question

What age is this during

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the dark ages

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whose ideas were quickly accepted by the Catholic Church.

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Ptolemy's

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Many of the other ideas accepted as ______________ also came from the ____________ world.

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Cannon ancient

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The Arabic world had been using the ideas of ________________, __________________, and their friends. As trade opened with Europe, these ideas came with it.

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Aristotle Hipparchus

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Starting in the _______ century, the __________________ saw rise of much of what we call science today.

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14th Renaissance

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what developed during the Copernican Revolution

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Now known as the Copernican Revolution, virtually all modern science and technology developed during this era.

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Nikolas Kopernig: when around? what was he a fan of? practicing... what did he reintroduce?

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(1473-1543), A fan of math and astronomy, but a practicing lawyer, doctor, and a church official reintroduced the idea of a heliocentric solar system.

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what did Nikolas Kopernig argue

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that the celestial sphere was not moving.

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who explained how retrograde motion worked, explain

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Copernicus, And that it was caused by the fact that planets closer to the sun move faster around it.

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what happened with Copernicus

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Copernicus did not have the ability to prove his model, and at this time experimentation was not accepted as an alternative to Aristotle's reasoning.

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how did Ptolemy explain retrograde motion

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using epicycles

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What did Copernicus eliminate

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eliminated the need for epicycles

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How did Copernicus explain retrograde motion

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He explained that planets closer to the sun move faster, thus retrograde motion occurs as one planet "passes" the other.

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paradigm shifting idea

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- The present PARADIGM (or prevailing scientific theory) is a way of seeing the universe around us. - Questions, research and interpretation of results is all in the context of this theory. - Viewing the universe in any other way requires a complete shift in thinking.

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why was it so hard for people to switch from Ptolemy to Copernicus beliefs?

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Replacing a theory that had been believed to be correct for nearly 2000 years is not easy.

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what was Copernicus charged with, what was he forced to do, how long was imprisoned for?

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Copernicus was eventually charged with heresy, forced to recant, and imprisoned for the last part of his life.

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when did Galileo Galilei live

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1564-1642, 100 years after Copernicus

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______________________ model was still the rule. It was against church law to even mention _______________________ ideas.

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Ptolemy's Copernican

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Who was the first modern scientist

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Galileo

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How did Galileo change science

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He changed science from "faith-based" to "observation/experiment-based".

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Galileo: what did study? what did he challenge? He laid the foundation for __________________________

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He studied objects in free fall. He challenged the idea that objects want to remain at rest. Newton's 1st Law.

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Galileo: what was he the first to use? By using this what did it do for him?

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- first to use the telescope to observe the heavens. - What he saw and reported on challenged the establishment and brought him before the Inquisition.

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Galileo: He fought for the _________________________ viewpoint. Where did his ideas lead him? what happened?

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- Copernican - His ideas landed him under house arrest for the rest of his life. - He was forbidden to study astronomy, but he used his time to make great strides in the pursuit of physics and (especially) mechanics. - Galileo was pardoned by the church...in 1992.

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what did Galileo in 1609

answer

In 1609, Galileo made the first aided observations of the sky using the telescope.

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Galileo: When seeing through his telescope what did this provide and what are the proofs?

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What he saw provided much of the proof that Copernicus never had: - Both the moon and the sun are not perfect. - Planets are big, circular disks, not just points of light in the sky. - Other objects have things revolving around them as well. - Venus goes through phases, like the moon.

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Looking at Jupiter, Galileo noticed what?

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other "stars" near it that hadn't been seen before.

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Daily observations showed that the number of "__________" changed. Galileo deduced (correctly) that the "__________" were actually what?

answer

stars stars 4 moons orbiting Jupiter

question

what were the four names of Jupiter's Moons? what are they known as?

answer

Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. "Galilean Moons".

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what did Galileo find about the moon? The Sun? Saturn?

answer

Moon: - The moon was not a perfectly smooth sphere. - It had craters, mountains, and what he thought were oceans. - He made the first estimates of their height. Sun: - The sun had acne. - He noted several sunspots. Saturn: - Saturn had rings. - He thought they were moons too, but later studies showed different.

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what was Galileo's final proof for a heliocentric universe

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venus, The only way to explain the phases of Venus is if the is between the Earth and the sun AND revolving around it.

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When Galileo turned his telescope on Venus what did he observe

answer

he observed it go through phases, just like our moon.

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when was Tycho Brahe around

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1546-1601

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who was Tycho Brahe

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From Danish nobility, was the king's personal astronomer. JERK!!! - Got into numerous duels. - During one, part of his nose was chopped off. - It was his jerkiness that got him kicked out of his own country. - That, however, ultimately led him to meet Kepler, and change everything.

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Tycho Brahe: Was given an ____________, where we created an _________________________. From this _______________________, he made some of the most detailed observations of the ________________________ ever. He was the epitome of the _________________________ observers.

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island observatory observatory night sky naked-eye

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Tycho Brahe: who was he a supporter of? what did he have but also not have?

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He was a staunch supporter of Ptolemy, and had a ton of data, but didn't have the ability to create a sufficient model from it.

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Johannes Kepler when was he around

answer

1571-1630

question

who was he and how did he get into astronomy and math?

answer

- Born into poverty, was able to enter the clergy and go to school. - While in college, overheard a speech from Copernican supporters and became hooked on math and astronomy.

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what was Tycho and Kepler's relationship

answer

- Met and began working for Tycho. - Tycho was afraid of Kepler's intellect and that he'd show him up, so he only allowed him access to his data on Mars. - Once Tycho died, Kepler was given access to the rest of the data.

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Kepler: In trying to describe why Mars showed retrograde motion, he came upon a paradigm-shifting discovery

answer

The orbits are ellipses NOT circles.

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He also boldly exclaimed that "truth can only be found through _________________________________". Further studies lead him to creating _____________________________________

answer

experimentation 3 Laws of Motion

question

The 1st Law of Planetary Motion

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The orbits of planets and other celestial bodies around the Sun are ellipses.

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Ellipse

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A curve for which the sum of the distances from any point on it to two points inside is always the same.

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foci

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in the ellipse, those two points

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The widest diameter of the ellipse is its ____________________________. Half of that is its _____________________________________ Its shape is called its _____________________________. It ranges from ______ (_______________________) to _______. The orbits of most planets are____________________________________________

answer

major axis. semimajor axis. eccentricity 0 (perfect circle) to 1 nearly circular.

question

what is eccentricity? what is earth eccentricity?

answer

shape of a planet's elliptical orbit- eccentricity = 0.0167 e = c/a (distance between foci/distance of whole eclipse)

question

The 2nd Law of Planetary Motion what is it also called?

answer

A line from the planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal amounts of time. Also called the Equal Area Law. This means that the planet's orbital velocity will vary throughout the year. *****The planet moves faster when it is closer to the sun.

question

Earth is closest to the Sun in __________________ Earth is farthest from the Sun in _____________________

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January July

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what is it called when planet is CLOSEST to the sun? what is it called when planet is FARTHEST to the sun?

answer

perihelion - CLOSEST aphelion - FARTHEST

question

The 3rd Law of Planetary Motion The period is measured in ________________ years. The distance is measured in _________________________________________ This final law was published _______ years after the first two.

answer

- The orbital period of a planet (P) squared is proportional to its average distance from the sun (a) cubed. - It gave an understanding for why the planets were spaced the way they were. P^2=a^3 - Earth - astronomical units (AU). - 10

question

astronomical units (AU)

answer

- This is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun (150,000,000 km). - It's the length of the Earth's semimajor axis.

question

Kepler's Laws provide a way for.... Using them made it possible to..... However, they only _________________, they don't explain the ______________ involved. Kepler left that for _____________________ to describe.

answer

- followers of Copernicus to explain motions. - make incredibly accurate predictions. describe forces Newton

question

Summary of the 3 Laws: Kepler's Laws

answer

1. Each planet moves in an ellipse with the Sun at one focus 2. the line connecting a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times 3. for all planets, the orbital periods squared divided by the semimajor axis cubed is constant

question

Mass

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a measure of the amount of matter something has. It's "how much".

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Volume

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a measure of how much space something takes up. It's "how big".

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Density

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a measure of how much matter fits into a space. It's "how tightly packed".

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Velocity

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a measure of how fast something is going in a certain direction.

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Acceleration

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the change in velocity over time.

question

Acceleration occurs when:

answer

Speed increases OR decreases. The direction of motion is changed.

question

Sir Isaac Newton when was he around

answer

1643-1727

question

Sir Isaac Newton: what was he? when was his most important work done? what was most of his work centered on

answer

English Professor - @Trinity College of Cambridge. His most important work was done from 1665-1666. *****There was an outbreak of Plague and school was closed. Much of his work centered around using math to describe the work of the Copernican Revolution.

question

Sir Isaac Newton: Major achievements

answer

- Three Laws of Motion. - Universal Law of Gravity - Invented Calculus to better explain his observations.

question

In 1687, at the urging of Edumnd Halley (the comet guy), Newton publishes his ideas in a book: ________________________________________________

answer

Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica.

question

In the very beginning of the book, and only 59 words long (in latin), are 3 laws which set the stage for modern science and changed the way we look at the world:

answer

1st Law: An object in motion stays in motion and an object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by some outside force. 2nd Law: An object will accelerate in the direction of the applied forces. 3rd Law: For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

question

Newton: The force of gravity ___________________with ______________________distance. As the mass of one or both bodies ________________, so would the ___________. This led to a formula:

answer

decreases increasing increased force m1 and m2 are the masses of the two objects. R is distance between them. G is the constant of gravitation. G = 6.674X10-11 N(m/kg)2

question

Newton: This law suggests that gravity is _____________________________________________ Wherever masses occur, they will interact via _________________.

answer

a built-in property of mass. gravity

question

The universal law of gravity allows us to.........

answer

understand and predict the orbital motion of the planets and moons.

question

The path of an object through space is its ______________. The _________ and the ____________ attract each other through ______________. Since __________ is much more massive than the __________, the __________________ gravitational effect is _________.

answer

orbit Earth moon gravity Earth moon moon's small

question

The ______________________________________ constantly accelerates the moon toward the Earth. The moon is ________________ to the Earth - actually ____________ the Earth. Astronauts experience the same thing - they call it "__________________________".

answer

Earth's gravitational force falling around weightlessness *****They still have their weight, but they are falling around the Earth.

question

If we want to put a satellite in orbit, two things have to happen:

answer

1. We have to get off Earth. - Escape Velocity: the velocity needed to escape Earth's gravitational pull. It's 11 km/s (25,000 mph). 2. We need to stay within a range of velocities. - To fast, the object escapes into space. - Too slow, it crashes to Earth. - The velocity necessary to maintain a closed orbit is called the circular satellite velocity. - On Earth it is 8 km/s (17,500 mph). - The closer an object is, the faster that velocity must be.

question

Most satellites are in ______________________ It requires the _____________ amount of launch energy. It puts them about ____________ miles up. They orbit the Earth once every ______ minutes. They are still in the Earth's atmosphere. True or False They won't stay forever - there's enough friction to slow them down. True or False

answer

Low Earth Orbit. least 200 90 True True

question

what were the sun and earth considered

answer

For a long time, the sun and the Earth were considered just two bodies revolving around each other and affecting each other.

question

Newton's ideas about gravity, however, show that all things with mass exert a ___________________________ on each other.

answer

gravitational pull

question

Uranus had first been observed in _________, but was believed to be a star. In 1781, _____________________ saw it through his telescope. Wasn't sure what it was, but later calculations would show that it must be a ______________. It's orbit, however, was off a bit - too much to be explained by the gravitational influences of Saturn and Jupiter. In 1843, using Kepler's and Newton's Laws, two astronomers mathematically describe the orbit of a planet that could cause the weirdness.

answer

1690 William Herschel planet

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