csc 105 chapter 1 – Flashcards
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information age
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a period in history when information is easy to access and affects many aspects of everyday life
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digital revolution
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ongoing process of social, political, and economic change brought about by digital technology, such as computers and the Internet
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data processing
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input-processing-output
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personal computing
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small, standalone computers powered by local software
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local software
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any software that is installed on a computer's hard drive
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computer network
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group of computers linked together to share data and resources
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internet
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global computer network originally developed as a military project, and was then handed over to the National Science Foundation for research and academic use
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world wide web
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a collection of linked documents, graphics, and sounds that can be accessed over the Internet
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cloud computing
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provides access to information, applications, communications, and storage over the Internet
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convergence
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several technologies with distinct functionalities evolve to form a single product
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social media
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cloud-based applications designed for social interaction and consumer-generated content
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anonymizer tools
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Software and/or hardware that cloaks the origin of an e-mail or a Web page request
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intellectual property
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the ownership of certain types of information, ideas, or representations
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pirating
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illegal copying and distribution of copyrighted material
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open source
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projects that promote copying, free distribution, peer review, and user modification
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globalization
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worldwide economic interdependence of countries that occurs as cross-border commerce increases and as money flows more freely among countries
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digital divide
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the gap between people who have access to technology and those who do not
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computer
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multipurpose device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions
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input
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whatever is typed, submitted, or transmitted to a computer system. Input can be supplied by a person, by the environment, or by another computer
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output
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the result produced by a computer
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data
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the symbols that represent facts, objects, and ideas
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processing
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the many ways in which computers manipulate data ex: preforming calculations, modifying documents
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central processing unit
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where most processing takes place
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microprocessor
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electronic component that can be programmed to perform tasks based on data is receives, the central processing unit of most modern computers
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memory
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an area of a computer that temporarily holds data waiting to be processed, stored, or output
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storage
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the area where data can be left on a permanent basis when it is not immediately needed for processing
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file
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a named collection of data that exists on a storage medium, such as a hard disk, CD, DVD, or flash drive
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computer program
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The series of instructions that tells a computer how to carry out processing tasks
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software
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sets up a computer to do a specific task
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stored program
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a series of instructions for a computing task can be loaded into a computer's memory
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application software
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set of computer programs that helps a person carry out a task
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system software
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help the computer system monitor itself in order to function efficiently
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computer operating system
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the master controller for all the activities that take place within a computer
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personal computer
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microprocessor-based computing device designed to meet the computing needs of an individual
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are handheld devices personal computers?
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ONLY if they allow users to install software applications (apps)
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workstations
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powerful desktop computers used for high-performance tasks, such as medical imaging and computer-aided design, that require a lot of processing speed
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servers
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serve computers on a network (such as the Internet or a home network) by supplying them with data
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client
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Any software or digital device, such as a computer, that requests data from a server
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download
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process of copying a file from a server to your own client computer
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upload
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the process of copying files from your client computer to a server
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mainframe computer
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large and expensive computer capable of simultaneously processing data for hundreds or thousands of users
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supercomputer
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if at the time of construction, it is one of the fastest computers in the world
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computer intensive problem
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requires massive amounts of data to be processed using complex mathematical calculations
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microcontrollers
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special-purpose microprocessor that is built into the machine it controls
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data representation
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the form in which data is stored, processed, and transmitted
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are microcontrollers computers?
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they are processors, not computers
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digital data
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text, numbers, graphics, sound, and video that have been converted into discrete digits such as 0s and 1s
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analog data
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represented using an infinite scale of values.
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bit
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a 0 or 1 used in the digital representation of data
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numeric data
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consists of numbers that can be used in arithmetic operations
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character data
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composed of letters, symbols, and numerals that are not used in arithmetic operations
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ASCII
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requires only seven bits for each character
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extended ASCII
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uses eight bits to represent each character
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byte
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group of eight bits
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integrated circuit
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a super-thin slice of semiconducting material packed with microscopic circuit elements, such as wires, transistors, capacitors, logic gates, and resistors
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semiconducting materials
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substances with properties between those of a conductor (like copper) and an insulator (like wood)
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system board
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houses all essential chips and provides connecting circuitry between them
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source code
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The human-readable version of a program created in a high-level language by a programmer
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compiler
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converts all the statements in a program in a single batch, and the resulting collection of instructions is placed in a new file (Figure 1-34)
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object code
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resulting instructions after compiler converts statements into single batch
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interpreter
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converts and executes one statement at a time while the program is running
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instruction set
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collection of preprogrammed activities in microprocessor
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machine language
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list of codes for a microprocessor's instruction set
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machine code
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set of machine language instructions for a program
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op code
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command word for an operation such as add, compare, or jump
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operand
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specifies the data, or the address of the data, for the operation
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registers
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hold data that is being processed
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ALU
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performs arithmetic operations, such as addition and subtractionand logical operations, such as comparing two numbers to see if they are the same
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control unit
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fetches each instruction
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authentication protocol
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any method that confirms a person's identity using something the person knows, something the person possesses, or something the person is
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biometrics
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fingerprint, facial features (photo), or a retinal pattern
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user id
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series of characters—letters and possibly numbers or special symbols—that becomes a person's unique identifier, similar to a Social Security number... it is PUBLIC
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dictionary attack
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helps hackers guess your password by stepping through a dictionary containing thousands of the most commonly used passwords
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brute force attack
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exhausts all possible combinations of letters to decrypt a password
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sniffing
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intercepts information sent out over computer networks
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phishing
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hacker poses as a legitimate representative of an official organization such as your ISP, your bank, or an online payment service in order to persuade you to disclose highly confidential information
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keylogger
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software that secretly records a user's keystrokes and sends the information to a hacker
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password manager
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stores user IDs with their corresponding passwords and automatically fills in login forms
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____ is the process of converting text, numbers, sound, photos, and video into data that can be processed by digital devices.
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digitization
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____ media are cloud-based applications designed for social interaction and consumer-generated content.
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social
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____ software refers to any software that is installed on a computer's hard disk.
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local
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____ tools cloak a person's identity online.
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anonymizer
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1,024 bytes is a ____.
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kilobyte
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1,048,576 bytes is a ____.
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megabyte
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A ____ is a series of characters that becomes a person's unique identifier.
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user ID
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A group of computers linked together to share data and resources is a(n) ____.
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network
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A named collection of data that exists on a storage medium is known as (a) ____.
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file
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A set of computer programs that helps a computer monitor itself and function more efficiently is ____.
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system software
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A set of computer programs that helps a person carry out a task is ____.
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application software
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A super-thin slice of semiconducting material packed with microscopic circuit elements is a(n) ____.
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integrated circuit
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A(n) ____ converts and executes one statement at a time.
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interpreter
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According to the text, a key aspect of ____ is that it adds content and substance to ____.
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the internet, the web
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Data becomes ____ when it is presented in a format that people can understand and use.
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information
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During the period from ____, computing was characterized by the Web, e-mail, multiplayer games, music downloads, and enormous software applications.
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1995-2010
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In 1982, the percentage of households that had a computer was closest to ____ percent.
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10
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Initially sales were slow for the personal computer because of ____.
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lack of software
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Password management functions include all of the following EXCEPT ____.
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recording keystrokes
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Storage is typically expressed as ____.
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bytes
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Technology ____ is a process by which several different technologies with distinct functionality evolve to form a single product.
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convergence
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The ____ phase of the digital revolution materialized in the 1990s when the Internet was opened to public use.
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third
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The binary number 10 represents ____ in the decimal number system.
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2
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The first digital computers were built during World War II for ____.
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code breaking
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The type of code that uses eight bits for each character is ____.
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extended ASCII
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When restrictions on commercial use of the ____ were lifted in 1995, companies such as AOL and CompuServe became popular services.
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internet
