DNA Replication, Transcription, and Translation Study Guide – Flashcards
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Nucleotide Structure
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Nucleotides are made up of three basic components: a 5-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous (nitrogen containing) base.
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Watson & Crick
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Watson & Crick's model of DNA was a double helix, in which 2 strands were wound around each other.
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Nucleotide
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Consists of a sugar, phosphate, and a base.
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Nucleotide Image
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Circle- phosphate, Pentagon- Sugar, Half Oval- nitrogen base- A,T,G,C
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Adenine pairs to?
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Thymine
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Guanine pairs to?
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Cytosine
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DNA has?
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Deoxyribose sugar
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RNA has?
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Ribose sugar
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RNA has what nitrogen base that DNA doesn't have?
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Uracil
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DNA has what nitrogen base that RNA doesn't have?
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Thymine
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mRNA means?
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Messenger RNA
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tRNA means?
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Transfer RNA
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Transcription takes place in the?
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Nucleus
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In Transcription, A strand of DNA is used as a template to create what?
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A strand of mRNA
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In Transcription, Within a strand of DNA there are two different types of segments, what are those segments?
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Introns and Exons
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In Transcription, Introns do not contain what?
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genes for proteins (aka "non-coding segments")
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In Transcription, Exon contains what?
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genes for proteins
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In Transcription, An enzyme called _____ finds the gene that codes for a protein and starts reading it at the "starting point" called the ____
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RNA polymerase and promoter
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In Transcription, As the RNA polymerase reads the gene, free-floating nucleotides attach together to form a complementary strand of what?
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mRNA (A,U,G,C)
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Transcription does what to the recipe?
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Reads it
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Translation does what to the recipe?
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Makes it
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In Transcription, Every _____ (also known as codon) of mRNA codes for protein building blocks=_____
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3 nucleotide bases and Amino Acid
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In Translation, mRNA travels to the _____ and attaches to a ____
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Cytoplasm and Ribosome
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In Translation, The ribosome does what to the mRNA strand?
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Reads it
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In Translation, tRNA is instructed to an attach amino acid to the mRNA. What is amino acids also known as?
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Protein Building Blocks
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In Translation, after the tRNA attaches the amino acid to the mRNA it forms a polypeptide chain of amino acids called a?
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Protein
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List differences between Transcription and Translation.
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Transcription: Reads recipe, Takes place in nucleus, DNA-->mRNA, RNA poly, Has Introns & Exons, 3 nucleotides= codon. Translation: Makes recipe, Takes place in Cytoplasm, Amino Acids, Proteins, mRNA--> protein, Ribosome, tRNA
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DNA Replication does what?
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Copies the recipe, DNA--> DNA
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In DNA Rep., mRNA codons is the?
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Recipe
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What phase of interphase does DNA replicate?
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S phase
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DNA replicates how?
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Semi-conservatively, half the old strand is saved and creates a new complementary strand.
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An enzyme called ____ breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the two strands together to "unzip" the DNA.
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Helicase
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In DNA Rep., As DNA is being unzipped, free- floating ____ are attached to the nitrogenous base on each strand.
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Nucleotides
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In DNA Rep., Each new strand formed is called the _____ strand to the original strand.
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Complement
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In protein synthesis practice you do what?
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Change original DNA strand to mRNA strand, then figure out the amino acids that the codons form.
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List all differences in DNA replication from Transcription and Translation.
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DNA Replication: DNA copies itself, replicates in S phase, Replicates semi-conservatively, Helicase unzips DNA, nucleotides attach to nitrogenous bases, forms complement strand, copies the recipe, DNA--->DNA, A,T,G,C
