Diseases of the GI Tract – Flashcards
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| If left undisturbed, normal biota biofilm contains _______ bacteria that can damage soft tissues and bones called __________ surrounding the teeth. |
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| anaerobic. peridontium. |
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| Introduction of carbs to the oral cavity can result in breakdown of what? |
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| dentition. |
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| What is the causative agent of dental caries? |
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| Streptococcus mutans and sucrose |
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| What is the most common infectuous disease of humans? |
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| Dental caries. |
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| Are dental caries endogenous or exogenous? |
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| Endogenous |
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| Who is more succeptible to dental caries? |
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| Young |
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| How does dental caries attach to tooth enamel? |
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| Pili |
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| What are the 2 chemicals created from the metabolism of Sucrose in the mouth? |
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| Glucan and lactic acid. |
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| What does glucan do? |
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| Key component of plaque. Makes plaque impenetrable to saliva. |
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| What does lactic acid do? |
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| Breaks down the tooth's enamel. |
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| What happens once the tooth's enamel is compromised? |
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| S. Mutans along with other oral bacteria causes an infection of the underlying tissue |
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| What is the causative agent of Periodontal disease? |
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| Poryphyromonas gingivalis. |
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| How does porphyromonas gingivalis cause disease? |
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| Releases enzymes which causes a weakening of the gingival tissue and surrounding bone along with inflammation. |
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| What are the symptoms of Periodontal Disease? |
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| Most asymptomatic but can cause sensitive gums, tooth discoloration and loosening/loss of the tooth |
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| What is the mumps? |
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| An acute viral infection of the parotid glands (Parotitis) |
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| What is the causative agent of the mumps? |
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| Paramyxovirus family |
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| Is the mumps an RNA or DNA virus? |
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| RNA |
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| What is the incubation period of the mumps? |
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| 2-3 weeks |
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| What are the symptoms of the mumps? |
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| Swelling of the parotid gland and face pain. |
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| What other organs does the mumps target? |
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| Parotid glands, testes, ovaries, meninges, pancreas |
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| How is the mumps contracted? |
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| Direct contact or by inhaled respiratory droplets |
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| What is gastritis/gastric ulcers? |
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| Inflammation of the stomach associated with the production of gastric ulcers |
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| What is the causative agent of gastritis/gastric ulcers? |
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| Helicobacter pylori acidophilic urease positive |
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| What is gastritis? |
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| Sharp burning pain emanating from the abdomen |
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| Ulcers are? |
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| Lesions in the mucosa of the stomach |
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| Where is a duodenal ulcer? |
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| Uppermost portion of the small intestine. |
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| What are the symptoms of a duodenal ulcer? |
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| Bloody stool, vomiting... |
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| What are up to a third of all diarrheal illness contracted by? |
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| Contaminated food |
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| Most cases are self-______ and do not require treatement. |
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| limiting |
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| What is the causative agent in salmonellosis? |
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| Salmonella enteritidis |
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| How is salmonella contracted? |
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| Consumption of raw or undercooked food products |
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| What are the symptoms of salmonella? |
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| Fever, cramps, diarrhea. |
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| How long does salmonella last? |
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| 4-7 days without treatment. |
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| What is the causative agent of typhoid fever? |
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| Salmonella typhi. |
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| How is typhoid fever contracted? |
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| Fecal-oral route |
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| What organ does typhoid fever target? |
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| Small intestine |
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| What are the symptoms of typhoid fever |
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| HIgh fever, malaise, stomach pains, loss of appetite and in some cases a rash. |
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| If untreated, how long can typhoid fever last? If treated? |
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| Weeks-months. 2-3 days. |
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| Where does typhoid fever reside? |
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| The gallbladder of asymptomatic hosts. |
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| Who is Typhoid Mary? |
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| Infected 53 people and never contracted it herself. |
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| What is the causative agent of shigellosis? |
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| Shigella dysenteriae, flexneri, and sonnei |
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| What does shegellosis target? |
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| The large intestine |
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| How is shigellosis contract? |
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| Fecal-oral route |
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| How does Shigellosis attack? |
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| Potent toxin known as Shiga toxin that breaks down the intestinal lining |
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| What are the symptoms of shigellosis? |
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| Fever, inflammation of gut wall, diarrhea containing blood and mucus. |
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| What is the most virulent strain of E.Coli? |
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| O157:H7 |
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| What does enterohemorrhagic E. Coli cause? |
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| Mild gastroenteritis with fever to bloody diarrhea. |
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| About ____ of patients develop hemolytic uremic syndrome which damages the kidneys so they fail. |
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| 10 |
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| Can enterohemorrhagic e. coli cause neurological symptoms such as what? |
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| Yes. Blindness, seizure, stroke |
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| What does enterotoxigenic e.coli cause? |
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| Inflammatory disease of the large intestine |
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| What does enteropathogenic e.coli cause? |
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| Linked to a wasting form of infantile diarrhea |
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| What does enteroaggregative e.coli cause? |
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| Chronic diarrhea in young children and in AIDS patients. |
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| What is Campylobacteriosis? |
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| the leading bacterial form of diarrhea in the US |
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| What causes campylobacteriosis? |
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| Campylobacter jejuni |
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| How is campylobacteriosis contracted? |
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| Fecal-oral route |
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| What is the rare complication that C. Jejuni can result in and what is it? |
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| Guillian-Barre syndrome. General paralysis. |
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| What does C.Diff cause? Where is it common? |
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| Pseudomembranous colitis. Hospitals. |
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| How does C.Diff attack and what does it target? |
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| Superinfects the large intestine when drugs have disrupted the normal flora. Produces two toxins A and B that cause necrosis in the wall of the intestines. |
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| What is the causative agent of cholera? |
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| Vibrio cholera |
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| How is cholera contracted? |
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| Fecal-oral transmission. Binds to cells in small intestine. Produces powerful cholera toxin that results in the loss of 20L of fluid daily. |
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| What are the symptoms of cholera? |
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| Rice water stool |
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| If untreated, can cause death in ______ and has a ____% mortality rate |
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| 48 hours/55% |
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| What is the causative agent of cryptosporidium? |
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| Cryptosporidium parvum |
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| How is cryptosporidium contracted? |
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| Ingested as cysts usually when agricultrual run off has contaminated a water supply |
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| Cryptosporidium is common in _________ and was not identified as a threat to human until the _____ __________. |
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| cattle/aids epidemic |
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| What are the symptoms of cryptosporidium? |
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| Fever, loss of appetite, nausea, cramps, watery diarrhea |
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| What causes most cases of viral gastroenteritis in infants and children? |
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| Rotavirus |
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| How do the effects of the rotavirus vary? |
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| With age, nutritional state, general health, and living conditions. Generally pass in a week but can last weeks in some cases. |
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| Are vaccines available for rotavirus? If so, explain. |
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| Yes. Have to be administered at 2 & 4 or 2,4 & 6 months to be effective. |
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| What is responsible for half of all the cases of viral gastroenteritis in the US? |
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| Noroviruses |
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| How is Norovirus contracted? |
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| Fecal-oral route or from eating contaminated shell fish. |
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| How long do symptoms last? |
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| 12-60 hours without treatment |
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| What is Giardiasis causative agent? |
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| Giardia Lamblia |
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| What is the most common waterborne illness in the US? |
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| Giardiasis. |
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| What are specific symptoms to Giardiasis? How long do they last? |
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| -floating stool -flatulence can last several weeks. |
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| How is Giardiasis contracted? |
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| Fecal-oral usually via contaminated drinking water. |
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| Symptomatic and asymptomatic patients of Giardiasis can become _____-_____ carriers. |
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| long-term |
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| What is hepatitis? |
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| Inflammation of the liver |
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| How is Hep A spread? |
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| Fecal-oral transmission |
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| Are most cases asymptomatic or symptomatic? Mild or severe symptoms? |
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| Asymptomatic. Mild. |
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| With Hep. A is jaundice common and is it linked to liver cancer? |
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| No and no |
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| Is a vaccine available for Hep A? |
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| Yes. |
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| How is Hep B transmitted? |
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| Via blood or body fluids with a small infectious dose. Sharing razors and tooth brushes |
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| What are the symptoms of Hep B? |
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| Anorexia, jaundice, tender/swollen liver, coke-colored urine, clay-colored stool. |
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| Can Hep B lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer? |
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| Yes |
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| Is a vaccine available for Hep B? |
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| YES |
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| Hepatitis C is considered a _______ epidemic? |
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| silent |
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| How is Hep C transmitted? |
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| Blood and body fluids |
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| What are the symptoms of Hep C? |
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| Jaundice, coke urine and clay colored stool |
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| Can Hep C lead to cirrhosis and liver cancer? |
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| Yes |
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| Is there a vaccine for Hep C? |
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| No |
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| Who can Hep D only infect? |
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| People with Hep B |
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| How is Hep D contracted? |
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| Body fluid and blood |
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| What does Hep D do? |
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| Magnify the symptoms of Hep B |
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| Is there a vaccine for Hep D? |
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| No |
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| What is Hep E similar to? |
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| Hep A. |
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| How is Hep E transmitted? |
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| Fecal-oral |
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| Is Hep E acute/chronic? Mild/severe? |
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| Mild chronic |
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| Is Hep E common in US? |
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| Not yet |
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| Is there a vaccine for Hep E? |
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| No |
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| How is Hep G transmitted? |
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| Blood and body fluids |
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| Is Hep G linked to Hep C? |
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| No, but often seen in those patients with Hep C |
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| About ____% of patients with Hep C have Hep G. |
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| 20 |
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| Is there a vaccine for Hep G? |
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| No |
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| What is the treatment for Hep A? |
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| No specific treatment. Will often resolve itself spontaneously. Patient should abstain from drugs and alcohol. |
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| What is the treatment for Hep B? |
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| Acute - Rest along with a high carb/protein diet to repair liver cells. Chronic - Interferon |
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| What is the treatment for Hep C? |
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| Interferon and Ribavirin |
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| What are the treatments for Hep D, E, G? |
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| None. |
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| What is taenia saginatus associated with? |
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| Contaminated beef |
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| What is taenia solium associated with? |
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| Contaminated pork |
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| What is diphyllobothrium latum associated with? |
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| Contaminated fish |
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| What is dipylidium canium associated with? |
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| Contaminated dog or cat. |
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| What happens if a tapeworm goes unnoticed? |
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| Obstruct the GI tract |
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| What is a specific symptom of a tapeworm infection? |
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| Eggs or larva in the stool. |
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| What does treatment of a tapeworm target? What should be done to reinsure you do not reinfect yourself? |
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| Adult tapeworms. Hand washing. |
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| Where do liver flukes reside? |
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| The bile duct of the liver. |
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| How is a fluke contracted? |
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| Eating raw or undercooked fish. |
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| What are two chinese liver flukes? |
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| Opisthorchis sinensis and Clonorchis sinensis |
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| What is an intestinal fluke? |
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| Fasciola buski |
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| Where does fasciola buski target? |
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| Large intestinal parasite acquired by ingesting the larval form of the worm on unwashed plants. |
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| What are symptoms of fasciola buski infection? |
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| Malabsorption and toxemia |
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| What is schistsoma mansoni? |
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| A blood fluke |
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| Where does schistsoma mansoni reside? |
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| Veins of the abdominal cavity |
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| How is schistisoma mansoni infect? |
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| Contact with the larva which penetrates the hair follicle. |
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| What are the symptoms of a schistosoma mansoni infection? |
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| Rash, itchy skin, fever, cough, chills, muscle aches. |
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| How are the eggs of S. Mansoni expelled from the body? |
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| Feces or urine |
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| What is a paragonimus westermani? |
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| Lung fluke |
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| How is P. Westermani transmitted? |
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| Infected shellfish. The larva enter the blood stream and move up to the lungs. |
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| After reproducing in the lungs, P. Westermani eggs are coughed up into the GI tract and leave how? |
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| Feces |
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| What is a enterobius vermicularis? |
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| Pinworm. Nematode. Most common helminthe infection in the US. |
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| How is E. Vermicularis transmitted? |
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| Fecal-oral occasionally airborne. |
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| How do female E. Vermicularis lay eggs? |
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| Emerge from the anus that causes itchiness of the anus which is the most common symptom of the infection. |
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| What is trichuris truchura? |
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| Whipworm. Nematode. |
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| Where it T. Trichura common? |
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| Tropical climates where sanitation is poor |
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| How is T. Trichura transmitted? |
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| Fecal-oral route. |
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| What are the symptoms of T. Trichuria? |
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| Bloody diarrhea and deficiency anemia. Profusion of the rectum with severe infections |
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| What is necator americanus & ancylostoma duodenale? |
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| Hookworms. Nematodes. |
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| How does N. Americanus and A. Duodenale get transmitted? |
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| Burrows through skin of people walking barefoot on contaminated group and move into the bloodstream and enter the lung tissue. Entry site is red and itchy. |
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| What are the symptoms of a N. Americanus and A. Duodenale infection? |
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| Cough and bloody sputum. |
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| The larva of N. Americanus and A. Duodenale move up the bronchi and then where? |
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| Are swallowed then take host in the small intestine which results in nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. |
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| What does Trichinella Sprialis cause? |
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| Trichinosis, Trichiniasis, Trichinellosis. |
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| What is T. Sprialis associated with? |
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| Undercooked meats such as pork |
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| How is T. Spiralis contracted |
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| Ingested cysts burst open and grow into adult worms that cause the production of more cysts |
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| Once contracted, where do T. Spiralis worms move? What about severe infections? |
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| Bloodstream and into the muscle tissue resulting in pain when breathing and chewing. Can invade neural and lung tissue. |
