CSET Social Science Part 2 – Flashcards
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Native American Peoples
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Native Americans of what is the U.S. today had diverse social structures & religions. Great Plains; Sioux; followed migrating buffalo herds, lived in tepees Far North; Inuit & Aleut; hunted Northeast; spoke Algonquian or Iroquoian; slash & burn agriculture; lived in houses Cherokee- largest Native American group in Southeast
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European Exploration & Colonization
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Pope Urban II call to arms launched 2 centuries of armed struggle to regain the Holy Land - called the Crusades; broadened European horizons and stimulated interest in luxury goods
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European Exploration & Colonization
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Columbus sought financial backing for sea route to Asia. 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain gave him the $ to reach Asia by going east around Africa. Arrival of European colonists in Americas set in motion a series of complex interactions between peoples & environments
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European Exploration & Colonization
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French colonies-established to expand fur trade Spanish colonies-established to gain wealth & spread Christianity & European culture Dutch colonies-founded to make $ in fur trade British colonies-established as places to earn profits & to practice religion freely
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The New England Colonies
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New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts Geography: Coastal areas w/ good natural harbors; inland areas w/ dense forests; poor rocky soil & short growing season
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The New England Colonies
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New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts Economy: Small farms, lumber mills, fishing, shipbuilding, & trade flourished; cities developed along the coast
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The New England Colonies
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New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts People & society: Most people organized as congregations lived on farms; in cities, merchants controlled trade, artisans made goods, unskilled workers & enslaved Africans provided labor
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The Middle Colonies
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New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware Geography: Fertile soil & long growing season; rivers ran into backcountry
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The Middle Colonies
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New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware Economy: Colonies grew large amounts of rye, oats, barley, potatoes, & wheat as cash crops to sell; cities developed on the coast
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The Middle Colonies
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New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware People and Society: Wealthiest people owned large farms & other businesses. Most farmers produced a small surplus. Tenant farmers rented land from large landowners or worked for wages.
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The Southern Colonies
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Maryland, Virginia, N. &. S. Carolina, Georgia Geography: Favorable climate & soil for agriculture; wide rivers made cities unnecessary
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The Southern Colonies
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Maryland, Virginia, N. &. S. Carolina, Georgia Economy: Tobacco, rice, & indigo grown on large plantations emerged as cash crops.
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The Southern Colonies
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Maryland, Virginia, N. &. S. Carolina, Georgia People & Society: Wealty elite controlled most of the land. Cash crops required a large amount of labor, which was supplied on large farms by indentured servants & enslaved Africans.
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American Revolution - 1763
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French/Indian War ended; Proclamation of 1763 issued. Proc. drew a line from N to S along Appalachian mt. & said colonists couldn't settle W. of line without British gvt. permission. Enraged farmers, land speculaters-who wanted access to land
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American Revolution - 1764
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Sugar Act & Currency Act passed; Sugar Act changed tax rates on sugar & molasses imported from foreign colonies. Placed new tax: silk, wine, coffee, pimentos, indigo. Currency Act banned: paper $ in colonies. Act angered farmers & artisans. Paper $ lost value quickly, so it was easier to pay back loans cuz $ not worth as much as when it was borrowed
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American Revolution - 1765
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Stamp Act passed; colonists staged protests. Act required stamps to be placed on most printed matrials. Stamp tax different from other taxes-first direct tax Britain placed on colonists
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American Revolution - 1766
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Stamp Act repealed; Declaratory Act asserted Parliaments supremacy. Act asserted that Parliament had power to make laws for colonies.
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American Revolution - 1767
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Townshend Acts passed; Acts were a series of new regulations and taxes
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American Revolution - 1768-1769
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Colonists boycotted British imports to protest Townshend Acts. Winters 67-68, John Dickinson published series of essays-reasserted only assemblies elected by colonists had right to tax them. He called on them to resist the Townshend Acts. Less than a month later, mass assembly began organizing resistance against Britain.
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American Revolution - 1770
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Boston Massacre: Townshend Acts repealed. Fall 1768, Britain dispatched roughly 1,000 troops to Boston to maintain order. 3/5/1770, crowd began taunting & throwing snowballs at a soldier. Troops began firing into crowd. When smoke cleared;3 dead;6 wounded;2 died later. Became known as Boston Massacre. Few weeks later, Britain repealed almost all the Townshend Acts, except tax on tea.
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American Revolution - 1773
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Tea Act passed; Boston Tea Party held in protest. Tea Act refunded 4/5 of taxes co. had to pay to ship tea to colonies, leaving only Townshend tax. E. India Co. tea could now be sold at lower prices than smuggled Dutch tea. Act also allowed E. India Co. to sell directly to shopkeepers, bypassing Americian merchants who normally distrubuted the tea.
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American Revolution - 1774
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Coercive Acts passed; 1st Continental Congress met. Acts were 4 new laws intended to punish Mass. & end colonial challenges to British authority. 1st Act shut down Boston's port til city pd for tea that was destroyed. 2nd Act required all council members, judges, & sheriffs in Mass. to be appointed by governor.
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American Revolution - 1775
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Battles of Lexington & Concord: 2nd Continental Congress met. Americans for Britain=Loyalists (Tories). Americans for freedom=Patriots (Whigs). 4/9/1775=fighting began on Lexington Common; 8 Americans died;10 wounded. Revere captured, William Dawes, Patriot - turned back.
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American Revolution - 1776
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Declaration of Independence signed. Despite fighting, many Americans not prepared to break away from Great Britain. As fighting continued, more Patriots began to think time had come to declare independence. 7/4/1776; Contental Congress issued Declaration of Indepdendence, declaring themselves the United States of America. American Revolution had begun.
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American Revolution - 1778
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Feb. 6, 1778, U.S. signed first of 2 treaties. 1st, Frane became 1st country to recognize U.S. as an independent nation. 2nd was an alliance between the U.S. and France.
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American Revolution - 1781
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War of Independence ended when Gen. Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown. Spring 1781-Cornwallis invaded Virginia. As long as Americans controlled Virginia, he believed, new troops & supplies would keep coming south. Late April 1781, Cornwallis marched into Virginia-linked up forces w/ Benedict Arnold. Began to conquer Virginia.
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American Revolution - 1783
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Treaty of Paris signed. Signed 9/3/1783; Britain recognized U.S. as a new nation w/ Mississippi River as western border. Britain also gave Florida back to Spain. France received colonies in Africa & Caribbean that British had seized from them in 1763. On 11/24/1763-last of British troops left NYC. Revolutionary War was over.
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American Revolution - 1786
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Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom introduced-declared that Virginia no longer had no official church & that the state cold not collect taxes for churches
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Establishing a New Nation: Early Years & Continued Development
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Problem: Newly independent colonies needed a central governement. Solution: Articles of Confederation were adopted as the country's first constitution.
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George Washington
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Established legitimachy of new governnment, created executive departments, favored neutrality,used troops to stop Native American resistance in West.
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Thomas Jefferson
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Republican leader; worked to limit power of national government, favored land ownership for all people, supported farmers over commerce & trade, negotiated purchased of Louisiana Territory
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John Adams
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Federalist leader in favor of strong national government, supported neutrality; negotiated treaties with Britain & France to avoid war, angered farmer & landowners w/taxes; angered political opponents w/Alien & Sedition Acts
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James Madison
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Republican who favored neutrality, asked Congress to declare war on Britain to protect trade interest in the E. & farmers & settlers in the W. Under is administration, War of 1812 generated feelings of nationalism, & Treaty of Ghent established fishing rights & boundaries w/Canada.
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Nationalism - government
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War of 1812 sparked national pride Second Bank of U.S. & protective tariffs were set up to promote nation's economy Supreme Court rulings gave federal government power over states Spain ceded Florida Monroe Doctrine established foreign policy
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Nationalism - society
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Steamboats & railroads linked the nation's regions Telegraph established fast, long-distance communication Rural farmers & immigrants came together in northern cities to find work
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Sectional disputes
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South's agricultural economy relied on slavery Northern leaders viewed slavery as morally wrong Missori Compromise pitted Northern leaders against Southern leaders Disputed election of 1824 led to return to 2-party system Congress voted almost strictly along sectional lines
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Reform - Jackson era
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Nominating convention replaced caucus system of choosing presidential candidates Voting rights were expanded for white males Andrew Jackson's spoils system favored common people
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Reform - Slight changes
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Women's movement gained attention but accomplished little else Native Americans were drived out of the South Nativism led to discrimination against immigrants
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Second Great Awakening
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Commitment to religion swelled church congregations New religions were established American literature blossomed; romanticism & transcendentalism influenced art Prison reform movement resulted in better facilities Access to education was expanded Abolitionist & temperance movements grew steadily
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Abolitionist
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Members new religions-persecuted Many Northerners opposed slavery but saw abolition as threat to system Publishers of abolitionist literature-attacked Southerners defend slavery as economic necessity House of Rep. was pressured to impose gag rule limiting debate on abolitionist petitions
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Manifest Destiny
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1835-1848:Americans strove to expand nation's boundaries. 1840s:Americans headed west to frontier states of Midwest & rich lands of Calif & Oregon 1821:After bloody struggle, Mexico gained independence from Spain. New nation included Calif..Midwest settled Preemption Act-squatters could buy 160 acres of land each
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Civil War Era
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The growing sectional crisis in the 1800s led to Civil War, with over 600,000 American casualtis-most of any conflict involving U.S. The peace that was forged after 4 years of internal conflict reunited the nation & ended slavery. It ded not, however, end the problems of racial inequality.
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Key Events of the 1850s led to the Civil War
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Calif. entered the Union as a free state, giving free states a Senate majority Fugitive Slave Act passed to help Southerners recover enslaved people who escaped to the North; act caused outrage in North "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was published, angering many Southerners
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Leading to Civil War - Kansas-Nebraska Act
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Angered Northerners by repealing Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty regarding the slavery issue led to violence in "Bleeding Kansas" Republican Party was formed by former Whigs & member of Free-Soil Party Dred Scott decision by Southern-dominated Supreme Court angered Northerners
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Leading to Civil War - Election of 1860
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Democratic Party split between North & South Repubicans nominated eventual winner Abraham Lincoln Southern states established Confederacy-Feb 1861 Fort Sumter fired upon-April 1861-started Civil War
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Civil War - Military campaigns - 1861
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July: The Battle of Bull Run (Manassas) demonstrated that the war would not be over quickly Sept: Ulysses S. Grant, commander in chief of the Union army, led troops into Kentucky & Missouri
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Civil War - Military campaigns - 1862
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March: 2 ironclad ships, the Monitor & the Virginia, battled to a draw April: The Battle of Shiloh made General Grant well known May: Union forces captured New Orleans Sept: The Battle of Antietam marked the bloodiest one-day battle in U.S. history
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Civil War - Military campaigns - 1863
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July: Battle of Gettysburg turned the tide of war in favor of the Union
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Civil War - Military campaigns - 1864
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May: Grant & Robert E. Lee, commander in chief of the Confederate army, met in the Battle of he Wilderness & at Spotsylvania June: Grant & Lee battled at Cold Harbor Sept: Atlanta fell Nov: Union general William Sherman began his destructive March to the Sea
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Civil War - Military campaigns - 1865
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April 11: Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse
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Civil War - Domestic & Foreign Affairs 1861
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April: Elizabeth Blackwell started nation's 1st training program for nurses Pres. Lincolon ordered a blockade of all Confederate ports Nov: The Trent Affair increased tension between Great Britain & the U.S.
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Civil War - Domestic & Foreign Affairs 1862
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April: The South introduced consciption for military service
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Civil War - Domestic & Foreign Affairs 1863
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Jan: Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation went into effect April: Food shortages in the South led to rioting Nov: Lincoln delivered the Gettysburg Address
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Civil War - Domestic & Foreign Affairs 1864
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March: Lincoln promoted Ulysses S. Grant to general-in-chief of the Union army Nov: Lincoln was reelected president
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Civil War - Domestic & Foreign Affairs 1865
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Jan: 13th ammendment to Constitution, banning slavery in U.S., passed the House of Representatives April 14: John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln
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Emergence of the Modern United States
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After Civil War, a dynamic period in American history began with settlement of the West. Railroads hastened this migration. During this period, many Native Americans lost their homelands & their way of life. People migrated to the West in search of economic opportunity.
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Industrialization
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American industry grew after the Civil War. Several factors wee behind industrialization: abundant natural resources, cheap immigrant labor force, high tariffs that reduced foreign goods, & national communication & transportation networks. After Civil War, big business assumed a more prominent role in American life.
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Political Parties
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Late 1800s-political parties often focused on party competition rather than on important issues Republican Party-appealed to rural & small-town voters, popular in North & Midwest. Party was split over civil service reform. Favored higher tariffs & gold standard.
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Progressive Era & WWI through the New Deal
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U.S. actions in Pacific include: Expanded Chinese & Japanese markets Annexed Midway Islands as refueling depots for expanded navy Built coaling stations on Samoan Islands American business leaders led successful campaign for Hawaiian annexation Victory over Spain gave U.S. control over Guam & Philippines
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Progressivism
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Basic beliefs: People could improve society by relying on sciene & knowledge Industrialism & urbanization caused problems Government should fix problems To achieve reform, government itself had to be reformed
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Progressivism
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Government reform: Commission & city-manager forms of government adopted Direct primary system let citizens choose office candidates Initiative, referendum, & recall adopted 17th Amendment gave voters right to elect senators directly 19th Amendment gave women right to vote
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Progressivism
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Business regulation: Interstate Commerce Commission was strengthened Consumer protection laws were passed Federal Trade Commission was set up to regulate business Federal Reserve system was set up to control money supply
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Progressivism
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Social reforms: Zoning laws & building codes improved urban housing Child labor laws were passed Worker's compensation laws were passed The temperance movement worked to ban alcohol
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World War I
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U.S. reluctantly entered WWI in 1917 after German submarines violated American neutrality. After war ended, Pres. Wilson supported Treaty of Versailles, believing its terms would prevent another war. U.S. Senate, however, rejected the treaty. It did not want U.S. to be tied to European obligations.
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Post WWI and New Deal
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20s:era of rapid change & clashing values. 20s theme:prosperity & national policy favored business. Farmers;economic depression, people remained optimistic re: economy. Middle Class bought on credit many new convenience products. 1 of most popular purchases of day-auto, had major impact on how Americans lived.
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World War II
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The rise of dictarorships in the 1930s led to WWII, the most destructive war in the history of the world. After the war, the fragile allance between the U.S. and the Soviet Union collapsed into the Cold War-a period of intense political, economic, & military competition.
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WWII - Axis Power
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Axis powers: Italy, Germany, Japan. Italy:Mussolini's Fascist Party believed:supreme power of state. Italy cooperate w/Germany from 1936 on. Germany:Hitler's Nazi Party believed:all-powerful state, territorial expansion, & ethnic purity. Invaded Poland:1939; France:1940; Soviet Union:1941.
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WWII - Allied Powers
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The Allies were the U.S., Great Britain & France. Initially, the Soviet Union was part of neither the Axis powers or the Allied powers, but it played a significant part in the world war. The Soviet Union received U.S. aid & eventually fought w/the Allies to defeat Germany.
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United States Joins WWII
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Significant events in Pacific: 1941: Japan attacked Pearl Harbor Dec. 7 1942: U.S. defeated Japan in Battles of the Coral Sea & Midway 1943: U.S. Launched its island-hopping campaign 1944: U.S. retook Philippines 1945: U.S. dropped atomic bombs; Japan surrendered on Aug. 15.
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United States Joins WWII
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Allies' invasions & victories in N. Africa & Europe: 1942: Allies turned the tide in the Battle of the Atlantic 1943: Allies invaded Italy; Germans surrendered at Stalingrad 1944: Allies invaded Normandy on June 6 1945: Germany surrendered unconditionally on May 7
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United States Joins WWII
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Changes home front: 1941: Roosevelt forbade race discrimination in defense industries 1942: WAAC (Women's Army Auxiliary Corps) established; Japanese American relocation ordered 1943: OWM: (Office of War Mobilzation) established; Detroit & Zoot Suit riots occurred
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Post-World War II Period
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After WWII, an intense rivalry developed between the U.S. & the Soviet Union-2 superpowers w/different political & economic systems. This rivalry, the Cold War, led to a massive buildup of military weapons on both sides. The determination of American leaders to contain communism also led to the Korean War, from 1950-1953, over 36,500 Americans died.
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More Recent Developments
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From a presidential assassination to massive governmental programs, from the Vietnam War to the civil rights movement, the post-WWII decades immensely affected the lives of Americans.
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The New Frontier & the Great Society
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JFK's significant policies: Office of Economic Opportunity fought illiteracy, unemployment, & disease Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited race discrimination & social segregation Voting Rights Act protected right to vote
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The New Frontier & the Great Society
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JFK - foreign policy "Flexible response" policy mantained opposition to communism U.S. pledged aid to struggling Latin American nations Peace Corps offered humanitarian aid in poor countries Nuclear Test Ban Treaty w/Soviet Union eased Cold War tensions
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The New Frontier & the Great Society
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JFK & Johnson's vision of the more perfect U.S. Reynolds v. Sims boosted voting power of urban dwellers, including many minorities Extension of due process gave more protection to people accused of crimes Supreme Court ruled that states could not require prayer & Bible readings in public schools
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Major Events in the Civil Rights Movement
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1954: Brown v. Board of Education attacked school segregation; separate-but-equal doctrine was ruled unconstitutional 1955: Rosa Parks inspired Montgomery bus boycott 1957: Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was formed to fight segregation & encourage African Americans to vote
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The Vietnam War
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From 1964-1969, American efforts to stop spread of communism led to U.S. involvement in the affairs of Vietnm; it was a reflection of the Cold War strategy. After providing S. Vietnam w/much aid & support, the U.S. finally sent in troops to fight as well.
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The Protests of the 1960s
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Protest, sparked by Vietnam War, characterized 60s. During 60s & 70s, large # of American women organized to push for greater rights & opportunities in society. Minority groups developed new ways to improve status in U.S. Environmental issues also became significant concern for many Americans, inspiring grassroots campaign to protect nature.
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Societal Changes (1968-Present)
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Reassessment of postwar developments marked last 3 decades of 20th century. Cold War ended & political boundaries were redrawn. U.S. remained global force, but role of federal government was diminished in wake of scandal & renewed conservatism. As U.S. entered new century, nation continued to redefine itself.
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American Revolution - 1768-1769
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Among leaders was Sam Adams. Merchants of Boston & NY signed nonimportation agreements, promising not to import any goods from Britain. Philadelphia's merchants joined boycott. As boycott spread, Americans stopped drinking British tea or buying British cloth.
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American Revolution - 1773
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Tea Act enraged merchants-feared, 1st step by British to squeeze them out of business. Dec. 1773, tea ships arrived Boston Harbor. Night before customs officials planned to bring tea ashore, approx. 150 men boarded ships. Several 1000 people on shore cheered as men dumped 342 chests of tea into harbor. Raid came to be caled Boston Tea Party.
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American Revolution - 1774
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3rd Act allowed governor to transfer trials of British soldiers & officials to England to protect from American juries. 4th Act required local officals to provide lodging for British soldiers at scene of disturbance, in private homes-if necessary. 1st Continental Congress met in Philly on 9/5/1774. 55 delegates represented 12 colonies looking for compromise
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American Revolution - 1775
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Concord's North Bridge, colonial militia inflicted 14 casualties on British. In retreat to Boston-British;over 250 casualties; Americans 95. 3 weeks after Battles at Lexington & Concord, 2nd Continental Congress met in Philly. 1st issue;defense. 6/15/1775;Congress appointed Washington general & commander in chief of army
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American Revolution - 1781
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Cornwallis retreated to Yorktown. Retreat created opportunity for Americans & French. He learned of French fleet, Washington canceled attack on NY; led forces to Yorktown. As American & French troops raced south, French fleet grew closer. W/ French fleet nearby, Cornwallis couldn't escape by sea or get supplies.
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Establishing a New Nation: Early Years & Continued Development
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Problem: Weak central government created by he Articles led to diplomatic problems with other nations. States began to act as independent countries to protect their trade rights. Solution: Delegates at the Constitutional Convention adopted the Virginia Plan, which proposed the creation of a new federal government.
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Establishing a New Nation: Early Years & Continued Development
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Problem: Opponents of the proposed new fedeal government feared that it would become too powerful. Solution: Constitution divided power btween the federal government & the state governments & established 3 branches of power in the federal government.
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Establishing a New Nation: Early Years & Continued Development
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Problem: Delegates realized that the Constitution might need to be changed over time. Solution: A system for making amendments was added, and the Consitution was ratified.
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Establishing a New Nation: Early Years & Continued Development
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Problem: Constitutional delegates feared that one branch of the federal government would become too powerful. Solution: The Consitution gave each branch of the federal government the ability to limit the power of the other branches.
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Manifest Destiny
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Settlers emigrated from U.S. to Texas; fought Mexico to gain independence. 1845: Congress voted to annex Texas, & Texas also voted for annexation. Boundary disputes in Texas along w/American attempt to purchase Calif. territory, led to start of war w/Mexico. U.S. won war & gained Texas, Calif., & much of territory that is now West & Southwest.
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Leading to Civil War - Kansas-Nebraska Act
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Debates in Senate over Kansas led to caning of Charles Sumner Events in Kansas angered John Brown, who then raided Harpers Ferry
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Emergence of the Modern United States
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Settlement of the West dramatically changed the way of life of the Plains Indians. Some Native American groups fought the federal government in an attempt to keep their ancestral homelands.
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Industrialization
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Industrial workers came together to form unions in the late 1800s. People tried to balance the power of corporations with the needs of workers. European & Asian immigrants arrived in U.S. in great numbers during late 1800s. Providing cheap labor, they made rapid industrial growth possible.
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Political Parties
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Democratic Party-strongly supported by Southerners, immigrants, & urban workers. Supported civil service reform, cutting tariffs, & regulating interstate commerce. Party split over silver coinage.
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Progressive Era & WWI through the New Deal
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U.S. actions in Latin America included Pan-American Conference, invited Latin American countries to trade with U.S. Supported Cuba's rebellion w/ Spain, leading to Spainsh-American War; victory over Spain gave U.S. control over Cuba & Puerto Rico
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World War I
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Mobilizing for war affected Armed Forces & domestic front, both led to postwar problems. When U.S. declared war against Germany:April 1917-army & National Guard together:slightly more 300,000 troops; so Congress passed Selective Service Act-required men 21-30 register for draft. WWI first war to employ women-but only in noncombat roles.
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World War I
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To successfully fight the war, U.S. had to mobilize entire nation. Congress passed Espionage & Sedition Acts to limit opposition to the war, & increased taxes & sold Liberty Bonds to pay for it.
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World War I
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As American society moved from war to peace, turmoil in the economy & the fear of communism caused a series of domestic upheavals.
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Post WWI and New Deal
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Prosperity in U.S. seemed limitless until Great Depression, which began in 1929 and lasted through most of the 1930s. Overproduction & agricultural problems contributed to the economic catastrophe.
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World War II
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After WWI, Europe unstable. Fascists led by Mussolini seized power in Italy, Hitler & Nazis took control of Germany. Meanwhile, Japan expanded its territory in Asia. As Nazis gained power, began campaign of violence against Jews. Germany attacked Poland, WWII began. U.S. clung to position of neutrality until Japan attacked Pearl Harbor.
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Post-World War II Period
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Soviet Union had 2 general goals in the years after WWII: to create a protective sphere of communist countries along the European border, & to promote the spread of communism. During this time, the Western Allies' goals were to contain the spread of communism by supporting capitalist democratic governments.
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Post-World War II Period
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During the Cold War, the Soviet Union tried to obtain its goals while the Western Allies tried to hold back the spread of comunism. In Europe, the Soviet Union occupied eastern European nations & saw that communist governments were established; the Western Allies expected free elections to occurr in Soviet-controlled eastern Europe.
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Post-World War II Period
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After WWII, U.S. enjoyed period of economic prosperity. More Americans could aspire to middle-class lifestyle, w/ house in suburbs & more leisure time. TV became favorite form of entertainment. General prosperity, however, didn't extend to many Hispanics, African Americans, Native Americans, or people living in Appalachian Mnts.
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Post-World War II Period
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Communist N. Korea invaded S. Korea to start Korean War, & Chinese troops fought for N. Korea. U.S. troops were sent to fight for S. Korea. Soviet Union promoted development of high-technology weapons & surveillance, while Western Allies focused on development of advanced technology weapons.
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More Recent Developments
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Pres. JFK urged Americans work for progress & stand firm against Soviets. Cold War tensions & threat of nuclear war peaked during Cuban missile crisis;1962. JFK's assassination;1963; changed nation's mood, but successor, Johnson, embraced ambitious goals, including working toward passage of major civil rights legislation & eradicating poverty.
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The New Frontier & the Great Society
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JFK's significant policies: Medicare & Medicaed Acts provided federal medical aid to elderly & the poor Elementary & Secondary Education Act increased aid for public schools
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Major Events in the Civil Rights Movement
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1960: Sit-ins began & spread to over 100 U.S. cities 1961: Freedom Rides began 1963: Birmingham demonstrations & the March on Washington helped build support for the civil rights movement
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The Vietnam War
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Vietnam War created bitter divisions among Americans. Supporters argued that patriotism demanded that communism be halted. Opponents argued that intervening in Vietnam was immoral. Victory was not achieved, although more than 58,000 American soldiers died.
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Societal Changes (1968-Present)
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60s protests-passionate & sometimes violent. 68-Nixon elected-largely on promise to uphold values of what he called "Middle America." In foreign policy, Nixon charted new path w/ historic visit to China. At home he introduced "New Federalism," 74 Watergate scandal: Nixon resign. Ford & Carter faced economic downturn & major energy crisis, repectively.
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Societal Changes (1968-Present)
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80s-rise new conservatism. Reagan: traditional values, smaller government. Tax cuts, new technologies fueled economic boom. Reagan embarked on massive military buildup, expanded efforts to contain communism. During Bush's term, U.S. fought Persian Gulf War, Cold War came to end w/ fall of Soviet Union.
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American Revolution - 1781
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9/28/1781-American & French forces surrounded Yorktown-bombarded it. Cornwallis surrendered. 10/9/1781-approx. 8,000 British troops left Yorktown and laid down their weapons.
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Political Parties
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Late 1890s an independent political movement called populism emerged to challenge the 2 major parties. Currency & credit problems led to the rise of the Populst movement. Populist-government control over business to protect farmers, national control of railroads, increased money, supply, & direct election of U.S. senators.
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Post WWI and New Deal
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Franklin Delano Rroosevelt: employ deficit spending, greater federal regulation to revive depressed economy. Congress passed new programs. Millions of people received relief to stop suffering, New Deal did not really end Depression. It did, however, permanently expand federal government's role in providing basic security for citizens.
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Major Events in the Civil Rights Movement
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1964: 24th Amendment abolished poll tax; Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination based on race, gender, religion, or national origin, & gave equal access to public facilities
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WWII - Axis Power
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Japan:leaders pushed for territorial expansion. Japan attacked Manchuria:1931;China:1937;Pearl Harbor:1941.
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United States Joins WWII
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1944: Case of Korematsu v. U.S. decided 1945: UN charter signed
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Progressive Era & WWI through the New Deal
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Built Panama Canal Issued Roosevelt Corollary, Stating U.S. would intervene in Latin America to maintain stability
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Major Events in the Civil Rights Movement
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1965: Voting Rights Act ensured African Americans of the right to vote; Watts riot sparked a 5 yr. period of urban racial violence; splinter groups w/in the civil rights movement advocated more aggressive means of gaining racial equality
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Major Events in the Civil Rights Movement
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1968: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated; Civil Rights Act of 1968 outlawed discrimination in the sale & rental of housing
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Post WWI and New Deal
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Several programs emerged from the New Deal.
