developmental psych ch. 8 – Flashcards
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The body mass index (BMI), or the ratio of weight to height:
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is lower at age 5 than at any other age in the first five years.
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By age 6 the brain weighs _____ percent of what it will weigh in adulthood.
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90
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Which of the following is crucial for the expression and regulation of emotions?
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limbic system
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When does a child's appetite decrease in childhood?
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between ages 2-6
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Which of the following statements about left-handedness is true?
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Although a genetic preference, left-handedness can be modified by experience.
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The prefrontal cortex is said to be the _____ of the brain.
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executive
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The "just-right" phenomenon:
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refers to young children's insistence on routine.
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Which of the following is primarily controlled by the right half of the brain?
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emotional and creative impulses
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Which of the following is a central processor of memory, especially of memory for locations?
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hippocampus
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A child's insistence on routine typically peaks at around age _____.
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three
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Most people:
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use both sides of the brain for all cognitive functions.
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Caroline is 15. After a head injury she begins to have temper tantrums, which is out of character for her. Most likely her _____ was injured.
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prefrontal cortex
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Between the ages of 2 and 6, children need to consume fewer calories per pound, causing a(n) _____ in appetite.
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decrease
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Emotional and creative impulses are primarily controlled by the _____ half of the brain.
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Right
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The _____ is a central processor of memory, especially of memory for locations.
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hippocampus
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Frannie has begun to "slim down." She has lost the chubby toddler look and is now lean. She weighs 42 pounds and is 43 inches tall. Frannie must be around the age of _____.
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six
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While it's difficult, 6-year-old Phoebe's parents must remember to be patient when listening to her tell a story about her day at school. She goes slowly and often backtracks. However, she tells her story slowly because her information _____ is slower.
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processing
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The _____ is the brain structure that would be used by a small child to remember whether or not visiting the farm was a good time or a frightening time.
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hippocampus
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Following an automobile accident, Amira developed severe problems with her speech. Her doctor believes that the accident injured the _____ side of her brain
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left
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The body mass index (BMI) is _____ at age 5 than at any other age in the first five years.
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lower
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At age 15, Caroline sustains a head injury in a car accident. After the accident she begins to have temper tantrums, which is very out of character for her. It is likely that her _____ was injured.
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prefrontal cortex
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The amygdala is part of the _____ system
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limbic
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Nadine is 3-years-old and sleeps much more regularly that she did before she turned two. This is a benefit of the maturation of the _____.
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prefrontal cortex
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The _____ is sometimes called the "executive" of the brain.
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prefrontal cortex
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Glen and Melissa's 2-year-old son, Anthony, has shown a preference for his left hand. They want to train him to use his right hand instead. His pediatrician warns them again this because it causes conflict and can interfere with _____.
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lateralization
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When a young child insists that his or her potatoes be placed on a certain part of the dinner plate, he or she is exhibiting the _____ phenomenon.
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just-right
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_____ of the corpus callosum most directly contributes to improved motor coordination in early childhood.
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myelination
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The _____ allows communication between the two hemispheres of the brain.
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corpus callosum
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The prefrontal cortex is involved in planning and _____ behavior
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goal-directed
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An undeveloped prefrontal cortex is responsible for _____ in young children.
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impulsiveness
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In the United States _____ is the ethnicity with the highest childhood obesity rate.
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latino
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By about age _____ young children's rigidity fades a bit.
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6
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According to the text, what is the most common disease of young children in developed nations?
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tooth decay
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Betsy was abused as a small child and as a result suffers from permanent learning and memory deficits. This is most likely because excessive amounts of the stress hormone cortisol destroyed parts of her _____.
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hippocampus
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Developmentalists advise against switching a child's handedness, not only because it causes conflict but also because it interferes with _____.
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lateralization
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Perseveration is the opposite of:
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impulsiveness.
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Because axons are becoming coated with a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses, brain weight is significantly _____ in early childhood.
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increased
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_____ is the process by which axons become coated with a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron.
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myelination
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Sweetened cereals and drinks are a poor substitute for a balanced diet because:
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some nutrients havent been identified
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It is important for pediatricians to provide parents with _____ so they know how to ensure their child's health.
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anticipatory guidance
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Brain maturation, motivation, and guided practice in large spaces make _____ skills possible.
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gross motor
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Skills that involve small body movements, such as pouring liquids and cutting food, are called:
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fine motor skills
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Because it has been proven to be harmful to the development of children, many manufacturers have removed _____ from their plastic products.
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bpa
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One reason that children enjoy artistic expression during the play years is that they are imaginative and creative yet not yet very _____.
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self-critical
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Large body movements, such as running, climbing, jumping, and throwing, are _____.
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gross motor skills
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All forms of artistic expression blossom during:
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early childhood
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According to sociocultural theory, the best way for children to learn gross motor skills is from _____ who demonstrate those skills.
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peers
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By kindergarten many fine motor skills, such as buttoning shirts, writing with a pencil, and cutting food, have been mastered provided adults are patient and provide appropriate:
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tools
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Adults need to make sure that children have safe _____, time, and playmates in order to develop motor skills.
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places
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An immature corpus callosum and _____ may be the underlying reason that younger children have trouble mastering fine motor skills such as tying shoelaces and zipping zippers.
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prefrontal cortex
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An example of a gross motor skill is:
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pumping a swing
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Fine motor skills mature about _____ months _____ in girls than in boys.
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6; earlier
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Researchers are concerned because environmental hazards such as pollution interfere with the development of:
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motorskills
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_____ is evident in the progression of artistic skills development.
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maturation
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Substances such as _____ in the air and water, pesticides in the soil or on clothing, bisphenol A (BPA) in plastic, and second-hand smoke have been proven to be harmful to young children's growing brains and bodies.
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lead
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Joshua is 5-years-old and will be starting kindergarten this year. His parents have patiently been working with him as he buttons his shirt and allow him to cut his own food at dinner with a knife, giving help when he needs it. Most likely, Joshua will soon have mastered these _____ skills.
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fine motor
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Environmental hazards such as _____ interfere with the development of motor skills.
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pollution
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Jenny and James are parents to 4-year-old Tracey and 2-year-old Dylan. They live in a poorer area of a large city and are frightened to allow their children to play outside much due to pollution and crime. The two children spend most of their time indoors playing with each other. This could lead to a problem in their development of _____.
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gross motor skills
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At age two a child is most likely still quite clumsy and may fall down frequently or bump into stationary objects. This is because gross motor skills:
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are still quite immature and will improve dramatically over the next few years.
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Because practice, peer interaction, and open spaces are important to developing gross motor skills, adults need to provide children with safe places, time, and _____ in order for these skills to develop properly.
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playmates
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Luann has been working with her 5-year-old daughter, Gracie, as she pours juice from a pitcher into her cup and cuts her own food at lunch with a knife. Because her mother is patient and has provided the right _____, Gracie will most likely have mastered these fine motor skills before she starts kindergarten in the fall.
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tools
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Brain maturation, _____, and guided practice make gross motor skills possible.
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motivation
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By the time _____ starts, many fine motor skills, such as buttoning shirts and cutting food, have been mastered, provided adults are patient and provide appropriate tools.
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kindergarten
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Developmentalists worry that the next generation of children will not have enough older playmates or sufficient _____ in which to practice gross motor skills.
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space
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Gabe is 3 years old and the pictures he draws are indecipherable, mostly scribbles and lines that he tells his mother are cars and trucks. This is because he has yet to master his fine motor skills and _____ abilities.
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perceptual
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According to sociocultural theory, children learn gross motor skills best from:
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peers
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A lack of self-criticism may be important in developing artistic expression because although creations may not yet be precise, children are able to:
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practice without the social anxiety of older children.
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Many fine motor skills require two _____ and thus two sides of the brain.
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hands
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The most common cause of death in childhood is:
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accidents
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Harm or endangerment about which someone has notified the authorities is_____ maltreatment.
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reported
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_____ prevention involves spotting the warning signs of child maltreatment and intervening to keep a risky situation from getting worse.
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secondary
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Flashing lights on stopped school buses are an example of _____ prevention.
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secondary
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The term substantiated maltreatment refers to cases that are reported and _____.
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verified
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_____ care is defined as a legal, publicly supported system in which a maltreated child is removed from the parents' custody and entrusted to another adult or family.
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foster
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The terms "injury control" or "harm reduction" refer to practices that are aimed at:
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practices that are aimed at anticipating, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities.
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Which of the following is a sign of maltreatment?
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fantasy play dominated by violent themes
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Removing an abused child from their home would be an example of _____ prevention of child maltreatment.
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tertiary
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Gerard is taken into the hospital's emergency room by ambulance after a car accident. The doctors work diligently to tend to his injuries, first assessing the situation and then treating the most serious first. This is an example of _____ prevention.
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tertiary
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One of the first warning signs of maltreatment is delayed _____ such as slow growth, immature communication, lack of curiosity, or unusual social interactions.
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development
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An effort by child welfare authorities to find a long-term living situation that will provide stability and support for a maltreated child is known as:
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permanency planning
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The terms "injury control" or "harm reduction" refer to practices that are aimed at _____, controlling, and preventing dangerous activities.
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anticipating
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With regard to social skills, maltreated children are:
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more isolated
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______ is defined as a legal proceeding in which an adult or couple unrelated to a child is granted the joys and obligations of being that child's parent(s).
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adoption
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_____ children are more likely than other groups to experience injuries and abuse.
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young
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Child _____ is defined as all intentional harm to or avoidable endangerment of anyone under 18 years of age.
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maltreatment
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In the United States, most foster children come from _____ income families.
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low
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Laws limiting the number of baby aspirins per container are an example of _____ prevention.
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primary
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Substantiated maltreatment refers to:
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reported and verified cases.
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Martha realizes that her son's family is struggling financially since he has been laid off. She sees that her son and his wife are under a lot of stress trying to give their children the things they need. Martha wants to ease their burden and so she gives her son a loan to help them get through until he finds work. This is an example of _____ prevention of child maltreatment.
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primary
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Malcolm is removed from his mother's care and placed with a foster family after social services conducts an investigation and determines that he has been physically abused by her. This is an example of _____ of child maltreatment.
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tertiary prevention
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After being investigated by the authorities for suspected child maltreatment, a family's three young children are removed from the home on the grounds that they are being neglected. This is a case of _____ maltreatment.
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substantiated
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As is the average with most foster children, Gemma was placed in _____ homes before she was finally adopted.
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3
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In _____ prevention, the situation is structured to make injuries less likely
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primary
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When walking with his children, Mark always crosses with the light in a clearly marked crosswalk, while holding their hands. This is an example of _____ prevention.
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secondary
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2-year-old Derek's neighbors notice that the boy is often unattended on the family's porch, dirty, and in improper clothing for the weather. They call family services to report that they suspect the boy is being abused or neglected. Before an investigation takes place this is known as _____ maltreatment.
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reported
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Home visits by a social worker are an example of _____ prevention of child maltreatment.
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secondary
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Once removed from his father's custody for abuse, Bobby is placed in the care of his maternal grandparents. This is known as _____ care.
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kinship
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Decreasing family isolation is an example of _____ prevention of child maltreatment.
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primary
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Annie and Enrico had taken Mia into their home as a foster child when she was 3. Just after her sixth birthday they went to court to have her legally declared their child with all of the joys and obligations that involves. This process is called _____.
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adoption
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Difficult infants are most at risk of maltreatment, especially if the mother is _____ or feels she has no control over her life.
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depressed
