question

The process of converting the medical record information into standardized codes within a uniform data set is

answer

Abstracting

question

Pediatric tumors are analyzed by _____ rather than origination site.

answer

type

question

Benign and borderline CNS and brain tumors became reportable effective_____

answer

January 1, 2004 per Benign Tumor Cancer Registries Amendment Act

question

All benign/borderline Central Nervous System (CNS) and Intracranial (brain et al) tumors with a behvior code of /0 and /1 and all cases with a behavior code of /2 and /3 in ICDO-3, except: squamous and basal cell carcinomas of skin (after 01/01/2003)(except reproductive), Carcinoma In Situ of cervix and Intraepthelial neoplasm of cervix (CIN) III , prostate (PIN) III, vulva (VIN) III, vagina (VAIN) III, and anus (AIN)III. (after 01/01/1996)

answer

Reportable Diagnosis

question

Analytic cases

answer

Patients who were diagnosed or who received any part of first course of treatment at the hospital

question

Non-analytic cases

answer

Patients who receive non-first course treatment for a cancer, patients pursing second opinion, patients with a hx of cancer but being seen for another condition

question

Examples of ____sources: pathology reports disease index medical record reports radiation oncology logs medical oncology logs outpatient records radiology reports other hospitals, nursing homes, out of state facilities, hospitces, outpatient centers, physician offices, death clearance

answer

Casefinding

question

Date of first contact

answer

Date the patient was first physically seen at the facility for a cancer diagnosis or treatment

question

Non-Reportable diagnoses

answer

squamous and basal cell carcinomas of skin (after 01/01/2003)(except reproductive), CIS of cervix and CIN III ,PIN III, VIN III, AINIII(after 01/01/1996)

question

Systematic method for identifying all eligible cases to be included in the cancer registry database

answer

Casefinding

question

Death certificate only benchmark rates by CCR agencies

answer

Seer no more than 1.5% NAACCR 3-5%

question

Casefinding timliness benchmark rates for NAACCR, SEER, NPCR

answer

NAACCR at least 95% be avail w/in 23 months of dx SEER complete counts w/in 22 months of dx NPCR 90% be avail within 12 mos; 95% within 24 mos CoC 90% be abstracted within 6 months of date of first contact

question

Ambiguous terms that constitute a diagnosis

answer

apparently appears comparable with compatible with consistent with favors malginant appearing most likely neoplasm * only for brain, CNS presumed probable suspected suspicous for tumor* only for brain, CNS typical of

question

T or F? Abstract cytology with ambigous term only if positive biopsy or physician clinical impression of cancer support cytology findings

answer

True

question

Ambigous terms that DO NOT constitue a dx of CA without add'l information

answer

Cannot be rules out equivocal possible potentially malignant questionable rule out suggests worrisome bordering on concerning for

question

Requests from the facility's cancer committee or central registry to collect information about tumors that are not required to be abstracted by the CoC for accredited programs are called____cases.

answer

Reportable by Agreement

question

Class of case -- to --are analytic cases

answer

00-22

question

Class of case -- to -- are included in treatment and survival analysis

answer

10-22

question

Analytic class of case -- dx on or after January 1, 2006 are not required to be staged or followed

answer

00

question

class of case --to-- are non-analytic

answer

30-99

question

The CoC does not require registries to accession, abstract, or follow class of case -- to -- but the program or central registry may require them

answer

30-99

question

The date the registry database started which is always January 1

answer

reference date

question

What is the CoC's retention timeframe

answer

abstracts may be destroyed one year after the patient expires

question

The accession number is a 9 digit number first 4 digists represent

answer

the year patient was first seen at the facility

question

The accession number is a 9 digit number last 5 digits represent

answer

The sequential order in which the patient was entered into the database for that year

question

The sequence 00 means the patient has ____malignant primary cancer

answer

one

question

The sequence numbers are divided into 2 groups ___ and ____

answer

1. malignant and in situ 2. Non-malignant

question

GISTS with mets, positive LNs or ________ must have behavior changed to /3 and be abstracted

answer

multiple foci

question

Brushings, washings, cells aspirates are not _________ procedures

answer

surgical diagnostic staging procedures

question

Excisional biopsies of primary site are coded as_____procedures

answer

surgical procedure of primary site

question

Do not code procedures that excise, aspirate or remove lymph nodes to diagnose or stage cancer in "surgical diagnostic staging procedures". Code as_____

answer

code in scope of regional lymph node surgery under surgical procedure of primary site

question

____ staging rules: Information obtained before treatment or within 4 months of date of diagnosis (whichever is shorter)

answer

Clinical staging

question

___staging rules: Information through the first course surgery or within 4 months of date of diagnosis (whichever is longer)

answer

Pathological staging

question

___reporting is considered when cases are need for epidemiologic protocls, research or tumor board presentation at hospitals. Using this method cases are identified within___days.

answer

Rapid case reporting 15-30 days after diagnosis or admission

question

Local recurrence

answer

recurrence in primary organ

question

trocar recurrence

answer

recurrence in scar tissue of removed organ

question

regional recurrence

answer

recurrence in adjacent organ or lymph nodes

question

distance recurrence

answer

recurrence in location beyond regional

question

suspense system

answer

system cancer registry uses to maintain identified cases on casefinding but not yet abstracted.

question

What is the follow-up percentage maintenance rate for all analytic patients from the cancer registry's reference date?

answer

80%

question

What is the follow-up percentage maintainance rate for all analytic patients within the last 5 years?

answer

90%

question

The group of data items required to be collected by a standard setting organization

answer

data set

question

What are the 3 major objectives of a cancer registry?

answer

1. Identify and accession all cases meeting criteria for inclusion in the registry 2. Develop and implement a quality control program 3. Disseminate the data while maintaining patients' confidentiality

question

If 2 malignancies are diagnosed at the same time, assign the lowest sequence number to the tumor with the worst_____. If no difference, assignment is arbitrary.

answer

prognosis

question

Sequence 00 to 59 and 99

answer

In situ or malignant cancers

question

Sequence 01

answer

1st of several malignancies

question

Sequence 60 to 88

answer

Benign or borderline tumors

question

Sequence 60

answer

patient has had one and only one nonmalignant primary tumor

question

Sequence 61

answer

a patient's subsequent nonmalignant primary tumor

question

The Cancer Identification section of the abstract contains data items that describe the disease and contains additional administrative information, which includes:

answer

class of case facility referred from facility referred to date of first contact date of initial diagnosis primary site laterality histology behavor code grade/differentiation diagnostic confirmation tumor size regional LNs examined regional LNs positive

question

The Stage of disease at diagnosis contains the data items that identify, confirm and support the assigned stage of disease, which includes:

answer

SDSP AJCC clinical and pathological TNM elements SEER Summary Stage 2000 Collaborative stage elements

question

The Patient identification of the abstract consists of items that identify the patient or descriptors and include:

answer

accession number sequence number medical record number social security number patient name patient address at diagnosis place of birth date of birth race spanish origin sex primary payer at diagnosis comorbidities and complications physicians who were involved with the diagnosis and treatment

question

The ______section of the abstract contains data items that describe the surgical procedures, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy (biologics), hematologic transplant and endocrine procedures, pallative procedures.

answer

First Course of Treatment

question

The ___section of the abstract consists of the follow up data items, date of first recurrence, type of first recurrence, date of last contact or death, vital status, cancer status, following registry, follow up source, and next follow up source

answer

Outcomes

question

The demographic section of the abstract contains:

answer

race, age, sex, geographical location (found on facesheet and MD notes)

question

The ____section of the abstract contains override flags, coding system used to abstract case, reporting facility, abstractor who coded case.

answer

Administrative

question

Data collected by____provide: a source for planning and evaluating patients administrative planning by cancer committee and physicians used by government and private entities to develop cancer control programs investigate cancer research

answer

cancer registries

question

Topography

answer

primary site

question

Morphology

answer

cell type

question

staging

answer

extent of tumor spread

question

Patients with date of contact > 15 months after date of last contact have been____

answer

lost to follow up

question

One disadvantage of changing the reference date is

answer

Cases accessioned prior to the new reference date are deleted or become non-analytic

question

To be considered for initial CoC survey, the cancer registry database must have ___complete years of data

answer

2

question

An annual sequential listing of all eligible cases included in the registry database is a definition of

answer

Accession register

question

A summary of pertinent information about the patient, cancer diagnosis and treatment, and patient follow up is a definition of

answer

Abstract

question

A minimum of __________ of the annual analytic caseload should be reviewed for accuracy, completeness, and timeliness by a physician.

answer

10%

question

A group of diseases in which cells grow and spread unrestrained throughout the body

answer

cancer

question

Cancer of the immature blood cells that grow in the bone marrow and tend to accumulate in large numbers in the bloodstream

answer

Leukemia

question

The ability of cancer cells to penetrate into lymphatic and blood vessels, circulate through the bloodstream, and then invade normal tissues elsewhere in the body

answer

metastasis

question

Cancer of the glands

answer

adenocarcinoma

question

Tumor that is capable of spreading by invasion and metastasis

answer

malignant

question

A malignant tumor that arises from the cells that cover external and internal body surfaces and is composed of epithelial cell

answer

Carcinoma

question

Loss of normal tissue arrangement and cell structure

answer

dysplasia

question

Grouping of cases with similar prognosis

answer

stage

question

Determining how closely a cancer cell resembles normal cells

answer

grade

question

"new growth"

answer

neoplasm

question

A cancer that arise in the lymph nodes and tissues of the body's immune system

answer

Lymphoma

question

Tumors that have not invaded the basement membrane

answer

In-situ

question

A cancer arising in the bone

answer

osteocarcoma

question

Cancer that arises in plasma cells of the bone marrow

answer

myeloma

question

Tissue growth leading to a larger than usual number of cells in which cell structure and arrangement remain normal

answer

hyperplasia

question

The direct migration and penetration by cancer cells into neighboring

answer

invasion

question

Structure that supports an overlying epithelium or endothelium

answer

basement membrane

question

A cancer that arises from cells found in the supporting tissues of the body such as bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, and muscle

answer

sarcoma

question

Encapsulated tumors that do not invade other tissues or organs

answer

benign

question

How far the disease has spread from the primary site

answer

Extent of disease

question

Malignant tumor of blood vessels located in the skin. People who develop AIDs after HIV are at high risk for developing.

answer

Kaposi Sarcoma

question

Tumors that have gone beyond the basement membrane

answer

Invasive

question

Causes of cancer

answer

heredity chemicals (smoking) radiation virus/bacteria

question

Prevention or reversal of disease using drugs, chemicals, vitamins or minerals

answer

chemoprevention

question

Sebacious gland produces

answer

oil

question

sudoforius gland produces

answer

sweat

question

ceruminous gland produces

answer

wax

question

Endoscopic* ; clinical esophagus descriptors (3)

answer

upper middle lower third

question

Radiographic and intraoperative esophagus descriptors (3)

answer

cervical thoracic abdominal

question

6th digit grade code for T-cell lymphoma/leukemia

answer

code 5

question

6th digit/grade code for B-cell lymphoma/leukemia

answer

code 6

question

Well-differentiated/Differentiated, NOS- Grade I

answer

code 1

question

Moderately differntiated/moderately well differentiated/intermediate differentiated-Grade II

answer

code 2

question

Poorly differentiated Grade III

answer

code 3

question

Undifferentiated/anaplastic Grade IV

answer

code 4

question

Grade or differentiated not determined or not applicable

answer

code 9

question

When did ICDO-3 become effective?

answer

January 1, 2001

question

Slender flexible, lighted tube used to examine the rectum and PART of the colon

answer

sigmoidoscope

question

slender, long, flexible, lighted tube used to examine the ENTIRE colon

answer

colonoscopy

question

The discover of the _____led to the pathological study of cancer and the birth of oncology

answer

microscope

question

Grade for carcinoma in situ is always

answer

9

question

"foci of invasion" , "microinvasive" make the tumor

answer

invasive /3

question

MPH timing rules for melanoma, colon, lung, breast

answer

2 months-melanoma 1 year-colon 3 years-lung 5 years-breast

question

Do not use the physician's statement of recurrence v. new primary, unless pathologist ________

answer

compares the current tumor to the original tumor and states that it is a recurrence.

question

MPH rules: If tumor described as "multifocal" or "multicentric" use ______rules

answer

unknown if multiple/single tumor

question

MPH rules: If tumors with separate microscopic foci, ignore and use _____rules

answer

single or multiple

question

A single tumor that involves, invades, or bridges adjacent or connecting sites or subsites.

answer

Contiguous tumor

question

An adjective meaning limited to one specific area. A focal cancer is limited to one specific area or organ. The area may be microscopic or macroscopic.

answer

Focal

question

A term used by pathologists to describe a group of cells that can be seen only by a microscope. The cells are noticeably different from the surrounding tissue either by their appearance, chemical stain, or other testing. Laterality:

answer

Focus

question

Plural of focus.

answer

Foci

question

Indication of which side of a paired organ/site a tumor is located.

answer

Laterality

question

The pathologic specimen from the surgical procedure that removed the most tumor tissue.

answer

Most representative specimen

question

The involved sites are adjacent (next to each other) and the tumor is contiguous.

answer

Overlapping tumor

question

This term has two meanings: 1. The reappearance of disease that was thought to be cured or inactive (in remission). Recurrent cancer starts from cancer cells that were not removed or destroyed by the original therapy. 2. A new occurrence of cancer arising from cells that have nothing to do with the earlier (first) cancer. A new or another occurrence, incidence, episode, or report of the same disease (cancer) in a general sense - a new occurrence of cancer.

answer

Reccurrence

question

The _______general rules do not apply to hematopoietic primaries (lymphoma and leukemia) of any site or to the reportable benign or borderline intracranial or CNS tumors.

answer

MPH rules

question

MPH site specific rules for these sites____ and use "other sites" for all other solid tumors.

answer

Brain, malignant, Brain non-malignant, (intracranial and CNS;) Breast; Colon; Head and neck; Kidney; Lung; Malignant melanoma of the skin; Renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, and other urinary

question

_____tumor can arise anywhere in the kidney tissue. This tumor typically appears in children between 2-5 years of age.

answer

Wilms Tumor/nephroblastoma, NOS (8960)

question

Adenocarcinoma, intestinal type (8144) is a form of stomach cancer. Do not use this code when the tumor arises in the ______.

answer

colon. code to 8140

question

98% of colon cancers are

answer

adenocarcinoma

question

Must have > ---% mucinous to code mucinous adenocarcinoma in the colon

answer

50%

question

MPH colon rules: exophytic" and "polypoid" are not synonymous with______.

answer

polyp

question

Adenocarcinoma arising from the colon wall (no evidence of a polyp) =

answer

Frank adenocarcinoma

question

Rectum and rectosigmoid are covered by The Other Sites rules(not the colon site rules) . True or False?

answer

True

question

Frequently a patient may have two or more tumors in one lung and may have one or more tumors in the contralateral lung. The physician may biopsy only one of the tumors. Code the case as _______ tumor unless one of the tumors is proven to be a different histology

answer

single

question

MPH Lung rules: Do not base multiple primary decision on this phrase; It does not mean this is a single or multiple primary.

answer

Bilateral. Use the multiple primary rules to decide whether to code bilateral lung cancers as a single or multiple primary.

question

A villous adenoma is a

answer

polyp

question

The middle dividing line that separates the body into right and left sides.

answer

Midline

question

Most common cancer in women

answer

Breast cancer

question

Most common cancer in men

answer

Prostate cancer

question

Second most common cancer in men and women. Leading cause of total cancer deaths

answer

Lung cancer

question

Third most common cancer in men and women. Second leading cause of cancer deaths

answer

Colon cancer

question

After breast, lung and colon cancer the most common cancers in women are (2)

answer

Uterine and ovarian

question

After prostate, lung, colon cancer, the most common cancers in men are (2)

answer

Bladder and melanoma

question

RT-PCR (Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction)

answer

Lab test used to detect/quantify RNA. Used to detect ITCs in lymph nodes/ tumor cells within a tissue.

question

CISH (chromogenic in situ hybridization)

answer

Lab test used to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a specimen. Bright light field. Similar to IHC. Used to determine HER2 status. Doesn't require a special microscope.

question

IHC (immunohistochemistry)

answer

Lab test-Antibody staining method to enable visualization of specific antigens w/an electron microscope.

question

FISH

answer

Lab test-rapid technique used to detect cytogenetic abnormalities in malignant cells. Uses fluorescence.

question

Subsequent (secondary) treatment

answer

All treatment following discontinued first course treatment, including discontinuance due to trt failure or progression. For Leukemia: all therapy after relapse.

question

Adjuvant therapy

answer

Prophylactic treatment in the hope of delaying/preventing recurrence. Given in conjunction with or after other trt methods.

question

Neoadjuvant therapy

answer

Systemic and/or radiation therapy given before surgical resection

question

Fractionation

answer

The amount of radiation given in 1 treatment and frequency w which the doses are given.

question

1 gray=___rads

answer

100

question

1 cGy=____Gray

answer

100

question

Radiation treatment volume

answer

Code the Anatomical location

question

Location of radiation treatment

answer

Code the Facility where RT administered

question

Regional treatment modality

answer

Code the Type of energy and technique (eg. Electrons, IMRT) used in dominant/most clinically significant trt. Do not include boost trt

question

Regional dose:cGy

answer

Code the most dominant or clinically significant regional dose.

question

The Number of treatments to this volume

answer

Code the actual number of sessions.

question

Chemotherapy

answer

Group of anti cancer drugs that inhibit reproduction of cancer cells interfering w DNA and mitosis (rapidly dividing).

question

Boost treatment modality

answer

Code the Type of energy and technique (eg. Electrons, IMRT) used in dominant/most clinically significant boost trt. Do not include regional trt

question

Boost dose:cGy

answer

Code the most dominant or clinically significant boost dose.

question

Chemotherapy treatment cycle

answer

Chemo regimen administered to a specific regimen. 21 or 28 days.

question

Chemotherapy regimen

answer

Several cycles

question

Alkylating agents

answer

Chemotherapy that interferes with DNA responsible for cell function and replication. Phase non-specific. E.g. Cytoxan, Leukeran

question

Antimetabolites

answer

Inhibit enzymes required for protein synthesis and cell metabolism. S-phase specific. Eg. Leucovoran, methotrexate, 5 FU

question

Natural agents

answer

Anti tumor antibiotics, (andriamycin)plant alkaloids (oncovin), taxanes, (taxotere) enzymes (elspar)

question

Misc chemotherapy agents

answer

Cisplatin, hydroxyurea, carboplatin

question

Only code ____as cancer directed hormone therapy when administered in combo with chemo. Eg. CHOP

answer

Prednisone

question

Drugs that mimic the actions of hormone releasing factors

answer

Agonists

question

Drugs that inhibit the actions of hormone releasing factors

answer

Antagonists

question

In men, ____hormone surpresses LH blocking testosterone and used to treat advanced prostate cancer

answer

Estrogen

question

Antihormones

answer

Interfere with hormone molecule and receptor site on cancer cell that stimulates growth and proliferation. eg. Tamoxifen

question

Aromatase inhibitors (anti estrogens)

answer

Block enzyme that's a major source of estrogen. Eg. Anastrazole, Femara

question

Radiation and/or surgery must be bilateral to qualify as ______surgery, unless only 1 gland is intact.

answer

Endocrine/hormone. Eg. Oophorectomy, orchiectomy

question

Do not code hormone replacement therapy as cancer directed hormone therapy , except for______.

answer

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

question

The timeframe for calculating survival starts when there is a diagnosis of a _______tumor

answer

Invasive

question

MPH rules: there are 3 sections in MP section

answer

Unknown if single or multiple Single Multiple

question

MPH rules: there are 2 sections in H section

answer

Single Multiple

question

Only ____tumors are included in nationally published incidence data

answer

Invasive

question

A single tumor is a single primary when

answer

It is always a single, it contains multiple histology terms, and is confined to the primary site of origin

question

_____stage primarily used by central registries that report to NPCR

answer

SEER Summary Stage

question

______stage is not well understood by physicians

answer

SEER Summary Stage

question

Summary Stage went into effect

answer

January 1, 2001

question

Summary Stage one digit code from 1 to

answer

9

question

Summary Stage 0=

answer

In situ:-within the cells, can only be pathologically confirmed

question

Summary Stage 1=

answer

Local: limited to the organ of origin

question

Summary Stage 2-5=

answer

Regional: beyond the organ of origin- -direct extension -extension to reg LNs -combo of ext to reg organ/LNs

question

Summary Stage 7=

answer

Distant: cells broke away from primary site and traveled to distant site

question

Summary Stage 9=

answer

Unknown

question

For _____ cancer, any mention of LN s equals involvement

answer

Lymphoma

question

For _____tumors, fixed or matted and/or a mass in the mediastinum, retroperitoneum and/or mesentary means LNs are involved

answer

Solid tumors

question

Enlarged LNS or lymphadenopathy considered involved LNs only for ____cancer.

answer

Lung

question

Malignant cells released into bodily fluid. E.g. Peritoneal, ascites

answer

Implantation/seeding

question

Common mets sites

answer

Liver, lung, bone, brain

question

Diagnostic confirmation for bone marrow biopsies/asirations of any site should be coded as positive ______findings

answer

histological

question

Hematologic confirmation of leukemia only by peripheral blood smear, CBCs, WBCs, should be coded as positive _________________confirmation

answer

histological

question

3 Conditions must be met for the "inaccesible Lymph Node rule" (i.e. Can code 00 no lymph node involvement).

answer

1. no mention of LN involvement clinically 2. Low stge, T1, T2, localized 3. Usual treatment for low stage

question

Accessible lymph node rule applies to palpable lymph nodes

answer

A statement such as "WNL, remainder of exam neg or no further disease" must be stated in order to code 00 no lymph node involvement

question

SEER EOD Stage ended 12/31/2003 and was replaced by SEER___Stage effective 01/01/2004.

answer

Seer Collaborative Stage

question

SEER EOD stage consisted of a 10 digit code. a. 3 digits for ______ b. 2 digits for ____ c. 1 digit for ___ involvement d. 2 digitis for # of ______ positive Reg LNs e. 2 digits for # Reg LNs examined _______

answer

a. size of tumor in mm b. extension (+2 for prostatectomy extension) c. lymph node d. pathologically e. pathologically

question

What was the con of SEER EOD staging?

answer

1. Local extension or Regional lymph node involvement was lost when distant lymph nodes or mets were involved.

question

SEER Summary Stage 2000 went into effect 01/01/2001. It consists of a ____digit code

answer

1

question

SEER Summary Stage codes: a. 0 or _____= within the cells, only pathologically confirmed b. 1 or ____=limited to organ of origin c. 2-5 or ____=beyond the organ of origin (1. direct extension; 2. involving Reg LNs, 3. combo of 1. and 2.) d. 7 or ____=Cells broke away from primary site and traveled. e. 9 or _____

answer

a. 0 or in-situ b. 1 or local c. 2-5 or regional d. 7 or distant e. 9 or unkown

question

T or F? Lymphoma can arise in any site

answer

True

question

What are the 4 lymphatic structures

answer

Thymus Spleen Peyer's patch (ileum) Waldeyer's ring (tonsils)

question

What are the common extra lymphatic sites lymphoma arises in? (6)

answer

skin stomach small intenstive GI tract Brain Lung (any organ can be involved by lymphoma)

question

When multiple LN chains are involved with lymphoma code to

answer

c77.8

question

When there are multiple LNs involved in one LN chain for lymphoma code to that chain

answer

c77.__

question

extranodal site and regional LN involvement for lymphoma code the primary site as

answer

the extranodal site

question

If its suspected that lymphom is extra nodal and known not to arise in the LNs, and no site is given code to

answer

unknown primary site c80.9

question

?-cells transform into plasma cells and secrete antibodies that attache to the infection and causes it to die. ?-cells go straight from the bone marrow into the lymph system

answer

B-cells

question

? cells are formed in the thymus gland an attack foreign substances by engulfing it with a toxic effect

answer

T-cells

question

For hematopoietic primaries the 6th digit is not grade/differentiation but the immunophenotype based on ____type

answer

cell

question

For lymphomas, the number of _______involved affects the site code. The number of _____involved affects the stage.

answer

chains (site) regions (stage)

question

For Lymphoma, Bilateral nodal involvement is considered two regions for ____purposes

answer

staging

question

Bilateral involvement of a paried extra-nodal organ for ______is considered a single organ

answer

lymphoma

question

Any mention of enlarged lymph nodes (palpable, enlarged, visible swelling, shotty, lymphadenopathy) is considered involved for these 2 sites only

answer

Lymphoma Lung

question

equivocal means

answer

uncertain

question

Leukemias grouped by how quickly the disease develops or gets worse (2)

answer

chronic or acute

question

Leukemais are grouped by type of white blood cell affected (2)

answer

lymphoid (lymphocytic) or myeloid (myelogenous)

question

2 More common type of leukemia among children

answer

acute lymphocytic leukemia -ALL (more than half of all childhood leukemias) acute myelogenous leukemia -AML (just under half of all childhood leukemias)

question

Non-malignant tumors must originate in the ___ and ____, not in the skull or vertebrae (bone) to be reportable

answer

brain and spinal cord

question

Rathke pouch (craniopharyngioma) is located in the ______ reportable as a brain related benign tumor

answer

craniopharngeal duct

question

Chondroma must origniate in a ___related site (not the skull, ie.bone) to be reporable

answer

brain

question

True or false ? Chordoma (not chondroma) is a malignant tumor arising from the embryonic tissue; malignant tumor of the cartilage cells and is reportable.

answer

True

question

True or false? For non-malignant brain/CNS tumors only, Count ALL non-malignant CNS tumors over the lifetime of the patient, even if diagnosed prior to 2004.

answer

True

question

True or false? Refractory Anema did not become reportable until 01/01/2001

answer

True

question

True or false? There is no AJCC TNM staging for any of the brain schema sites.

answer

True

question

Superior vena cava syndrome is associated with which type of cancer?

answer

Lung

question

Which body cavaties are frequently checked for cancerous involvement of cells in fluid?

answer

Pleura (enclosing the lungs) Peritoneum (enclosing the intestinal tract) pericardium (enclosing the heart)

question

____imaging uses a scan using pencil thin radiation beam for a slice or cross section of the body, to create a series of pctures taken from different angles

answer

CT scan

question

___imaging uses a scan taking cross-sectional slices (views) from many angles, using magnets

answer

MRI

question

___imgaing produces shadow-like images of bones and certain organs and tissues

answer

Xray

question

____imaging used for persons diagnosed with breast cancer or at a high risk for breast cancer

answer

Breast MRI

question

___scans make pictures based on the body's chemistry rather than on physical shapes using liquid substances called radionuclides/radiopharmaceuticals/tracers that release low levels of radiation

answer

nuclear medicine scan (e.g. bone scan, PET scan, thyroid scan, MUGA scan, Gallium scan)

question

Other studuies that use idodine based dyes/contrast (2) examples

answer

barium enema intravenous pyelogram

question

tumor marker CA 125 is used in screening for ___cancer

answer

ovarian cancer

question

tumor marker CA19-9 is used in screening ___ cancer

answer

Gastrointestinal cancer

question

tumor marker CA 549 is used in screening for___cancer

answer

advanced cancer

question

tumor marker CA 195 is used in screening for ___cancer

answer

Gastrointestinal cancer

question

tumor marker CEA is used in screening for any

answer

malignancy check? colon?

question

tumor marker CA 15-3 is used in screening for ___cancer

answer

metastatic breast cancer

question

___procedures in clude endoscopic and operative explorations that examine the body through and opening or small incision

answer

manipulative procedures

question

The most widley used tumor marker to help screen for cancer in the general population

answer

PSA blood test

question

In determining sequence number, make sure first malignancy was reportable at the time of the new malignancy diagnosis (except for benign brain/CNS tumors). For example polycythemia vera was not reportable until 2000. true or false?

answer

true

question

When determining class of case, first course treatment options include "recommended but refused" and "not recommended". true or false?

answer

true

question

Any first course treatment, whether curative or pallaiative is used for determining class of case. true or false?

answer

true

question

For class of case, pathology specimens read in pathology the date should be 1. the date of procedure or, 2. the date the pathology was received or read?

answer

1. the date of the procedure

question

If the patient was seen at the facility for a radiation consult, the date of the first contact would be the date of the consult if ____ was developed at that time.

answer

the treatment plan

question

Estimating dates-Spring =

answer

April

question

Estimating dates-middle of the year=

answer

July

question

Estimating dates-Fall=

answer

October

question

Estimating dates-winter=

answer

December or January

question

Most paired sites cannot develop a midline tumor with the exception of____

answer

skin of trunk

question

Bone marrow aspirations or biopsies of any site are considered ____diagnostic confirmation

answer

histological

question

Peripheral blood smears, CBCs, and WBCs for leukemia only are considered____diagnostic confirmation

answer

histological

question

If work-up negative on the visit, but positive on a later visit the date of first contact would be___.

answer

the later visit

question

According to FORDS, the date of diagnosis is the____

answer

earliest date that a recognized medical practitioner says the patient has cancer

question

Prostate CA: Average age at the time of diagnosis

answer

66 yo

question

___syndrome, also known as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer or HNPCC, inherited gene changes having an increased risk for a number of cancers including prostate cancer

answer

Lynch syndrome

question

Certain genes that cause cells to grow, dividie, stay alive

answer

oncogenes

question

Genes that slow down cell division, repair mistakes in DNA or cause cells to die at the right time

answer

tumor surpressor genes

question

Prostate cancer metastasizes to where first?

answer

bone

question

Prostate CA: which has priority for grading/6th digit? Gleason score or terminology (eg. well-differentiated)

answer

Gleason score has priority

question

Which is the primary pattern? which is the secondary pattern? 4+3=7

answer

4 is primary pattern 3 is secondary pattern

question

Gleason score: If only one number is given and it is =;5, assume it describes the_____

answer

pattern

question

Gleason score: if only one number is given and it is ;5, assume it describes the____

answer

score

question

Prostate CA: If there are multipble biopsies and Gleason scores. Code the ____score.

answer

Highest score.

question

Prostate Ca: 10/10 Gleason the score is:

answer

10

question

Prostate Ca: cN is determined via biopsy or imaging. For pN a __is required.

answer

LN dissection

question

Prostate Ca: Code the highest ____value prior to diagnostic biopsy or treatment

answer

PSA value

question

Prostate Ca: TURP is a clinical staging method but is coded in SPPS (keep rules for data items separate!) T or F?

answer

True

question

A Prostatectomy is required for pathological staging of the T. True or False?

answer

True. (exception Bx of rectum permits pT4 or of extraprostatic soft tissue permits pT3)

question

Prostate Ca: ipsilateral, contralateral or bilateral involvemnt is regional for prostate LNs. true or false?

answer

True

question

Prostate Ca: The pathologist should count cores, not fragments, chips, pieces, speciments or positive lobes.

answer

True

question

Prostate Ca: non-regional LNs are:

answer

cervical inguinal retroperitoneal aortic scalene supraclavicular common iliac

question

Prostate Ca: regional LNs are:

answer

pelvic hypo-gastric obturator iliac-internal/external, nos sacral periprostatic

question

Prostate Ca: Gleason 8-10= Grade:

answer

Grade 3 (Grade 3 2003-2013)

question

Prostate Ca: Gleason 7=Grade:

answer

Grade 2 (Grade 3 2003-2013)

question

Prostate Ca: Gleason 5-6=Grade:

answer

Grade 1 (Grade 2 2003-2013)

question

Prostate Ca: Gleason 2-4=Grade

answer

Grade 1 (Grade 1 2003-2013)

question

Prostate Ca: 2 types of radiation therapy treatment

answer

brachytherapy-LDR-seeds implanted in area or HDR seeds implanted into prostate External beam-EBRT, 3D-CRT, IMRT (most common), SBRT, PBRT

question

Prostate Ca: HT therapy or Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT)

answer

orthiectomy LHRH analogs-leuprolide, goserelin, triptoorelin, histrelin; Degarelix, Abiraterone (LHRH antagonists) Antiandrogens-flutamide, bicalutamide, nilutamide, Enzaltutamide Other-estrogen, Ketoconazole

question

Prostate Ca: Common Chemo drugs used

answer

Docetaxel/Taxotere Cabazitaxel/Jevtana Mitoxantrole/Novantrole Doxorubicin/Andriamycyn Paclitaxel/Taxol Carboplatin/Paraplatin

question

Lung Ca: Most common mets sites:

answer

brain bones adrenal glands contralaeral lung liver pericardium kidneys subcutanous tissue virturally any organ

question

Lung Ca: If biopsied primary tumor cannot be reomoved, and if the higest T and N or M1 categories of the tumor can be confirmed microscopically, ther criteria for pathologica staging may be met without resection. True or False?

answer

True

question

Lung Ca: When term hilar, perihilar, infrahilar or soft tissue mass it should be considered Lymph Node involvement. True or False?

answer

True

question

Lung Ca: When term mediastinal mass it should be considered Lymph Node involvement. True or False?

answer

True

question

Lung Ca: If Hilary Mass is only description, code to Hilum C34.0. T or F?

answer

True

question

Left Lung has ___lobes

answer

2

question

Right lung has ___lobes

answer

3

question

2 membranes that surround the lungs:

answer

visceral pleura-covering lungs patietal pleura-adherent to rib cage, diaphragm, pericardim (space around heart)

question

Use ypT, ypN categoreis to pathologically stage after _____treatment

answer

neoadjuvant

question

Lung Ca: presence of pleural effusion for lung only is enough to code M1a. Does not have to state malignant pleural effusion. T or F?

answer

True

question

Lung Ca: Any lymphadenopathy, enlargement or mass of LNs=

answer

LN involvement

question

Lung Ca: Staging procedures include:

answer

bronchoscopy esophagoscopy mediastinoscopy medistinotomy thoracentesis thoracoscopy exploratory thoracotomy Biopsy, FNA surgical observation w/o biopsy

question

Lung Ca: TX used when primary tumor cannot be assessed but it was proved to be lung ca based on presence of maligant cellsin sputum or washings. T or F?

answer

True

question

Lung Ca: T0pM1a : No evidence of lung lesion on imaging, yet pleural effusion biopsied ; was malignant consistent with Ca. true or false?

answer

True

question

Lung Ca: cases that have nodules in the contralateral lung are considered distant (M1a) disease. T or F?

answer

True

question

Lung Ca: Common chemo drugs:

answer

Cisplatin Carboplatin Paclitaxel /Taxol Paclitaxel Docetaxel/Taxotere Gemzar Vinblastin

question

Lung Ca: Targeted therapies:

answer

Avastin(angiogenesis inhibitors) Cetuximab/Erbitux(angiogenesis inhibitors) Ramucirumab/Cyramza(angiogenesis inhibitors) Tarceva (EGFR inhib) Gilotrif(EGFR inhib) Iressa/Gefitinib (EGFR inhib)

question

Breast Ca: T can be based on clinical or pathological, though pathological takes precedence. T or F?

answer

True

question

Breast Ca: Must have resection or ___biopsy with neg or micro margins only for pathological T

answer

excisional biopsy

question

Breast Ca: ____LNs reside within the breast tissue and are coded as axillary LNs

answer

INTRAmammary LNs

question

Breast Ca: Clinical diagnosis of ___breast cancer not enough. Must be stated in final diagnosis of pathology report to be coded as such.

answer

Inflammatory breast cancer

question

Breast Ca: satellite skin nodule or skin involvement includes:

answer

edema encuirasse erythema inflammatory peau d'orange

question

Breast Ca: Distant mets includes:

answer

Cervical LNs contralateral internal mammary or axillary contralateral infraclavicular or supraclavicular LNs

question

Breast Ca: LNs positive for ITCs are not considered positive LNs. T or F?

answer

True

question

Breast Ca: Pathological N is used for excision or sentinel LN biopsy only in conjunction with a pathological T assignment. T or F?

answer

True (i.e. Excisional bx of LN or bx of SLN in absence of pT assignment is classified as a clinical N, for example cN1)

question

Breast Ca:____ are small clusters of cells not >0.2mm

answer

ITCs

question

Breast Ca:___ are tumor deposits >0.2 mm but not >2.0 mm. They are designated as pN1mi

answer

Micrometastases

question

Breast Ca: No clinical/radiologic evidence of distant mets, but deposits of molecularly/microscopically detected tumor cells in circulating blood, bone marrow or other distan nodal tissue not >0.2 mm (circulating tumor cells-CTCs) are designated as cM0(i+) . True or False

answer

True

question

Breast Ca: primary site for tumor that overlaps more than one quadrant

answer

C50.8 overlapping lesion

question

Breast Ca: primary site for tumor when quadrant is unknown or multiple tumors in different quadrants of the same breast

answer

C50.9 Breast, NOS

question

Breast Ca: A biopsy with macroscopically positive margins is an _____ biopsy and cannot be used for pathological staging.

answer

incisional

question

Breast Ca: Simultaneous tumors in each reast are considered separate primaries per MPH rules. T or F

answer

True

question

Breast Ca: ___disease with a palpable mass on clinical exam and with an invasive component on pathology is classified according to the invasive component.

answer

Paget's

question

Breast Ca: ___disease with a palpable mass on PE, but no invasive component on pathology is assigned Tis (DCIS or LCIS)

answer

Paget's

question

What are considered local therapies? (2)

answer

Surgery and radiation therapy

question

What are considered systemic therapies? Drugs which can give given by mouth or directly to the bloodsream to reach cancer cells. (3)

answer

chemo hormones targeted therapy

question

Breast CA: common chemotherapy drugs:

answer

Docetaxel/Taxotere Paclitaxel/Taxol Doxorubicin/Adriamycin Fluorouracil/5-FU Cyclophosphamide/Cytoxan Cisplatin Carboplatin Xeloda Doxil Gemcitabine/Gemzar Mitoxantrone/Ixempra

question

Breast CA: Hormone treatments

answer

Tamoxifen-blocks estrogen in breast cancer cells Fareston Faslodex Femara (Aromatase inhibitor) Anastrazole/Arimidex (AI) Aromasin (AI)

question

Breast Ca: Targeted therapy (biologics/immuno)

answer

Herceptin Pertuzumab Kadcyla Lapatinib

question

Colon Ca: T category is not based on size, but depth of ____

answer

Invasion

question

Colon Ca: Tumors are either Frank/De Novo or arise in a

answer

Polyp

question

Colon Ca: TDs/Foci/satellite nodules in fat are to be recorded in the N category, if no other LN involvement described.T or F?

answer

True

question

Colon Ca: Regional LNs depends on subsite of primary site

answer

True

question

Colon Ca: Superior mesenteric LNs are Distant LNs for all colon subsites

answer

True

question

Lung Ca: most common histologies (3):

answer

adenocarcinoma squamous cell carcinoma small cell carcinoma

question

The return or reappearance of the cancer after a disease-free interval

answer

Recurrence

question

When a patient who was never disease-free develops further regional or distant mets

answer

Progression

question

Use MPH Rules to determine if new primary or recurrence. What are the 2 exceptions to this rule?

answer

1. If the pathologist compares the current tumor to the original tumor and states it is a recurrence. 2. If the physicians says the current tumor is a metastasis of the prevous tumor.

question

Direct extension or distant mets that developed after the diagnosis was established, and ithe the ___plan is discontinued or changed due to a change in disese status is considered a progression of disease

answer

treatment plan

question

What data items are followed until first recurrence? (2)

answer

date of first recurrence type of first recurrence

question

What data items are updated throughtout patients lifetime?

answer

Date of last contact/death vital status cancer status (only by physician or healthcare provider) following registry/with NPI follow up source next follow up source

question

Epithelial tissue

answer

Covers body surfaces, both inside and out. Eg. Skin, mucosa, serosa. Functions are to protect, secrete, absorb, filtrate

question

Squamous cell carcinoma

answer

Malignant tumors of epethelial cells

question

Adenocarcinoma

answer

Malignant tumors of glandular cekks

question

Transitional cell carcinoma

answer

Malignant tumors w mixed glandular and Squamous cell carcinomas

question

Connective tissue

answer

Most abundant and widely distributed of all tissues.eg. Adipose/fat, collagenous/tendons, ligaments/deep fascia, dense elastic/vocal cords, walls of arteries/trachea, reticular/spleen liver LNs, ligaments, bone Connect, support, protect

question

Muscle tissue

answer

1/3 body weight Striated/skeletal-attach to bones of skeleton Smooth/visceral-hollow organs Cardiac-walls if heart

question

Nerve tissue

answer

Brain, spinal cord, nerves Move and coordinate bodily functions

question

Medulla

answer

Central portion of organ

question

Cortex

answer

Outer surface of organ

question

Parenchyma

answer

Functional portion of organ

question

Stoma

answer

Cells/tissues that support organ

question

Synchronous

answer

Mets diagnosed at same time as primary site

question

Metachronous

answer

Mets diagnosed after primary site diagnosed and treated

question

Precocious

answer

Mets diagnosed w an unk primary site

question

Sarcoma

answer

Malignant tumor of embryonic connective tissue

question

p53

answer

tumor supressor gene, the mutation in breast cancer is associated with a more aggressive disease and poorer survival rates

question

AJCC General Rule: Biopsy of primary site only is classified as Clinical T, unless the biopsy provides the highest possible T category, in which case it may be classified as a Pathological T. T orF?

answer

True

question

AJCC General Rules: Pathological exam of a single LN in the absence of pathological evaluation ofthe primary tumor is classified as a Clinical N. T or F?

answer

True

question

AJCC General Rules: Tumor sizes reported in smaller units than mm, such as a tenth or undreth of a mm should be round to the nearest whole mm for reporting staging. e.g. breast tuor of 1.2 mm should be recorded as 1 mm; 1.7mm tumor should be reported as a 2 mm. T or F?

answer

True

question

MPH RULES: 2 or more separate primaries, different topographical sites, same morphology=

answer

Separate multiple primaries

question

MPH RULES: certain tumors which occur in multiple sites eg. Adenomatous polyps)=

answer

One cancer

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