood pressure.
answer
There are no possible serious health risks that she will face in adulthood
question
17. Three of the following are recommended practices for encouraging physical activity and fitness in children. Which one is not consistent with experts' recommendations? a. Incorporate physical activity into classroom lessons. b. "Down-size" equipment to match children's body sizes. c. Enroll infants in swimming lessons before six months of age. d. Focus children's attention more on self-improvement than on how their performance compares to that of their peers.
answer
Enroll infants in swimming lessons before six months of age
question
19. Here is a typical school day for Sabrina, who is a tenth grader: Wake up at 6:00 to arrive at school by 7:00 for orchestra practice. Attend classes from 8:00 to 3:00, changing classes every hour. After school, go to choir practice and then to either dance lessons or a part-time job, depending on the day. Fill in any free time before dinner (which is usually around 8:00) watching television or talking on the phone. After dinner, complete several hours of homework and engage in instant-messaging on the Internet with friends. Be in bed by midnight. Is this schedule consistent with good physical health?
answer
No, Sabrina is not getting enough sleep
question
20. Jeremy's 4th grade teacher has been noticing that Jeremy has become increasingly short tempered and impatient. He often falls asleep at his desk after lunch. Which of the following suggestions for Jeremy's family would be a good idea to suggest first to try to address this emerging situation? a. Ask whether he might be able to play more. b. Think about whether he should listen to calming music. c. Consider whether he should eat a more balanced diet. d. Consider whether he needs more sleep
answer
Consider whether he needs more sleep
question
25. Melissa is in third grade. She raises her hand when she wants to answer a question. She takes turns when using classroom materials. She keeps track of her homework assignments and submits her assignments on time. All of these actions she is able to do on her own. Which ability does Melissa demonstrate through these actions? a. Executive function b. Self-concept c. Self-regulation d. Maturity
answer
self-regulation
question
28. Which one of the following best describes how neurons transmit messages to one another? a. By stimulating the flow of blood in nearby arteries b. By generating myelin in the synapses c. By fusing together into a single neuron d. By sending chemical substances to one another
answer
By sending chemical substances to one another
question
1. Rafael is carefully weighing the many advantages and disadvantages of attending a large state university rather than a small local college. Which part of the brain can Rafael largely thank for the ability to make his decision? a. forebrain b. midbrain c. hindbrain d. cerebellum
answer
forebrain
question
31. Dylan recently experienced a traumatic brain injury. One of the most notable consequences of the injury is a sharp decline in Dylan's ability to communicate. Whereas Dylan was previously eloquent in his speaking and writing, he now struggles to make himself understood. From this information, you surmise that the part of Dylan's brain that was injured was: a. the cortex b. the medulla c. the hindbrain d. the cerebellum
answer
the cortex
question
37. As children grow older, many of their neurons begin to transmit messages more rapidly than they did previously, thanks to: a. synaptic pruning b. synaptogenesis c. myelination d. a rapid reduction in glial cells
answer
myelination
question
38. Which one of the following conclusions is most warranted from research on brain development? a. It is essential that children begin studying basic mathematics and science in the preschool years. b. Educators and counselors should interpret lack of impulse control in children over six years old as a sign of a significant delay in brain development. c. The ability to think abstractly depends on the development of many synaptic connections during the first two years of life. d. Educational experiences can affect students' cognitive development throughout the elementary and secondary school years.
answer
Educational experiences can affect students' cognitive development throughout the elementary and secondary school years.
question
1. Mr. Remick asks 9-year-old Anne to divide a pitcher of lemonade equally between two glasses, one each for her and her friend Kate. The two glasses are different shapes, with Anne's being tall and thin and Kate's being short and wide. After Anne pours the lemonade, Mr. Remick says to her, "Look, the lemonade in your glass is higher than the lemonade in Kate's glass. Did you give yourself more than you gave Kate?" "No," Anne replies, "my glass is skinnier." Mr. Remick continues to ask Anne questions to determine how well she understands that height compensates for width in this situation. Mr. Remick's strategy can best be described as illustrating: a. Equilibration b. Class inclusion c. Reciprocal teaching d. The clinical method
answer
The clinical method
question
2. Larger systems of mental processes are known as: a. Schemes b. Operations c. Scripts d. Constructive processes
answer
Operations
question
3. From Piaget's perspective, children are: a. Eager to interact with and make sense of their world b. Most likely to learn things that bring about desirable consequences c. Most likely to learn when parents and teachers entice them to do so d. More likely to develop cognitively in a formal school setting than at home
answer
Eager to interact with and make sense of their world
question
4. Which one of the following statements best describes Piaget's view of how children acquire knowledge about the world? a. Children are naturally disposed to think about their environment in particular ways; in a sense, some basic knowledge about the world is "pre-wired." b. Children actively construct their own view of the world from their experiences with the environment. c. Children repeatedly parrot their parents' and teachers' beliefs, eventually internalizing these beliefs as their own "knowledge." d. Initially, children unconsciously develop a rather complex and confused view of the world, but this view becomes simpler and more straightforward as time goes
answer
Children actively construct their own view of the world from their experiences with the environment.
question
5. Five-year-old Becky is playing with blocks, stacking them one on top of another until her towers eventually tumble, and then stacking them again. Which one of the following best reflects Piaget's view of how Becky is probably learning in this situation? a. Because she is probably still in the sensorimotor stage, she will remember what she learns about the blocks only while the blocks are still in front of her. b. She is absorbing information about how the environment behaves (e.g., "objects fall") without consciously thinking about it. c. She is actively thinking about and interpreting the results of her actions. d. Because she builds one tower after another, she is obviously reinforced by seeing her towers tumble down.
answer
She is actively thinking about and interpreting the results of her actions
question
6. In Piaget's theory, a scheme can best be described as: a. An organized group of similar thoughts or actions b. A set of motor skills that preschoolers develop c. A lifestyle or family pattern d. A mental picture of oneself
answer
An organized group of similar thoughts or actions
question
7. In her first trip to a zoo, 7-year-old Latisha notices that leopards have paws very similar in shape to her cat Snowball's paws. She also notices that leopards walk in much the same way that Snowball does. Latisha starts to wonder if perhaps leopards are cats. Latisha's thinking illustrates Piaget's idea that thought is characterized by: a. egocentrism b. conservation c. use of schemes d. compartmentalization
answer
use of schemas
question
10. Louis receives a new soccer ball and begins to dribble it in the same way he dribbles his basketball. His dribbling of the new ball reflects Piaget's concept of: a. Concrete operations b. Accommodation c. Equilibration d. Assimilation
answer
Assimilation
question
11. Which one of the following best illustrates Piaget's concept of accommodation? a. Anne copies down what her teacher writes on the blackboard. b. Betsy is given 10 more addition problems when she does the first 10 carelessly. c. Carol revises her understanding of what clouds are like when she studies them in science. d. Donna copies her biology textbook's definitions of various classes of invertebrates (sponges, flatworms, mollusks, etc.) word for word in her notebook.
answer
Carol revises her understanding of what clouds are like when she studies them in science.
question
14. From Piaget's perspective, social interactions are most likely to promote cognitive development when: a. Children share and explain different points of view b. Adults continually remind children that "adults know best" c. Every child in a group confidently asserts his or her beliefs d. Adults initially agree with any erroneously statements that children may make
answer
Children share and explain different points of views
question
15. As a first-grade teacher reads a book about penguins in Antarctica, she points to Antarctica on a globe. Six-year-old John seems really puzzled. "How come they don't fall off the earth?" he asks. From Piaget's perspective, John can best be described as: a. Experiencing disequilibrium b. Have difficulty with conservation c. Having difficulty with class inclusion d. Accommodating when he should be assimilating
answer
Experiencing disequilibrium
question
16. Which one of the following best reflects Piaget's notion of equilibration? a. A child assimilates without accommodating. b. A child accommodates without assimilating. c. A child doesn't encounter any new or challenging ideas. d. A child revises existing schemes to incorporate new information
answer
A child revises existing schemes to incorporate new information
question
17. Piaget's view of cognitive development can best be described as: a. A decreasing number of schemes over time b. Changes in the brain that result in increasingly rapid learning c. Discrete stages in which distinctly different forms of logical thought emerge d. A gradual and steady progression of intellectual capabilities over the course of childhood and adolescence
answer
Discrete stages in which distinctly different forms of logical thought emerge
question
18. Mr. Johnson teaches a class of twenty 7- and 8-year-old second graders. His goal for the upcoming school year is to help at least 50% of his students reach formal operations. From the perspective of Piaget's theory, we would expect that Mr. Johnson's goal is: a. An easy one to attain b. Almost impossible to attain c. Attainable only if he emphasizes abstract reasoning throughout the school year d. Attainable only if his students have had enriching educational experiences throughout infancy and early childhood
answer
Almost impossible to attain
question
19. Piaget's sensorimotor stage is characterized by: a. The beginnings of conservation b. Basic schemes for dealing with abstract ideas c. Schemes based primarily on perceptions and behaviors d. Inaccurate mental representations of the physical and biological world
answer
Schemes based primarily on perceptions and behaviors
question
20. Which one of the following examples best illustrates Piaget's concept of object permanence? a. Two-year-old Jasmine looks for a favorite toy her father has just hidden in a box. b. Six-year-old Lucas thinks that his recently deceased grandfather is still alive. c. Ten-year-old Margaret glues the pieces of a vase she has just broken, claiming that she'll make it look "good as new." d. Fifteen-year-old Kenneth finally understands his geometry teacher's statement that two parallel lines might go on forever without ever touching.
answer
Two-year-old Jasmine looks for a favorite toy her father has just hidden in a box.
question
21. Which one of the following examples best illustrates symbolic thought? a. Isabelle pushes a classmate off the swing so that she can use it. b. Edward tries not to cry when his mother drops him off on the first day of kindergarten. c. Richard actively manipulates a new toy to find out what it does. d. Laura asks herself, "Hmm, where did I put my social studies book?"
answer
Laura asks herself, "Hmm, where did I put my social studies book?"
question
24. Roger is shown two piles of sand and says that each pile has the same amount. However, when one pile is flattened with a shovel, Roger now claims emphatically that the flattened pile has less sand. Based on this information, which of Piaget's stages would you say is most likely for Roger at this time? a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. formal operations d. concrete operations
answer
Preoperational
question
25. Imagine that you are a third-grade teacher. If you were to make predictions based on Piaget's stages of cognitive development, you would expect most or all of your students to exhibit thinking characteristic of which stage? a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. formal operations d. concrete operations
answer
concrete operations
question
26. If we look at cognitive development from Piaget's perspective, we would expect a child in the concrete operations stage to have the greatest difficulty with which one of the following questions? a. How are an apple and a blueberry alike? b. If you have 8 Macintosh apples and 2 Golden Delicious apples, then do you have more Macintoshes or more apples? c. An apple pie is cut into 4 pieces. A blueberry pie of the same size is cut into 12 pieces. How many pieces of blueberry pie do you need to have the same amount as 3 pieces of the apple pie? d. If we have one row of blueberries spread like so: o o o o o o and another row of blueberries spread like so: o o o o o o then does one row have more blueberries than the other?
answer
An apple pie is cut into 4 pieces. A blueberry pie of the same size is cut into 12 pieces. How many pieces of blueberry pie do you need to have the same amount as 3 pieces of the apple pie?
question
27. The following four junior-high-school science teachers are teaching the concept molecule to their students. In each classroom, some of the students are frequently using formal operational reasoning, whereas others are consistently using concrete operational reasoning. In which classroom are the concrete operational thinkers most likely to have difficulty understanding? a. Mr. Armani lets students touch and manipulate concrete models of various molecules. b. Mr. Bendetti lets students look at the same concrete models that Mr. Armani has used. c. Mr. Carmen verbally describes how different elements are made up of different numbers of neutrons, protons, and electrons. d. Mr. Davidson has students role-play being neutrons, protons, and electrons. The "neutron" and "proton" students huddle together in the middle of the room, and the "electrons" move around them.
answer
Mr. Carmen verbally describes how different elements are made up of different numbers of neutrons, protons, and electrons
question
34. In describing the cognitive abilities of infants, Piaget appears to have: a. Underestimated what they know and can do b. Overestimated what they know and can do c. Assessed their abilities quite accurately d. Overestimated the importance of language in their early thinking
answer
Underestimated what they know and can do
question
37. Which one of the following would Piaget be least likely to advocate for elementary school children? a. Discussions with classmates b. Field trips to hands-on science museums c. Laboratory-type experiences with physical objects d. Lectures that describe interesting scientific facts
answer
Lectures that describe interesting scientific facts
question
2. Which one of the following best reflects the use of the sensory memory/register component of the human information processing system? a. Abe can remember a melody for several hours, even though he doesn't remember the words. b. Bill can remember something he heard for a second or two even though he wasn't paying attention. c. Carrie can remember the name of another girl just long enough to introduce her to someone else. d. Danika understands the concept of gravity because she can relate it to her own experiences.
answer
b. Bill can remember something he heard for a second or two even though he wasn't paying attention
question
3. Which one of the following situations reflects the typical duration of working memory? a. Arnie remembers his locker combination through the entire school year. By the end of summer vacation, however, he has forgotten it. b. At noon, Barnie makes a mental list of the five homework assignments he needs to complete that night. At 3:00 he checks himself and realizes that he still remembers all five. However, by 7:00 p.m. he cannot recall two of the five assignments. c. Carol remembers most of the information that she has been learning about World War II in class this week, but she remembers very little of what she learned about World War I two weeks ago. d. Darrell looks up the correct spelling of the word fossil, repeats the letters once, and closes the dictionary. But by the time he finds a piece of paper on which to write the word, he has forgotten how to spell it.
answer
d. Darrell looks up the correct spelling of the word fossil, repeats the letters once, and closes the dictionary. But by the time he finds a piece of paper on which to write the word, he has forgotten how to spell it.
question
4. It is difficult for children to think about too many things all at the same time—a fact that reflects: a. The existence of a sensory register b. The limited capacity of working memory c. The integrative nature of long-term memory d. The constructive nature of long-term memory
answer
The limited capacity of working memory
question
5. To prepare for his test on Tuesday morning, Harry studied on Monday night. He remembered the information long enough to do well on the test on Tuesday but could not remember it for a surprise quiz a week later. Based on this information, how far in Harry's information processing system did the information get? a. It reached the sensory register. b. It reached working memory. c. It reached long-term memory. d. It never got into the memory system at all.
answer
It reached long-term memory
question
6. Information processing theorists often emphasize the importance of attention in the learning process. Why is attention so important? a. It gets information into the sensory register. b. It moves information from working memory into long-term memory. c. It moves information from the sensory register into long-term memory. d. It moves information from the sensory register into working memory.
answer
d. It moves information from the sensory register into working memory
question
7. Mr. Wagner stands in front of the class explaining the process of photosynthesis. Ellen is sitting in the front row, but her mind is on the fight she had with her best friend just before class. Based on this information, how far in Ellen's information processing system did Mr. Wagner's lecture get? a. It reached the sensory register. b. It reached working memory. c. It reached long-term memory. d. It never got into the system at all.
answer
it reached the sensory register
question
17. When children practice basic skills over and over again, they can eventually perform them quickly and with little thought or effort. An advantage of such automatization is that the skills: a. Require less working memory capacity b. Enable children to bypass working memory c. Enable children to bypass the sensory register d. Make the use of long-term memory unnecessary for simple tasks
answer
require less working memory capacity
question
29. The textbook recommends a number of strategies for capturing and maintaining children's attention on important tasks and activities. Which one of the following is not consistent with the textbook's recommendations for increasing attention? a. Get children physically involved in lessons. b. Teach important skills within the context of interesting topics. c. Regularly intersperse quiet activities with more physically active ones. d. Regularly introduce distractions into the environment so that children grow accustomed to them.
answer
d. Regularly introduce distractions into the environment so that children grow accustomed to them.
question
30. Mr. Martinez wants his first-grade students to be able to automatize their ability to recognize common words when they read. Which one of the following techniques will best help his students achieve that goal? a. Give them lots of practice reading the words. b. Tell them how important it is for them to know the words. c. Explain how some of the letters in the words are "silent." d. Explain how the letters of the words are related to their pronunciation.
answer
give them lots of practice reading the words
question
33. Which one of the following is the best illustration of metacognition? a. Andrea is studying for a spelling test. She writes each spelling word five times in her nicest handwriting. b. Betsy stays up late studying for a geography test. The following morning in school, she is too tired to think straight during the test. c. Connie is studying for a history test. She knows that she has trouble with dates, so she checks herself by giving herself a short quiz after each chapter. d. Dolly is preparing to take the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT), so she checks out an SAT preparation book from the local library and reads it from cover to cover
answer
c. Connie is studying for a history test. She knows that she has trouble with dates, so she checks herself by giving herself a short quiz after each chapter
question
34. Considering developmental trends in learning strategies, choose the statement that best characterizes how kindergartners are apt to approach school learning tasks. a. They construct vivid visual and auditory images of what they see and hear in the classroom. b. They make mental lists of things to remember, but with little follow-through in studying the lists. c. They continually put things into categories to help them remember those things. d. They make few if any intentional efforts to learn and remember something.
answer
They make few if any intentional efforts to learn and remember something
question
36. Maria is trying to remember all of the objects in her locker at school. "Let me think . . . pens, pencils, markers . . . um, math book, science book, notebooks . . . my coat, hat, and gloves . . . I can't remember any more." What learning strategy does Maria's response illustrate? a. rehearsal b. elaboration c. organization d. comprehension monitoring
answer
organization
question
37. Tyler learns that Christopher Columbus's first voyage across the Atlantic was financed by Queen Isabella of Spain. He thinks to himself, "She probably thought she would make a profit on her investment." By considering the queen's motives, Tyler is demonstrating which one of the following processes? a. rehearsal b. elaboration c. organization d. comprehension monitoring
answer
elaboration
question
39. Which learning strategy are we most likely to see second graders use? a. Rehearsing what they want to remember b. Intentionally elaborating on new material c. Writing down what they want to remember d. Intentionally organizing ideas into categories
answer
Rehearsing what they want to remember
question
41. Which form of problem solving are you likely to see in a one-year-old? a. Removing a barrier to get to a desired toy b. Using a pointed object to break a cookie into pieces c. Moving wooden blocks in systematic, repetitive ways as a precursor to counting d. Sorting a group of objects according to both size and color
answer
Removing a barrier to get to a desired toy
question
47. Imagine you are a high school principal who wants students to develop effective study strategies before they graduate. Which one of the following approaches would be the best one to take? a. Purchase textbooks that are about two years below students' present reading levels. b. Have teachers incorporate study skills training into the specific academic courses they teach. c. Have a one-semester study skills course that all students take in their first year of high school. d. Have a one-semester study skills course that all students take in their final year of high school.
answer
b. Have teachers incorporate study skills training into the specific academic courses they teach.
question
48. Three of the following should help youngsters acquire more effective learning and study strategies. Which one is least likely to do so? a. Have them work in pairs to ask one another thought-provoking questions about a topic. b. Express confidence that with time and effective strategies, they can learn everything there is to know about a topic. c. Have them experiment with different methods of trying to remember information and then reflect on each method's effectiveness. d. Give them a general structure to guide their early note-taking efforts.
answer
b. Express confidence that with time and effective strategies, they can learn everything there is to know about a topic.
