CSUF Psych 341 Exam 2 – Flashcards
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Stress
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organism's internal biological and psychological responses to external demands A by-product of poor coping
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Stress Factors
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Children are extremely vulnerable genetic makeup exposure to early childhood stressors individual stress tolerance stressful experiences (someone who is constantly stressed might change their way of thinking or evaluating a situation)
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Characteristics of Stressors
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severity chronicity timing degree of impact level of expectation controllability
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severity
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ex. getting a ticket for texting and driving vs. going to court for hitting someone with your car
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Chronicity
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chronic situations ex. bad relationships, or abusive parents
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timing
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situation in life, what's going on currently
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degree of impact
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ex. death of a parent vs death of a extended family member you hardly know
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controllability
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things that you dont have control over
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measuring life stresses
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social readjustment rating scale (self-report checklist; limited) Interview-based (follow up questions; rates chronic or acute; con takes time)
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resilience
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a healthy psychological and physical functioning after a potential traumatic event
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Body's systems response to a stressor
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sympathetic- adrenomedullary (SAM) system (flight-or-fight response) Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system (production of cortisol)
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Type A
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excessive competitive drive extreme commitment to work impatience or time urgency hostility
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Type D
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distressed tendency to experience negative emotions insecure and anxious
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treatment of stress-related physical disorders
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biological interventions psychological interventions
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biological interventions
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surgical procedures lipid-lowering medications aspirin or anticoagulants antidepressant medications
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psychological interventions
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emotional disclosure biofeedback relaxation and meditation cognitive-behavior therapy (teaching coping strategies)
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Adjustment disorder
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reaction to a common stressor ex unemployment psychological response to common stressor (occurs within 3 months of stressor, symptoms disappear when stressor ends or person adapts)
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Post-traumatic stress disorder
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reaction a traumatic stressor ex. war, natural disaster, assaults (clinical description) trauma memory re-expereinced involuntarily, with same emotional force; sumptoms last for at least 1 month
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Acute Stress Disorder
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when symptoms develop shortly after traumatic event and last for at least 2 days people can receive treatment immediately diagnosis can change to ptsd if symptoms persist
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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) casuses and risk factors
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intrusion avoidance negative alterations in cognitions and mood arousal and reactivity
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intrusion
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night mares, physiological reactivity to trauma reminders
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avoidance
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efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, or reminders of trauma
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negative alterations in cognitions and mood
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detachment, shame, anger, distorted blame of self/others
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arousal and reactivity
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hypervigilance, excessive response when startled, aggression, reckless beahvior
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PTSD
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higher rates in women despite finding that men are more likely to be exposed to traumatic events
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causal factors in PTSD - individual risk factors
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male/female occupation family history/psychiatric disorder high on extroversion and neuroticism rate of exposure low level of social support preexisitng depression or anxiety
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causal factors in PTSD - biological factors
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gender (higher cortisol levels in females) genetics reduced size of hippocampus
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causal factors in PTSD - sociocultural factors
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membership in minority group returning to negative and unsupportive social environment
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treatment of stress disorders
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telephone hotlines crisis intervention psychological debriefing medications cognitive-behavioral treatments
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panic attack
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fear with no external cause and includes subjective sense of impending doom
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fear
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obvious danger response
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anxiety
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less obvious danger response; future oriented and more diffuse general feeling of apprehension about possible danger
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Anxiety disorders
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unrealistic, irrational fears or anxieties cause significant distress and/or impairments disabling intensity
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Anxiety disorders - biological causes
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genetics high on neuroticism (emotionally unstable) GABA, serotonin, norepinephrine
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anxiety disorders - psychological causes
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classical conditioning feeling of not being in control of a situation
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anxiety disorders treatments
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exposure therapy cognitive restructuring medication (antianxiety, antidepressants; does not cure the disorders, only undermines it)
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Specific phobias
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strong and persistent fear recognized as excessive or unreasonable triggered by a specific object or situation
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Phobia
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more common in women animal, blood-injection-injury, and dental phobias usually begin in childhood other phobias tend to begin in adolescence or early adulthood
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subtypes of Phobias
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animal natural environment blood-injection-injury situational other (choking, vomiting, "space")
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Specific phobias - psychological causal factors
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psychoanalytic viewpoint (defense against anxiety stemming from repressed id impulses) Learned behavior
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specific phobias - learned behavior
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vicarious conditioning (person to person) individual differences (risk factors, protective factors, positive experiences developed less phobias) evolutionary preparedness (the phobia could possibly be hereditary)
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specific phobias - biological causal factors
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genetics temperaments
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specific phobias - treatments
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exposure therapy participant modeling (therapists models how to calm down/react) virtual reality components (simulate their phobias) cognitive techniques combinations medication
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social phobia (social anxiety disorder)
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disabling fears of one or more specific social situations fear of exposure to scrutiny and potential negative evaluation of others
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Social phobia
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more common in women than men begin during adolescence or early adulthood many have comorbid disorders (other anxiety disorders or depression)
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social phobia - psychological causal factors
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learned behavior evolutionary factors perceptions of uncontrollability and unpredictability cognitive biases toward "danger schemas"
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social phobia - biological causal factors
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temperament genetics
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social phobia - treatments
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cognitive-behavioral therapy (identify their underlying negative, and automatic thoughts and change inner thoughts and beliefs through logical reanalysis) medications (antidepressants)
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Panic disorder
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occurence of panic attacks seem to come "out of the blue" recurrent, unexpected attacks that are brief but intense
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Agoraphobia
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anxiety about being in places from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing
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agoraphobia
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twice as prevalent in women than men begins 20s to 40s
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Comorbidity
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83% of people with panic disorder have at least one comorbid disorder disorders include generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, PTSD, depression, and substance-use disorders
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Timing of a first panic attack
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frequently follows feelings of distress or highly stressful life circumstance experience a single panic attack tend to not develop panic disorder
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Panic disorder - biological causal factors
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genetics panic and brain biochemical abnormalities
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Panic disorder - psychological causal factors
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cognitive theory of panic comprehensive learning theory anxiety sensitivity and perceived control safety behaviors and persistence of panic cognitive biases and maintenance of panic
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panic disorders - treatments
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behavioral treatments cognitive-behavioral treatments medications (antianxiety, antidepressants)
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
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chronic or excessive worry about multiple events and activities occurs more days than not for 6-month period
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GAD
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twice as common in women as in men
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Generalized Anxiety disorder - psychological causal factors
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psychoanalytic viewpoint (conflict between ego and id impulses due to faulty defense mechanisms) perceptions of uncontrollability and unpredictability sense of mastery (feeling less in control increases anxiety) negative consequences of worry cognitive biases for threatening information
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Generalized Anxiety disorder - biological causal factors
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genetics neurotransmitters (GABAm serotonin, norepinephrine) CRH
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Generalized Anxiety disorder - treatments
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buspirone (effective and nonaddictive) cognitive behavioral therapy anxiolytic drugs
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Obessive-Compulsive Disorders (OCD)
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occurrence of unwanted and intrusive obsessive or distressing images usually accompanied by compulsive behaviors
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OCD
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higher rates are among divorced and unemployed affects both genders about equally begins in adolescence or early adulthood
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder - psychological causal factors
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learned beahvior preparedness (evolutionary adaptiveness) cognitive causal factors (attempts to suppress thoughts can increase this disorder)
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obsessive-compulsive disorder - biological causal factors
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genetics brain function abnormalities serotonin
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obsessive-compulsive disorder - treatments
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exposure and response prevention medications that affect neurotransmitter serotonin
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Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD)
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obsessed with perceived or imagined flaw in appearance
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BDD
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affects both genders equally typically begins in adolescence
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Hoarding disorder
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acquire and fail to discard limited value possessions disorganization in living space interferes with daily life
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Trichotillomania
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urge to pull out hair from any body location preceded by tension and followed by pleasure
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Excoriation
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picks at the skins/scabs from any body location
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Mood disorders
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extremes of emotions
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Depression
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feelings of extraordinary sadness and dejection
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mania
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intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria
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manic and depressive episodes
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a person shows a markedly elevated, euphoric, or expansive mood, often interrupted by occasional outburst of intense irritability or even violence
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Unipolar depressive disorders
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a person is markedly depressed or loses interest in formerly pleasurable activities (or both) for at least two weeks
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bipolar depressive disorders
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manic and depressive episodes extreme moods must persist for at least a week for this diagnosis to be made Hypomanic episode
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hypomanic episode
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milder form, in which a person experiences abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood for at least 4 days
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Prevalence of mood disorders
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about twice as common in women than men native americans have relatively high rates of depression african americans have relatively low rates
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Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
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a major depressive episode without having manic, hypomanic, or mixed episodes
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relapse
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the return of symptoms within a fairly short period of time, a situation that probably reflects the fact that the underlying episode of depression has not yet run its course
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recurrence
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the probability increases with the number of prior episodes and also when the person has comorbid disorders
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Major Depressive Disorder - specifiers
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melancholic features psychotic features atypical features catatonic features seasonal patterns
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melancholic features
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early morning awakening depression worse in the morning marked psychomotor agitation or retardation loss of appetite or weight excessive guilt qualitatively different depressed mood
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psychotic features
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delusions of hallucinations feelings of guilt and worthlessness common
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atypical features
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mood reactivity-brightens to positive events weight gain or increase in appetite hypersomnia leaden paralysis being acutely sensitive to interpersonal rejection
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catatonic features
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range of psychomotor symptoms from motoric immobility to extensive psychomotor activity, as well as mutism and rigidity
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season patterns
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at least two or more episodes in past 2 years that have occurred at the same time (usually fall or winter), and full remission at the same time (usually spring)
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Persistent Depressive Disorder
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mild to moderate version of depression persistently depressed mood most of the day for at least 2 years
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Bereavement triggered depression
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DSM-5 dropped the specific bereavement exclusion for those experience loss from the death of a loved one, creating risk that normal grief may be misdiagnosed as a major depressive episode
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Postpartum depression
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separation of mother from child that was in the womb
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Unipolar mood disorders - biological causal factors
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genetic influences altered neurotransmitter activity hormone and immune system regulation abnormalities neuro-physical and neuro-anatomical influences sleep and biological rhythms sex differences
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Unipolar mood disorders - psychological causal factors
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stressful life events (independent vs. dependent) vulnerability in response to stress risk-related vulnerability factors (personality and cognitive diatheses, early adversity) theories
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Freud theory
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believed that depression was anger turn inward
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Behaviorists theory
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used conditioning to explain depression
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Beck's theory
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proposed a cognitive model of depression certain kinds of early experiences can lead to the formation of dysfunctional assumptions that leave a person vulnerable to depression later in life if certain critical incidents active those assumptions describes a pattern of negative thoughts (the self "im ugly/worthless, a failure", the world "no one loves me" and the future "it's all hopeless because things will always be this way"
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Reformulated helplessness theory
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proposes that a pessimistic attributional style is a diathesis for depression
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Hopelessness theory
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proposes that pessimistic attributional style and one or more negative life events will not produce depression unless one first experiences a state of hopelessness
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Bipolar disorders
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distinguished from unipolar disorders by presence of manic or hypomanic episodes occur equally in males and females
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cyclothymic disorder
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cyclical mood swings less severe than those of bipolar disorder symptoms present for at least 2 years lacking severe symptoms and psychotic features of bipolar disorder
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Bipolar 1 disorder
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includes at least one manic or mixed episode
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bipolar 2 disorder
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includes hypomanic episodes but not full blown manic or mixed episodes
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Bipolar disorder - biological causal factors
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heredity norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine abnormalities in transportation of ions cross neural membrane cortisol levels shift in patterns of blood flow to prefrontal cortex disturbances in biological rhythms
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bipolar disorders - psychological causal factors
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stressful life events personality variables (neuroticism and high levels of achievement striving) low social support pessimistic attributional style
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Sociocultural factors affecting unipolar and bipolar disorders
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symptoms of mood disorders can differ widely across cultures and demographic groups
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cross-cultural differences in depressive symptoms
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forms of depression varies across cultures western: psychological symptoms non-western: physical symptoms
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Bipolar treatments
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pharmacotherapy alternative biological treatments psychotherapy
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pharmacotherapy
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antidepressants, mood stabilizing, antipsychotic drugs MAOI (an enzyme that breaks down norepinephrine and serotonin) TAC (tricyclic antidepressants) increases norepinephrine SSRI (antidepressant) no more effective than TAC but has less serious side effects Lithium common mood stabilizer for bipolar
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Alternative biological treatments
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electroconvulsive therapy (patients who are severely depressed) transcranial magnetic stimulation deep brain stimulation bright light therapy (originally used for seasonal affective disorder)
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psychotherapy
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cognitive-behavioral therapy behavioral activation treatment interpersonal therapy family and marital therapy
