Diabetes Essay Example

Insulin helps body cells absorb glucose for energy or convert it into fat for later use. Some glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver, which can be converted back into glucose when levels drop and released into the bloodstream. This process maintains a stable glucose level until the next meal. Excess glucose is eliminated through urine, leading to high sugar levels in urine. As glucose levels rise, frequent urination occurs due to overwhelmed kidneys losing water retention ability, followed by excessive thirst as the body tries to replenish lost fluids - often early signs of diabetes.The term "diabetes mellitus" is used to describe two main symptoms of the disease. The first part, "diabetes," refers to a siphon or drain since individuals with diabetes have urine containing sugar. The term "mellitus" in diabetes comes from the Latin word for honey, representing its sugar content. Although commonly referred to as diabetes, healthcare professionals prefer the more precise name diabetes mellitus.

It is important to distinguish it from a rare condition called diabetes insipidus, which involves excessive urine production without sugar presence. The exact cause of diabetes remains unknown, but multiple factors are believed to be involved. One such factor is the immune system's role in protecting against foreign substances; however, in individuals with diabetes, the immune system targets and destroys insulin-producing cells. This leads to a loss of insulin production and ultimately results in diabetes.

Researchers continue studying why this immune system attack occurs on insulin-producing cells. Genetics also play a role in determining who may develop diabetes; individuals with a family history of Type II diabetes have a higher likelihood of developing the condition. Inheritance plays a

significant role in predisposing individuals to diabetes, much like inheriting eye color or height. For Type I diabetes, if a father has the condition, his children have a 5 to 10 percent chance of developing it before the age of twenty.If a mother has Type I diabetes, her children have a 2 to 5 percent chance of developing it. The risk increases with the number of affected relatives. For instance, if one sibling has the disease, the risk for another sibling is relatively low. However, if two siblings are affected, the risk for a third sibling jumps up to 10 percent.

The genetic link for Type II diabetes is even stronger. If one parent has this type of diabetes, their child has a 25 to 30 percent chance of developing it as well. In cases where both parents have Type II diabetes, there is an increased risk of nearly 75 percent inherited illness.

Various forms of stress on the body can trigger the onset of diabetes according to researchers. These stressors may include surgical operations or serious accidents and injuries. Emotional trauma such as divorce or death within the family can also be triggering factors.

Additionally, extensive research indicates that specific viruses can infect the pancreas and diminish its ability to produce insulin effectively or destroy it altogether.

For diabetics, controlling blood pressure is crucial. Approximately two-thirds of adults with diabetes also have hypertension which increases the risk of stroke, heart disease, and kidney and eye problems.

Regularly checking blood pressure is important because hypertension often shows no symptoms. If blood pressure measures 140/90 or higher, it is recommended to consult a doctor for proper treatment."Exercise and a low-fat, low-salt

meal plan can help regulate blood pressure and reduce complications related to diabetes. Unstable glucose levels make individuals more susceptible to gum disease or periodontal disease, as high glucose levels hinder the body's ability to fight infection and lead to gum and tooth loss. Smoking raises the risk of periodontal disease. Tooth loss affects chewing food, while ill-fitting dentures due to gum damage discourage healthy eating habits. Maintaining good dental hygiene by brushing and flossing daily and scheduling regular dental checkups every six months is crucial.
Diabetes can also impact kidney blood vessels, resulting in diabetic nephropathy that may lead to kidney failure. Diabetic neuropathy is a complication that leads to abnormal sensations or loss of feeling in different parts of the body. Various treatments are available for conditions like diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic neuropathy.
Atherosclerosis caused by diabetes results in the hardening of arteries potentially leading to stroke, heart failure, or gangrene. Diabetic neuropathy typically occurs when there has been prolonged uncontrolled high blood glucose levels over an extended period due to diabetes.Nerve damage caused by glycoproteins called glucose proteins can affect the brain's ability to sense pain in the legs and feet. This can lead to weakness in leg and foot muscles. Additionally, this nerve damage increases the risk of developing foot problems such as hammer toes, calluses, bunions, and other deformities that raise the likelihood of infection. For diabetics with consistently elevated blood glucose levels who do not properly manage their condition, even a minor blister from tight footwear can have disastrous consequences as it significantly heightens the risk of infection. If left untreated, infections can become life-threatening.

Diabetic foot ulcers are crater-like

indentations that result from neuropathy or poor circulation or both combined. The presence of bacteria can cause infection and tissue death or diabetic gangrene. Diabetic gangrene is characterized by blackened dry or wet tissue and requires immediate attention often leading to amputation.

Any changes in the foot condition of diabetics should be taken seriously, including bruises, scratches, cuts, or swelling. To prevent infection, it is recommended to wash these scratches with mild antibacterial soap and apply bacitracin ointment. Avoid soaking feet in warm water or using Epsom salts as they can cause dryness and lead to skin cracking and peeling which increases vulnerability to bacteria and infections.Diabetes impacts nerves and blood vessels, increasing the risk of premature hardening of the arteries. Smoking further reduces blood flow in extremities. Diabetics are particularly prone to narrowing of leg and foot arteries, resulting in poor circulation that can cause hair loss on feet and unhealthy-looking nails. Neuropathy can also affect sexual functioning, previously believed to only affect men with long-term diabetes. However, it has been discovered that women can also develop this condition. Impotence is commonly recognized in diabetic men but is now better understood.

Damage to pelvic autonomic nerves in men may result in retrograde ejaculation, where semen flows backward into the bladder instead of forward during ejaculation. If diabetic males are diagnosed with retrograde ejaculation, fertility and sterility issues should be considered. Diabetic men have a higher occurrence of impotence (50 to 60 percent) compared to the general population. Impotence can occur at any age after adolescence if the nerves responsible for achieving an erection are damaged. Other causes include hormone imbalances, heart and blood vessel diseases, and

specific medications.

Both men and women face equal risks of neuropathic damage to their pelvic autonomic nerves. In women, reduced nerve sensitivity may lead to difficulties with lubrication or reaching orgasm.According to the American Diabetes Association, diabetics spend over 24 million days hospitalized annually in the United States alone. Diabetes is responsible for adult blindness, with approximately 6000 individuals losing their eyesight each year. People with diabetes have a higher risk of heart disease, heart attacks, strokes, kidney problems, and amputations compared to those without diabetes. This disease causes over 40000 direct deaths per year and indirectly contributes to over 300000 deaths by impacting various organs. In the US, diabetes ranks as the third leading cause of death after heart disease and cancer. However, individuals with diabetes can lead normal lives by effectively managing their blood sugar levels through daily injections or proper diet and exercise. Early recognition of symptoms is crucial for assessing the risk of developing diabetes since up to 5 million people in the US have undiagnosed diabetes. There are two main types: insulin-dependent (Type I) and non-insulin dependent (Type II), with Type I previously known as juvenile-onset diabetes due to its prevalence in childhood or adolescence.However, it is now understood by medical professionals that diabetes can develop at any stage of life. It occurs when the body's immune system attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas, preventing proper regulation of glucagon levels. This results in high blood sugar levels or hyperglycemia. When blood sugar levels become too elevated, excess glucose is excreted through urine, causing frequent urination and excessive thirst with dry mouth. Dehydration can also cause dry skin and blurred

vision. Additionally, a lack of glucose availability to cells can lead to persistent hunger and weakness even after eating. The body compensates for this fuel shortage by breaking down fat cells, potentially resulting in weight loss.

Elevated glucose levels can also cause nerve damage, leading to tingling sensations in the feet and leg cramps during sleep. Moreover, high glucose levels create an environment conducive to bacterial growth, which may result in various skin infections if left untreated. If not promptly treated, hyperglycemia can progress into a life-threatening condition known as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) coma.

When the body lacks insulin, it turns to alternative sources of fuel such as fat. The breakdown of fat produces toxic waste called ketones that accumulate in the blood and eventually urine. Failure to promptly treat this condition can lead to unconsciousness and potential death.Both males and females are equally affected by insulin-dependent diabetes. The treatment for Type I diabetes involves daily insulin injections to help the body effectively utilize glucose. This treatment is often combined with dietary and exercise adjustments. Most individuals with Type I diabetes administer insulin through subcutaneous injections under the skin because oral consumption would result in degradation due to stomach acids.
Symptoms of Type I diabetes typically appear suddenly and may become life-threatening if immediate medical attention is not sought after. Individuals with Type I diabetes are typically lean instead of being overweight, unlike those with Type II diabetes.
Symptoms of Type I diabetes include sudden weight loss, excessive urination and thirst, irritability, and nausea/vomiting.
Successful management involves maintaining a proper balance of food, exercise, and insulin. While hyperglycemia can occur when blood sugar levels rise suddenly in people with diabetes,

there is also the risk of hypoglycemia when blood sugar levels drop.
In individuals with Type I diabetes, hypoglycemia often occurs due to insufficient food intake, excessive exercise or excess insulin dosage.
Common physical symptoms include irritability, headaches, nausea,hunger , weakness,and confusion.It is important to take prompt action to address hypoglycemia as it can lead to unconsciousnessTo effectively manage diabetes, individuals should consume milk, orange juice, two packets of sugar, honey, or a sugared soft drink. After starting insulin shots, some individuals may experience temporary remission called the honeymoon period. During this time, their pancreas begins producing insulin again and daily injections are no longer necessary. However, this period is not permanent and blood sugar levels may suddenly rise requiring immediate use of insulin. Those with Type I diabetes must consistently monitor their blood sugar levels while using insulin.

Various external factors have the potential to disrupt the necessary balance for individuals with diabetes. These factors include excitement, infection, growth periods, hormonal changes, fatigue, alcohol consumption and drug use. If individuals are not monitoring their condition regularly they may experience physical symptoms before becoming aware of any issues.

Fortunately, there are user-friendly tests available for individuals with diabetes to monitor their blood sugar levels at home or wherever they may be. This self blood-glucose monitoring is particularly beneficial for teenagers with diabetes as it allows them to continue their activities without interruptions. For example, they can easily check their blood glucose levels before going to a fast-food restaurant with friends who do not have diabetes in order to determine suitable food options for themselves.Although finger capillary blood samples are not as accurate as venous blood samples for measuring blood

glucose levels, it is still important to conduct routine blood chemistry tests every four months or at least every six months. Another crucial test is the glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c) test which measures the average blood glucose level over a specific period of time by revealing the amount of glucose attached to hemoglobin in red blood cells. To determine the best course of action, individuals with diabetes should consult their doctors. Regular testing serves two purposes: monitoring immediate changes in blood sugar levels and assessing long-term control through average glucose measurements using hemoglobin A1c tests. It is essential to maintain open communication with healthcare professionals, follow their advice, practice proper techniques, and stay informed about diabetes management. Different methods for administering insulin include jet injections delivered through a pressurized jet injector and insulin pens that resemble fountain pens. Insulin pens offer convenience for individuals who need insulin while away from home. Additionally, insulin pumps are devices worn by individuals to mimic a healthy pancreas by continuously delivering insulin throughout the day.Modern models of insulin pumps have greatly improved since they were first introduced in the late 1970s. These newer models are lighter, more compact, and provide more precise insulin delivery for better control. Infuser methods involve using a needle to administer insulin shots through the skin.

Although insulin is effective for individuals with Type I diabetes, it is still important to make wise food choices. Previously, high-protein meals based on meat and limited portions of bread, potatoes, and other starches were recommended for people with diabetes. Vegetables were not considered effective for lowering blood sugar levels at that time. However, extensive research has changed this perspective.

The

American Diabetes Association (ADA) now recommends a low-fat diet rich in fiber and complex carbohydrates such as peas, brown rice, and cereals. These foods gradually raise sugar levels and provide nutritional benefits. Complex carbohydrates differ from less desirable options like cakes, danishes, and candy because they contain simple carbohydrates that quickly elevate blood glucose levels without essential vitamins and nutrients.

In the past, all insulin used in the United States came from cattle or pig pancreases but often contained impurities that caused issues for those who injected it.Currently, there are two forms of insulin available: a semi-synthetic version obtained by converting pork insulin and a recombinant insulin created through genetic engineering that is nearly identical to human insulin. The choice between these forms is determined by the doctor based on the patient's requirements. In terms of functionality within the body, there are three types of insulin utilized for various purposes.

Rapid or regular-acting insulin enters the bloodstream and starts reducing blood sugar within thirty minutes after injection (known as time of onset). Its peak effect occurs approximately two to five hours later, and it remains in the bloodstream for an additional eight to sixteen hours.

This text describes different types of insulin used to manage diabetes. When a person's diabetes becomes difficult to control due to various factors such as hormonal changes, diet or exercise changes, accidents, minor surgeries, or illnesses, intermediate-acting insulin is commonly utilized. This type includes two variations: Lente (L) and NPH (N). After injection, it takes about ninety minutes for this insulin to enter the bloodstream and its peak effect occurs between four and twelve hours later. It remains active in the bloodstream for

approximately twenty-four hours.

Long-acting insulin, also known as Ultralente (U), takes around four to six hours before entering the bloodstream.The effects of the injection usually last for approximately thirty-six hours, with the highest potency seen between fourteen to twenty-four hours after administering the injection. People generally need a combination of different insulin types based on their specific needs, eating habits, activity schedules, and disease progression.

Type II diabetes, also known as Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM), typically affects overweight individuals but can occur in others as well. This condition is characterized by insulin resistance and was formerly referred to as adult-onset diabetes since it primarily manifested in adults over forty years old. However, medical professionals now understand that Type II diabetes can develop at any age and often affects those who are overweight or obese. When diagnosed in young people, Type II diabetes is also called Maturity Onset Diabetes in the Young or MODY and is characterized by insufficient production or ineffective use of insulin.

Both males and females can be affected by Type II diabetes; however, it is more prevalent among females. Individuals with a family history of Type II diabetes who are overweight have an increased risk of developing the condition. Treatment typically involves a combination of diet and exercise, although some individuals may require insulin therapy. Losing weight can improve insulin utilization.In contrast to younger individuals, Type I diabetes commonly affects, Type II diabetes tends to be more common among those over 30 years old due to age-related decline in sugar metabolism and genetic predisposition. A majority of individuals with Type II diabetes are overweight. Symptoms may manifest gradually and some people may be unaware

they have the illness. Gender and race influence the likelihood of developing Type II diabetes; women over 30 years old have a higher probability compared to men, with women over 45 years old being twice as likely to develop the disease. The occurrence of this type of diabetes also varies among different ethnic and racial groups, with certain American Indian tribes having a higher incidence than the general population. Black Americans are disproportionately affected by diabetes, with almost double the likelihood of dying from the disease compared to white Americans.Researchers believe that economic and obesity factors play a larger role in this disparity rather than race itself.Many black individuals belong to lower income groups,resulting in limited access to quality food and healthcare services.This leads to higher rates of obesity and a lack of awareness about health matters.However,it appears that regardless of weight or diet,black individuals are more susceptible to developing diabetes comparedto white individuals, althoughthe existenceofa genetic link is uncertain.Older individuals often mistake initial symptoms of Type II diabetes as signs of aging and fail to seek medical attention. Symptoms can vary but commonly include increased thirst and urination, fatigue, nausea, blurred vision, dry flaky skin, slow-healing wounds, tingling or loss of sensation in hands or feet.

Monitoring blood sugar levels is crucial for both Type I and Type II diabetics as it helps them understand how different eating patterns affect their blood sugar levels and manage their disease. Exercise also plays an essential role in controlling Type II diabetes by helping with insulin resistance and weight management. Wearing medical identification and having an ID card can save lives during emergencies. The Medic-Alert Foundation provides these

services for registered diabetics.

Recent studies suggest that exercise may help prevent Type II diabetes. A study at Harvard University followed over 22,000 male physicians for five years and found that those who exercised vigorously once a week had a 36% lower risk of developing diabetes.

Increased exercise can reduce the chances of getting Type II diabetes. Medical opinions on alcohol consumption for diabetics vary; some doctors advise against it completely while others allow moderate intake. However, drinking presents challenges for people with diabetes. Firstly, alcohol adds calories to the diet that must be considered. Additionally, alcohol initially lowers blood sugar levels and impairs judgment.Dr. Raymond Herskowitz from the Joslin Diabetes Center in Boston highlights the potential risks of alcohol consumption for individuals with diabetes, particularly teenagers who may not recognize insulin reactions and mistake them for intoxication symptoms. Similarly, marijuana can impair judgment and lead to forgetfulness about eating or taking insulin injections during meals, as well as triggering intense hunger and deviating from prescribed diets. Smoking cigarettes is widely acknowledged as detrimental to heart health, lung function, and overall bodily systems, making it especially discouraged for people with diabetes who already face an elevated risk of heart disease.
In contrast, some doctors argue that sugar substitutes offer benefits to individuals with diabetes, including young ones, allowing them to enjoy similar treats without feeling different from their friends. Nutritive sweeteners such as glucose and sucrose contain calories whereas non-nutritive sweeteners like saccharin and aspartame have minimal calories and do not impact blood glucose levels. Interestingly, although sharing similar properties to saccharin, aspartame has a distinct taste profile. Individuals with diabetes should carefully select sugar substitutes that align

with their dietary requirements