developmental psych ch. 9 – Flashcards
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When did Piaget believe that people develop preoperational intelligence?
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between the ages of about 2 and 6
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Vygotsky's term for a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by older and more skilled members of society is:
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apprentice in thinking.
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_____ maturation was found to be the primary factor in the development of theory of mind in a study comparing preschool children from various countries.
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brain
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Vygotsky's term for the internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves is:
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private speech
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_____-child conversations that involve thoughts and wishes can help a child develop theory of mind.
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mother
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Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child thinking that nothing can be undone?
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irreversibility
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Vygotsky's term for the process by which people learn from others who help direct their experiences and explorations is called guided _____.
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participation
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Which of the following appears rather suddenly?
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theory of mind
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A young child's belief that natural objects and phenomena are alive is _____.
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animism
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How did Vygotsky define private speech?
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the internal dialogue that occurs when people talk to themselves
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Which of the following has been shown to speed up the development of theory of mind?
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having sibilings
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Vygotsky believed that private speech aids _____ and self-reflection and should be encouraged.
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cognition
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When children ask "why" questions, the questions typically revolve around
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human behavior
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The principle that the amount of a substance remains the _____ despite changes in its appearance is called conservation.
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same
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After noticing that her 4-year-old brother was having difficulty putting a jigsaw puzzle together, Rose helped him with the task by praising his successes and helping him to recognize progress. From Vygotsky's perspective, this as an example of:
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guided participation
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Brain _____ was found to be the primary factor in the development of theory of mind in a study comparing preschool children from various countries.
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maturation
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Piaget has been criticized for:
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underestimating conceptual ability during early childhood.
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Vygotsky believed that _____ speech aids cognition and self-reflection and should be encouraged.
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private
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The understanding that other people can have thoughts and ideas unlike one's own describes:
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theory of mind
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Which characteristic of preoperational thought involves a child ignoring all attributes that are not apparent?
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focus on appearance
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Reggie can ride a bike only if his mom is providing some physical support and coaching. Vygotsky would say:
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that riding a bike is within Reggie's zone of proximal development.
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Vygotsky emphasized the _____ aspects of young children's cognition and learning
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sociocultural
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One limitation of preoperational thinking is the focusing on one idea or aspect of something, to the exclusion of all others, or _____.
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centration
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What is Piaget's term for cognitive development between the ages of about 2 and 6?
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preoperational intelligence
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The idea that children attempt to explain everything they see and hear by constructing _____ is called theory-theory.
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theories
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Because most 3-year-olds have not yet developed a theory of mind, it makes it difficult for them to _____.
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lie
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According to Piaget, which of the following is one of the characteristics that limit a preoperational child's thinking?
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centration
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In the puppy in the box experiment described in the text, what was the reason for most 3-year-olds thinking that Max the doll would look in the blue box upon his return?
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They confused what they know now with what they once thought and what they think someone else thinks.
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Which theorist emphasized the sociocultural aspects of young children's cognition and learning?
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Vygotsky
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Vygotsky's term for a person whose cognition is stimulated and directed by _____ and more skilled members of society is an apprentice in thinking.
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older
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Brain maturation, scaffolding, myelination, and social interaction make early childhood ideal for developing what ability?
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language
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One explanation for immigrant children experiencing "language shift" is:
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their egocentrism.
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A valuable trait of young children that aids in language development is that they:
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talk a lot
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What occurs when a child becomes more fluent in the school language than in the language spoken at home is referred to as a "_____ shift."
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language
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When an adult is unable to fast-map, their learning is:
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slowed
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Tuan and Min moved to the United States from Vietnam a year ago with their 7-year-old daughter, Qui. Over the past year, Qui has stopped speaking to her parents in Vietnamese, and will only answer them in English. Qui is most likely demonstrating:
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a language shift
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When asked how she likes her dinner, Samantha replies, "Pizza is the bestest!" Her exclamation would be best described as an example of what error of language development commonly seen in early childhood?
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overregularization
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According to research, children who are exposed to more than one language in early childhood:
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are able to learn and separate the two languages.
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Overregularization demonstrates a child's understanding of:
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grammar
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The process by which children develop an interconnected set of categories for words is called fast-_____.
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mapping
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Which of the following is not true about early childhood and language learning?
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Early childhood is a critical period for language learning.
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Fast-mapping allows a child to be exposed to a word _____ before remembering it.
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once
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Reina and Carlo want their son, Lucca, to be fluent in both English and their native language, Italian. What should they do in order to foster balanced bilingualism in Lucca?
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provide Lucca with regular opportunities to speak both languages demonstrate appreciation of both their Italian culture and the culture of the United States provide scaffolding in both English and Italian
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concern when immigrant children serve as interpreters for their parents is role _____.
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reversal
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Young children tend to have trouble with words that express _____.
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comparisons
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The ability to hear or read is called _____ language.
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recceptive
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The term for the time when language learning is most easily and readily accomplished is:
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a sensitive period
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The tendency of a young child to apply rules of grammar when he or she should not is:
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overregularization
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The _____ child-centered approach to early-childhood education places the most emphasis on individual differences, neither requiring children to engage in prescribed learning activities nor using any large-group instruction.
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Reggio Emilia
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In the United States overall, what is the percentage of 3- to 4-year-olds enrolled in preschool?
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about 50%
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When early childhood programs are compared, the most important variable is the _____.
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teacher
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In the 1960s in the United States, which of the following was created to improve learning among children who are disadvantaged?
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Head Start programs new books published for early readers Sesame Street
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Teacher-directed programs emphasize:
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preparation for school
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Head Start was established in 1965 as part of an effort to improve _____ among children who were disadvantaged.
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learning
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One of the ways that preschools benefit early childhood learning is by providing opportunities for children to get extensive _____ in literacy and numeracy.
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practice
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According to the text, which of the following states allocated the most money per child for state-funded early education?
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New Jersey
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Child-centered programs that recognize that children learn through play with other children are most consistent with the views of:
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Vygotsky.
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In the United States overall, about half of 3- to 4-year-olds:
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are enrolled in preschool
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Child-centered programs that recognize that children learn through play with other children are most consistent with the views of the cognitive theorist _____.v
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vygotsky
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An early-education program whose goal is to make all children "ready to learn" and to prepare them for entering elementary school is most likely a:
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Teacher-directed program
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Shaylee is 4-years-old and is not receiving much education in her home. Her mother works two jobs and Shaylee is often left at home with her teenage sisters who make sure her basic needs are met, but do not spend time reading or playing with Shaylee. There are no books in the home, nor are there crayons or paper for Shaylee to use to color or practice writing. She spends most of her time at home watching television. For Shaylee,
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attending a quality preschool would be especially beneficial.
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Teacher-directed early-education programs are based on _____ theory.
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behavioral
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In the United States, the most widespread early-childhood education program is _____.
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head start
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A preschool that stresses children's development and growth through self-discovery is most likely a(n) _____ program.
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child-centered
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The results of a 2006 study of 5-year-olds in inner-city Milwaukee revealed that, compared to other children, children exposed to a Montessori program were better at prereading and early _____ tasks.
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math
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In terms of early childhood learning, research has found that if the educational quality at home is poor, then a quality preschool is especially_____.
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beneficial
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Which of the following is a way that early education saves society money?
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decreased unemployment decreased numbers of people going to prison less need for special education
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Which is the best question a parent could ask when trying to find a high quality preschool?
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"How long has each staff member worked at this center?"
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From a developmental perspective, most state early intervention programs should:
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start earlier
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Which of the following early education approaches is the most expensive?
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Reggio Emilia
