DNA Replication and Structure Study Guide – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
What is the function of DNA?
answer
DNA stores the genetic instructions of an organism and is used in reproduction to make a new organism with either another organism or alone to make a clone
question
What are Nucleic acids?
answer
Macromolecules that dictate the amino-acid sequences of proteins and are organized into RNA or DNA.
question
What are nucleotides and what make them up?
answer
Nucleotides are the units that make nuecleic which are composed of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base
question
What is the 5-carbon sugar of RNA and what fuses together to form them?
answer
Ribonucleic acids make RNA by fusing together ribose and nucleotides (ribose + nucleotides = ribonucleic acid)
question
What is the 5-carbon sugar of DNA and what fuses together to form them?
answer
Deoxyribonucleic make up DNA with the fusion of nucleotides and deoxyribose
question
What is DNA found in?
answer
Two spiraling molecules held tightly together in the double helix.
question
What two parts of nucleotides come together to form the backbone of the double helix?
answer
The phosphates and the 5-carbon sugar
question
How do the nitrogen bases form the double helix?
answer
One kind of nitrogen base will fuse together with another kind forming a sort of ladder. Adenine bases fuse with thymine, while guanine can only fuse the cytosine.
question
What are the fusions of said nitrogen bases called?
answer
Base pairs
question
What are the differences between DNA and RNA?
answer
RNA is a single strand to DNA's double helix RNA's ribose has one more oxygen than deoxyribose RNA contains uracil instead of thymine
question
What are genes?
answer
Genes are units of genetic information that pass from parent to offspring.
question
What is DNA replication?
answer
The use of half a DNA strands to form a new complete DNA molecules
question
What is helicase?
answer
Helicase is an enzyme involved in splitting a double helix DNA strand into two DNA strands
question
What are the three parts of DNA replication and when does it all happen?
answer
DNA replication happens the S phase of Interphase and is split into the binding of enzymes to existing DNA, unwinding of the double helix, and synthesis of new matching strand for each existing strand
question
What are the places where enzymes bind in chromosomes to allow for DNA synthesis?
answer
Replication origins
question
What are DNA polymerase?
answer
Enzymes that catalyze the formation of new DNA strands on top of strands cut by helicase
question
What is the combination of DNA and proteins called
answer
replisome
question
What kinds of nitrogen bases fuse together?
answer
Adenine with Thymine and Guanine with Cytosine.
question
Explain the tests of the Griffiths Experiments.
answer
A pneumonia s (deadly with protein coating) and r (safe with no coating) was transmitted into cells. A live s-type killed the cell, a live r-type did nothing, a dead s-type did nothing and a fusion of live r-type and dead s-type killed the cell.
question
What was learned from these experiments?
answer
Dead bacteria somehow transmits a genetic material to live bacteria.
question
What is this bacterial genetic material transmission called?
answer
Bacterial transformation
question
What does the prefix phage mean?
answer
Virus
question
Explain the tests in the Hershey and Chase experiments.
answer
A bacteriophage with a radocative protein coat and another with radioactive DNA infected two cells with the radioactive protein coat cell not having any radioactive material, while the radioactive DNA cell had radioactive material.
question
What does this show?
answer
DNA is some sort of genetic material that was let into the cell and changed the offspring of the infected cell unlike the protein coat, which was left outside the cell.
question
What did P.A. Levene discover with DNA?
answer
DNA composition and the kinds of nitrogen bases that fuse together.
question
What are the purines and pyrimidines bases?
answer
Purines, or two ringed bases, are adenine and guanine, while the pyrimidines have one ring and include thymine and cytosine.
question
Who was credited for the findings in DNA structure and who really committed to the subject the most?
answer
Watson and Cric are credited for the findings in DNA structure, even though Ms. Franklin did most research, however due to her being a women and dying prematurely she was not given the Nobel prize.
question
What specifically did Watson and Cric get the Nobel prize for?
answer
Finding the double helix
question
Depends on what and what?
answer
Molecular shape and nucleotides
question
Base pairing depends on what?
answer
The number of hydrogen bonds that can be formed
question
What are the three main parts of DNA replication?
answer
1. The binding of enzymes to 3 main parts 2. Unwinding of double helix 3. Synthesis of new matching strand for each existing
question
What is the replication point
answer
The area where replication begins
question
Histones are only visible during?
answer
Mitiosis
question
What kind of replication ins DNA replication
answer
Semiconservative
question
DNA fragements are held together by?
answer
DNA ligase
question
What is the difference of the lagging and leading strand?
answer
The leading strand is contiously replicating with the lagging strand being replicated in small strands
question
What does DNA replication depend on?
answer
Molecular shape of DNA and its nucleo tides
question
Base pairing depends on what?
answer
Number of Hydrogen bonds that can be formed
question
Strands run
answer
5' to 3'
question
Adenine pairs with what to have how many hydrogen bonds?
answer
thymine with 2 H bonds
question
Cytosine pairs with what to have how many hydrogen bonds?
answer
guanine with 3 H bonds
question
DNA are
answer
Polymers
question
Phosphate attaches at?
answer
C5 and C3
question
Nitrogenous base attach at?
answer
C1
question
What is the replication fork?
answer
The area where the helicase unzips the two strands
question
What does RNA primer do?
answer
RNA primer adds nitrogenous bases to the start of the leading strand for a template that DNA polyermase will use
question
What are Okazaki fragments?
answer
Small sections of the lagging strand DNA where the DNA polyermase and RNA primase have made pairs
question
What makes up the upright part of the DNA helix?
answer
sugar and phosphates.
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New