Dynamics and Kinematics
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Force formula
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F = ma
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dynamics
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the description of *what* causes things to move
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kinematics
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the description of *how* things move; measures the positions, speed or velocity, and acceleration of objects
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vector
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a measurable quantity that has both a scalar value *and* a direction associated with it
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scalar
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any measurable quantity that can be completely described with a single piece of information; can be positive, negative, or zero
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displacement
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change in position that involves a distance *and* a direction
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distance
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a positive scalar quantity; no direction associated with it
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speed
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the rate of motion; scalar quantity
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rate
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compares the change in the value of a quantity to a certain span of time
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speed formula
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V = d/Δt
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average speed
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total distance divided by the total time
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velocity
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rate of displacement; vector quantity
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acceleration
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rate of change of the speed or velocity during a given time interval
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acceleration formula
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a = Δv/Δt
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force
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a push or a pull on a system
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force vector
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*F*
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unit of force
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newton (N)
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newton
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1 kg*m/s2
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contact forces
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act only when one system touches another; caused by the attraction or repulsion of atom-sized particles; a.k.a. mechanical forces
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field force
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acts between the objects that are not touching; matter is not needed to transmit them; \"action-at-a-distance\" force
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weight
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the gravitational attraction exerted on an object's mass by the earth
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proportionality constant
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9.81 N/kg
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inertia
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the property of a body by which it remains at rest or continues moving in a straight line unless acted upon by a directional force
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Law of Inertia/Newton's First Law
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An object will not move by itself and that, once in motion, it won't stop unless some force acts upon it
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Law of Accelerated Motion/Newton's Second Law
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When you push an object with more force, it will move faster and farther away.
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Law of Action-Reaction/Newton's Third Law
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For every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction.
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normal
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\"perpendicular to\"
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friction
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a contact force that opposes the movement of objects past each other
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gravity
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a basic property of all matter; depends on the masses of the two objects and the distance between their centers
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law of universal gravitation
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Simply: if you double one of the masses, you double the gravitational force
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air resistance
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friction on an object moving through the air
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free fall
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objects that fall due to gravity alone (no other forces are acting upon it whatsoever)
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gravitational acceleration
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9.81 m/s2
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weight formula
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w = mg
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terminal velocity
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the constant velocity of an object's fall
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momentum
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a property that determines how much force is required to change their motion; vector quantity; has magnitude and direction
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momentum formula
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*p* = m*v*
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linear momentum
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momentum of a system moving in a straight path
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angular momentum
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momentum of a rotating object; depends on the mass of the system, how fast it is rotating, and the distance of its mass from the axis of rotation
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impulsive forces
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considered to act during short periods of time and being much larger than the other forces acting on a system
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conservation of momentum
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Momentum of a system remains constant when there are no net external forces acting on it.
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law of universal gravitation formula
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Fg = G Mm/r2
