question

Age 21 became the uniform legal drinking age across the U.S. in

answer

1988

question

The major factor determining individual differences in BAC after drinking alcohol is

answer

Volume of distribution (mainly body size)

question

In a typical person, intoxication to the point of staggering and greatly impaired sensory perception occurs at about what BAC?

answer

0.25 percent

question

Fairly high doses of alcohol interfere with erection of the penis in males, probably because of

answer

impaired processing of erotic signals

question

In studies relating homicide to alcohol use

answer

About half of all murderers and half of all murder victims had been drinking

question

Cirrhosis of the liver can result from drinking alcohol

answer

In large amounts (a pint of whiskey a day) for ten years or more

question

Heart attacks are

answer

less likely for those who drink one drink per day

question

Growth retardation, small head circumference, small eyes, flattened bridge of the nose, and mental retardation are signs of

answer

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

question

If one member of a pair of identical twins is dependent on alcohol, the other twin

answer

Has about a 50% chance of also being dependent on alcohol

question

Per capita sales of cigarettes in the U.S. began to decline

answer

In 1980

question

In 2000, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the FDA

answer

Had no authority to regulate tobacco products

question

One recent fad in tobacco use has been

answer

Tobacco lozenges

question

As a rapid and potent poison, nicotene causes death by

answer

Paralyzing respiration

question

The psychological effect of cigarette smoking is

answer

A combination of arousal and activation and calm and relaxation

question

Gum, patches, lozenges, and inhalers, are all various forms of

answer

Nicotene replacement therapy

question

The early history of coffee included a 1674 pamphlet from England titled

answer

The Women's Petition Against Coffee

question

Most regular brewed teas have about how much caffeine per cup?

answer

40-60mg (about half the amount in coffee)

question

According to current FDA rules on "cola" drinks

answer

They cannot contain more than 6mg caffeine per ounce

question

The maximum CNS effect of caffeine is reached about______after drinking coffee

answer

2 hours

question

The most consistent withdrawal symptom after chronic caffeine use is

answer

headache

question

Drinking 5 or more cups of coffee per day

answer

Doubles the risk of a heart attack

question

The U.S. market for over-the -counter drug products totals about

answer

$18 billion, the same as the dietary supplement market

question

Why would you want dextromethorphan in a cold remedy?

answer

It acts as a cough suppressant

question

Acetylsalicylic acid was developed in the Bayer laboratory in Germany in 1898 and sold under the brand name

answer

Aspirin

question

The earliest recorded use of opium as a medicine was probably by

answer

Egyptians, around 1500 BC

question

Possession of opium, morphine, or Heroin without a prescription was made a crime by

answer

A 1915 Supreme Court Decision

question

"Black tar" is

answer

A name given Heroin from Mexico that is brown or black in its pure form

question

The textbook says that opioid withdrawal is similar to

answer

A bad case of intestinal flu

question

The fact that animals with no history of opioid withdrawal will press a lever to self-administer low doses of intravenous morphine or heroin demonstrates the importance of_______ in developing opioid dependence.

answer

Positve reinforcement

question

In a heroin user, negative reinforement of drug-taking behavior can occur when

answer

Withdrawal symptoms are alleviated by another injection

question

Developing dependence on heroin

answer

Seems to require three or more injections per day for several days

question

Describe three major medical uses for opioid drugs:

answer

1. Pain relief-work quickly and are strong 2. Intestinal disorders-counteract diarrhea 3. Cough suppressants-reduce acitvity in "cough control center" in Medulla

question

One name that has been used for hallucinogenic drugs is psychedelic, which means

answer

Mind-viewing, and implies a beneficial, visionary effect

question

The major thrust of early research on LSD was for its

answer

Supposed ability to access the subconscious mind

question

In rare cases, people who have used LSD experience similar symptoms weeks or months later. The common term for this has been

answer

Flashbacks

question

Psilocybe mexicana and Psilocybe cubensis are examples of

answer

Hallucinogenic mushrooms

question

Atropa Belladonna is also known by the name

answer

Deadly nightshade

question

The red and white speckled mushroom that has been associated with an early Christian cult as well as with other religions all over the world is

answer

Amanita Muscaria

question

Most of the resin is in which part of the cannabis plant?

answer

Flowering tops

question

Canabis indica seems to have more psychoactive potency, whereas Cannabis Sativa is more associated with

answer

Hemp

question

The primary active ingredient in marijuana is

answer

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

question

In a study of heart rate changes following smoked marijuana with 4 percent THC or 20 mg oral THC,

answer

The peak effects were similar, but smoking produced effects much sooner

question

A great number of studies have consistently reported that smoked marijuana and oral THC both produce

answer

Increased total daily food intake

question

In 1985, the FDA approved the sale of dronabinol (Marinol), which

answer

Is a capsule containing THC

question

Tolerance to the effects of smoked marijuana

answer

Allows experienced marijuana users to obtain euphoric effects with minimal cognitve impairment

question

Studies of the effects of marijuana on automobile driving show

answer

Significant impairments when inexperienced users are studied in a laboratory environment

question

The questions who, what, why, when, where, how, and how much were introduced as a way to...

answer

Help us evaluate whether a particular type of drug use is a problem

question

The use of a substance in a manner, amounts, or situations such that the drug causes problems or greatly increases the chances of probles occurring is...

answer

Abuse

question

Drugs have played a significant role in human society...

answer

For thousands of years

question

Based on two different large annual surveys, it appears that the percentage of young people reporting current marijuana use...

answer

Is about half the percentage reporting current use in the late 1970's

question

One of the most important risk factors for drug use is...

answer

having friends who use marijuana or other substances

question

According to results from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which of these ethnic groups reports the highest rate of use of alcohol, tibacco, and marijuana?

answer

White

question

An example of a longitudinal study of drug use would be...

answer

Following the same group of people at intervals over several months or years

question

The U.S, government in the 1800s had few regulations on industry and in general took a "hands off" approach to government that has been referred to by the term_______.

answer

Laissez-faire

question

Those who have received a "personality disorder" diagnosis, such as antisocial personality disorder

answer

Have an increased likelihood of also having a substance use disorder

question

In determining whether using a drug causes people to become criminals, it is important to remember that

answer

longitudinal studies find that indicators of criminal or antisocial behavior usually occur before the first use of any illicit drug

question

About how many arrests are made in the U.S. each year for drug-law violations?

answer

1.5 million

question

One concern that led to the initial passage of federal drug-control legislation in 1906 was

answer

Patent Medicines

question

The Harrison Act of 1914

answer

Required pharmacists and physicians to register and pay a tax to dispense certain drugs

question

In 2008, the FDA approved______new drugs

answer

31

question

The Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970

answer

Established schedules of controlled substances and moved enforcement to the Justice Department

question

According to current federal law, a fine of up to $10,000 and loss of all federal privileges (including student loans and grants) can result from conviction

answer

for possession of marijuana or any controlled substance

question

From the 1920's to the 1970's about 1 out of 1000 Americans was in prison at any point in time. Due largely to changes in drug laws and drug enforcement, that rate has now

answer

Increased to 5 per 1000

question

Testing for drug use using sweat, saliva, or hair samples

answer

is now allowed for U.S. federal employees

question

It is estimated that_____percent of the illegal drug supply is seized by federal agencies each year

answer

10-15

question

The process of maintaining our internal environment (temperature, water balance, etc) within certain limits is called

answer

homeostasis

question

Drug molecules must be somewhat lipophilic (soluble in oil) in order to

answer

Readily cross the blood-brain barrier

question

Parkinson's disease produces tremors and muscular rigidity because of damage to

answer

Dopamine neurons in the basal ganglia

question

The brain imaging technique described in the book that can study where specific chemicals are binding in living humans is called

answer

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

question

Most drugs have three different kinds of names. Which of them belongs to a specific manufacturer?

answer

Brand name

question

Among the psychoactive drugs, alcohol is classified as a(n)

answer

Depressant

question

The idea of a safety margin for a particular drug is based on the idea that

answer

Toxic doses will typically be larger than therapeutic doses

question

The potency of a drug is defined only in terms of

answer

The amount required to produce an effect

question

If repeated exposure to a drug increases the activity of the CYP450 enzyme that is responsible for metabolizing the drug, then latter doses will be less effective than the first few doses. This is an example of

answer

Drug disposition tolerance

question

The use of cocaine by members of the general public in Europe and North America was initially in the form of

answer

Drinks, such as coca wine and Coca-Cola

question

Which famous physician studied cocaine as a treatment for morphine dependence and depression?

answer

Sigmund Freud

question

What is cocaine still used for medicinally?

answer

It is used as a local anesthetic for nasal, laryngeal, and esophageal surgeries

question

Cocaethylene

answer

Is formed in the body when cocaine and alcohol are used together

question

Cocaine use during pregnancy now appears to be associated with

answer

No consistent effects on physical growth, test scores, or language up to age six

question

Studies of the mechanism of action of the amphetamines have focused mainly on

answer

Release of norepinephrine and dopamine

question

The effect of amphetamines on weight control

answer

Is real, but small and limited in duration

question

The "date rape" drug Rohypnol (flunitrazepam)

answer

Is sold as a hypnotic agent (sleeping pill) in many countries other than the U.S.

question

When benzodiazapines bind to their "receptors" in the brain they,

answer

enhance the inhibitory effects of GABA

question

The four most widely sold benzodiazepines are all longer-acting drugs sold primarily as

answer

anxiolytics

question

Animal self-administration experiments and studies of drug choice among humans indicate that

answer

Short-acting barbiturates are more likely to lead to dependence than any of the benzodiazepines

question

What household product contains nitrous oxide?

answer

Whipped cream dispensers

question

The modern era of abuse of volatile solvents by young people can be traced to a 1959 newspaper report of

answer

Glue sniffing

question

The usual recreational dose of GHB when taken alone is about

answer

1-5 grams

question

Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) was first used to treat schizophrenia, it is now used primarily to treat

answer

severe depression

question

Phenothiazenes and neuroleptics were terms used to describe the early forms of

answer

Antipsychotics

question

Many of the new atypical antipsychotics are known to cause

answer

Significant weight gain and metabolic changes

question

A recent study of the long-term effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs found that

answer

Three-fourths of the patients stopped taking their medication within 18 months

question

The initial effect of tricyclic antidepressants is to

answer

Inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

question

The FDA now requires a printed warning on several selective reuptake inhibitors because they increase the risk of

answer

Suicide in children and adolescents

question

What is the average lag period for antidepressants to begin to be effective?

answer

2 Weeks

question

The fastest, and probably the most effective, treatment for severe cases of depression is

answer

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

question

One of the early types of stimulant drug reported to be used by boxers and others was

answer

Stychnine

question

Stimulant drugs like caffeine, amphetamines, and cocaine are sometimes considered to increase energy output and are, therefore, called_______drugs.

answer

Ergogenic

question

Laboratory studies of endurance on stationary bicycles have found that caffeine

answer

Can significantly improve work output at doses of 300-500 mg

question

One ingredient in dietary supplements was banned by the FDA in 2004 after a major league baseball pitcher died from heat stroke after using it. The ingredient was

answer

Ephedrine

question

Although testosterone and related anabolic steroids clearly increase muscle mass during puberty, it has been more difficult to determine scientifically whether adult men with normal testosterone can get much stronger from extra steroids, partly because

answer

It would be unethical to expose research participants to the high doses of multiple steroids used by athletes.

question

It has been difficult to do double-blind, placebo-controlled studies on the effects of steroids because

answer

They produce detectable psychological effects, so the participants can tell when they are being given the steroid and when they are being given the placebo

question

Women who use steroids to increase their strength might produce some irreversible effects, including

answer

Increased facial hair

question

So called "pituitary giants" often die at an early age because their internal organs continue to grow due to excessive production of

answer

Human growth hormone

question

One widely-used legal dietary supplement that has been shown to increase strength is

answer

Creatine

question

An ideal body fat range for a healthy human male is

answer

14 to 20 percent

question

Primary prevention programs are aimed at

answer

Young people who have not tried drugs

question

In the public health model, programs designed to reach people who have started using some substances and to prevent them from abusing these substances or moving to more dangerous substances, would be classified as

answer

Secondary prevention

question

Tertiary prevention programs are aimed at

answer

People who have completed treatment for dependence and need relapse prevention or follow up

question

In the early 1970s, the Knowledge-Attitudes-Behavior model began to be questioned when it was learned that

answer

Students with more knowledge about drugs had a more positive attitude toward drugs

question

The social influence model grew out of a 1976 paper describing a successful prevention approach aimed at

answer

Cigarette smoking

question

DARE is one of the most widespread drug prevention programs in schools. Research on DARE has shown that

answer

It has not produced lasting reductions in drug or alcohol use

question

Project ALERT and Life Skills Training were included as examples of

answer

Programs that Work, according to the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention

question

Out-of-school peer programs include peer influence approaches, as well as

answer

Peer participation programs, such as community service

question

Beginning in 1986, the federal government launched a massive campaign based on anti-drug policies, locker searches, etc., to promote

answer

"Drug-Free" schools

question

In discussing what we should be doing in drug prevention, the text says, "above all..."

answer

Avoid sensational scare stories and preachy approaches

question

studies of court-ordered referrals to Alcoholics Anonymous versus other types of interventions have

answer

Not found differences in effectiveness between AA and other approaches

question

Giving the user rewards for drug free urine samples

answer

Is a form of contingency management

question

Relapse prevention approaches to treatment

answer

Have the clients identify people, places, and behaviors associated with drug use and learn to avoid or change them.

question

Prevention of withdrawal symptoms using medications would be considered part of the______process

answer

Detoxification

question

Both drug agonist (substitution) and antagonist treatments are included in the________phase of treatment

answer

Maintanence

question

Because of the potential danger of alcohol withdrawal symptoms, these symptoms are often prevented or treated by administering

answer

Benzodiazepines

question

Rapid opioid detoxification is based on

answer

Anesthetizing users and administering an antagonist, so that withdrawal occurs while they are asleep

question

Besides methadone, another substitute medication has recently been approved for maintaining opioid dependent patients. It is

answer

Buprenorphine

question

The substance that accounted for the most admissions in the Treatment Episode Data Set between 1996 and 2006 was

answer

Alcohol

question

Is treatment for drug dependence effective?

answer

Statistically, treatment does reduce crime and increase employment

question

What are the approved medical uses for dronabinol (THC), and why do some argue that smoked marijuana needs to be available to cancer patients and others in addition to (or instead of) oral THC?

answer

There are a couple of medical uses that are actually approved for THC. Oral ingestion of THC has been shown to be very effective in reducing nausea caused by cancer treatment drugs. Dronabinol is the generic name for the capsules containing THC which are prescribed to chemotherapy patients to help them gain weight and reduce vomiting from the chemotherapy. Dronabinol is also approved for use in AIDS patients to help stimulate their appetite. Some argue that smoked marijuana should also be legal for cancer patients and others who may need it because it has a few benefits over oral THC. These benefits include faster onset of effects, greater control over the medication and its effects, and the possibility that there are other compounds within marijuana that contribute to its beneficial effects.

question

Distinguish between the terms anabolic and androgenic when referring to steroid effects. What natural male hormone does both? What happens if women use anabolic steroids?

answer

The term anabolic refers to those steroids that increase muscle, while androgenic refers to steroids that have masculinizing effects. Masculinizing effects include initial growth of male sex organs and glands, increased facial hair, and deepening of the voice. The male hormone testosterone actually creates both of these effects. Although there are women who chose to take steroids to gain muscle mass, there are some irreversible side effects that can occur. These side effects include increased facial hair, deepening of the voice, and enlarged clitoris. These side effects occur because anabolic steroids still have androgenic effects.

question

Your text and lecture have presented multiple prevention programs and strategies. Consider the effective and ineffective aspects of these programs and strategies and provide your own vision or framework for an effective prevention program.

answer

There are many types of prevention strategies; some may be more effective than others. One type of prevention is primary prevention, which targets those who have not yet tried the substance and can typically be seen in schools, such as the DARE program. Primary prevention is effective in that it possibly reduces long term drug use. However, it is ineffective in keeping most people from trying the substance at least once. Secondary prevention is aimed at people who have tried multiple substances or tried a substance multiple times, and for which there is some concern that they could become addicted. These programs are popular on college campuses. They are effective sometimes because they give people more knowledge about the subject, but are ineffective because most individuals aren't likely to pay much attention to the programs after they have gone through them. Tertiary prevention targets those who have already been through rehab and need relapse prevention or follow up. I think that for the most part tertiary prevention programs are effective, but there will always be people who just keep relapsing. Universal prevention programs target large groups such as whole communities, selective programs target high risk groups, and indicated prevention programs are aimed at individuals who show signs of developing a problem (such as kids who start smoking at young ages). In my opinion there is no way to keep everyone from experimenting with drugs, but an effective prevention program would involve educating young people on how to use substances as safely as possible if they are going to try them. A combination of alot of different strategies would also cover a lot of areas that might be the most effective.

question

Court-mandated (forced/coerced) drug treatment continues to be controversial in the field. Further discuss your personal views of this approach. If you disagree with this approach, realistically discuss what society should do for treatment of repeat drug offenders.

answer

My personal view of court-mandated therapy is that even though it can be frustrating for both the client and the therapist, it seems that sometimes forced/coerced therapy is effective and does help certain individuals overcome their addictions and cause fewer problems for society. It is important to keep in mind that therapy will not work for every person, even if the individual is in therapy voluntarily. Therefore I believe that court-mandated therapy should be kept due to the fact that it does help certain people.

question

Over the past 15 weeks we have discussed many topics within the field of drugs and behavior. Discuss specifically how what you have learned in this course has changed your view of drugs and human behavior.

answer

Over the course of this class I have learned many things that have caused my view of certain drugs to change. Probably the biggest change in attitude has been towards hallucinogens, specifically those like Psilocybin (mushrooms). Before this class I had the belief that these drugs were actually very safe, because everyone I have known that does them believes them to be perfectly safe and always told me they could not harm you. I am glad that I now know that hallucinogens are actually one of the classes of drugs that people should be the most careful with. My view towards other drugs has not really changed, but I have learned quite a bit about them that I did not know before.

Drugs and Behavior Final – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards