question

Which of the following refers to the use of imprisonment or other means to reduce the likelihood that a particular offender will commit more crime? Rehabilitation Retribution Incapacitation Deterrence

answer

Incapacitation

question

Which of the following sentencing goals is closely associated with the phrase "an eye for an eye"? Retribution Incapacitation Deterrence Rehabilitation

answer

Retribution

question

________ deterrence seeks to reduce the likelihood of recidivism by convicted offenders. Specific Primary General Focused

answer

Specific

question

A sentence of 8 to 25 years under the supervision of the state department of correction is an example of ________ sentencing. structured consecutive indeterminate concurrent

answer

indeterminate

question

Proportionality holds that ________. caseloads should be equally divided among the available judges caseloads should be equally divided among the available prosecutors similar crimes should be punished with the same degree of severity the severity of sanctions should bear a direct relationship to the seriousness of the crime

answer

the severity of sanctions should bear a direct relationship to the seriousness of the crime

question

A model of criminal punishment in which an offender is given a fixed term that may be reduced by good time or gain time is called ________ sentencing. determinate quasi-independent indeterminate mandatory

answer

determinate

question

Who is the final arbiter of the actual sentence served in a state that relies on an indeterminate sentencing scheme? The prosecutor The governor The judge The parole board

answer

The parole board

question

________ states eliminated the use of parole and created explicit standards to specify the amount of punishment appropriate for a given offense. Determinate Mandatory Presumptive Indeterminate

answer

Determinate

question

Truth in sentencing" guarantees that offenders will serve at least ________ of their sentence. 65% 25% 50% 85%

answer

85%

question

When a judge, prior to sentencing, reviews information on the background of a convicted defendant, it is called ________. a presentence investigation postconviction evidence judicial choice a criminal history report

answer

a presentence investigation

question

The Innocence Protection Act of 2004 provides federal funds to help eliminate ________. the use of firing squads as a means of execution the backlog of unanalyzed DNA samples structured sentencing the writ of habeas corpus

answer

the backlog of unanalyzed DNA samples

question

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that ________ must decide the facts that lead to a death sentence. appellate courts judges, not juries high courts juries, not judges

answer

juries, not judges

question

Under the indeterminate sentencing model, what is the primary determinant of the amount of time served? Leniency of the parole board Inmate's behavior while incarcerated Pressure from politicians Leniency of the judge

answer

Inmate's behavior while incarcerated

question

Which of the following is a form of structured sentencing? Quasi-independent sentencing Contemporary sentencing Determinate sentencing Indeterminate sentencing

answer

Determinate sentencing

question

Three-strikes laws require ________ sentencing. mandatory alternative indeterminate quasi-independent

answer

mandatory

question

Approximately what percentage of federal cases is the result of guilty pleas? 10% 90% 50% 20%

answer

90%

question

The U.S. Supreme Court approved a two-step trial procedure in the case of Gregg v. Georgia pertaining to ________. death penalty cases alternative sentencing felonies writs of habeas corpus

answer

death penalty cases

question

_____ is known as the suspension of criminal proceedings before sentencing and referral to a private agency. Long form Diversion Short form Presentence investigation

answer

Diversion

question

Which of the following Supreme Court cases limited the number of appeals a condemned person may lodge with the courts? Coleman v. Thompson Furman v. Georgia McCleskey v. Zant Gregg v. Georgia

answer

McCleskey v. Zant

question

Opportunities for federal appeals by death-row inmates were further limited by the ________ Act Victim and Witness Protection Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Victims of Crime Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty

answer

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty

question

Which of the following sentencing principles objectively holds that an offender's criminal history should be taken into account in sentencing decisions? Social debt Proportionality Equity Good time

answer

Social debt

question

Which sentencing principle holds that the severity of sanctions should bear a direct relationship to the seriousness of the crime committed? Deterrence Proportionality Equity Social debt

answer

Proportionality

question

According to the latest statistics, what percentage of death-row inmates in the United States are male? 67% 78% 88% 98%

answer

98%

question

What method of execution is used in most death-penalty states? Lethal injection Electrocution Firing squad Hanging

answer

Lethal injection

question

In ________ the U.S. Supreme Court recognized that evolving standards of decency might necessitate a reconsideration of whether the death penalty violated the Eighth Amendment. Schriro v. Summerlin Furman v. Georgia Coker v. Georgia Woodson v. North Carolina

answer

Furman v. Georgia

question

Intermediate sanctions are also sometimes termed ________. alternative sentencing strategies mandatory release discretionary release imprisonment

answer

alternative sentencing strategies

question

Mary is sentenced to probation. The conditions of her probation include: maintain employment, possess no firearm, obey all laws, and meet with her probation officer biweekly. These ________ conditions apply to all probationers in the jurisdiction where she was sentenced. binding general special specific

answer

general

question

Discretionary release is granted by ________. a parole board a judge probation officers statute

answer

a parole board

question

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using probation instead of imprisonment? Increases the likelihood that restitution will be paid Increases employment opportunities for offenders Provides the offender with many opportunities to interact with other convicted offenders Lowers cost

answer

Provides the offender with many opportunities to interact with other convicted offenders

question

Which Supreme Court case provides procedural safeguards to parolees at revocation hearings? Morrissey v. Brewer U.S. v. Knights Escoe v. Zerbst Bearden v. Georgia

answer

Morrissey v. Brewer

question

Which model emphasizes probation and parole officers' service role and views probationers and parolees as clients? Social work model Community service model Supervisory model Correctional model

answer

Social work model

question

Which type of sentence requires that offenders serve weekends in jail and receive probation supervision during the week? Shared sentence Diverse sentence Split sentence Mixed sentence

answer

Mixed sentence

question

Which intermediate sanction resembles a military-style boot camp? Shock probation Shock incarceration Intensive supervision Shock parole

answer

Shock incarceration

question

______ was the first state to have a shock incarceration program. Ohio Washington Indiana Georgia

answer

Georgia

question

What type of probation in Georgia includes at least five face-to-face contacts between officer and probationer each week and requires that probationers have a mandatory curfew, have a job, and submit to weekly alcohol and drug testing? Concentrated Shock Intensive Directed

answer

Intensive

question

House arrest is a valuable alternative to prison for ________. violent offenders white-collar criminals offenders with special needs offenders with long criminal records

answer

offenders with special needs

question

Revocation of probation or parole ________. is not governed by any particular due process requirement can be enacted merely on a decision made by the probationer's or parolee's probation or parole officer requires the concurrence of an appellate court judge requires a hearing to determine if the conditions of probation or parole were violated

answer

requires a hearing to determine if the conditions of probation or parole were violated

question

In Samson v. California the U.S. Supreme Court held that ________. the police may search a parolee for the sole reason that he or she is on parole parolees have the same Fourth Amendment rights to be free from unreasonable search and seizure as any citizen a parole officer may conduct a warrantless search of a parolee's person, but not his or her home a parolee may not be searched without suspicion of criminal wrongdoing

answer

the police may search a parolee for the sole reason that he or she is on parole

question

A sentencing alternative that requires offenders to spend at least part of their time working for a community agency is known as ________. home confinement intensive probation supervision community service mixed sentence

answer

community service

question

The Serious Violent Offender Reentry Initiative (SVORI) has found that ________ reduce(s) recidivism. electronic monitoring incarceration psychiatric care vocational and work release programs

answer

vocational and work release programs

question

Which Supreme Court case held that a probationer should have the opportunity for counsel before a deferred prison sentence can be imposed? Greenholtz v. Nebraska Mempa v. Rhay Kelly v. Robinson Minnesota v. Murphy

answer

Mempa v. Rhay

question

Which Supreme Court case held that parole boards do not have to specify the evidence used in deciding to deny parole? Mempa v. Rhay Greenholtz v. Nebraska Morrissey v. Brewer Kelly v. Robinson

answer

Greenholtz v. Nebraska

question

Which U.S. Supreme Court decision ruled that probation officers may search a probationer's residence without a search warrant? Morrissey v. Brewer Mempa v. Rhay Griffin v. Wisconsin Escoe v. Zerbst

answer

Griffin v. Wisconsin

question

What is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States? House arrest Imprisonment Probation Shock incarceration

answer

Probation

question

Which of the following sentences is a prisoner reentry strategy? Parole Restitution Probation Community service

answer

Parole

question

Nationwide, approximately what percentage of inmates successfully completes parole? 35% 52% 9% 23%

answer

52%

question

Who makes federal parole decisions? The United States Parole Commission The warden of the prison where the inmate is confined The American Civil Liberties Union The sentencing judge

answer

The United States Parole Commission

question

Which type of sentence requires that offenders serve time in a local jail before a period of supervised probation? Split sentence Shock incarceration Shock probation Mixed sentence

answer

Split sentence

question

Which of the following intermediate sanctions exposes offenders to a highly regimented environment involving strict discipline, physical training, and hard labor? Shock incarceration Intensive probation Shock probation Mixed sentencing

answer

Shock incarceration

question

What is often described as the strictest form of probation for adults in the United States? Split probation House arrest Shock probation Intensive probation supervision

answer

Intensive probation supervision

question

Women account for about what percentage of the country's jail population? 13% 30% 25% 44%

answer

13%

question

Which Supreme Court case held that overcrowding in prisons is not by itself cruel and unusual punishment? Schall v. Martin Rhodes v. Chapman Bell v. Wolfish Holt v. Sarver

answer

Rhodes v. Chapman

question

________ capacity refers to the inmate population the institution was originally built to handle. Construction Design Operational Rated

answer

Design

question

What is the jail strategy that joined "podular/unit architecture with a participative, proactive management philosophy"? Custodial supervision Intense supervision Close supervision Direct supervision

answer

Direct supervision

question

Inmates are generally housed in dormitory-like settings and are free to walk the yard in ________-security institutions. maximum minimum ADMAX medium

answer

minimum

question

Which of the following statistics accurately describes today's prison population? About 68% of state prisoners lack a high school diploma. About 75% of state prisoners have mental health problem. About 80% of state prisoners are functionally illiterate. About 90% of state prisoners are dependent on drugs

answer

About 68% of state prisoners lack a high school diploma.

question

____ capacity is the number of inmates that a facility can effectively accommodate based on an appraisal of the institution's staff, programs, and services. Operational Prison Rated Design

answer

Operational

question

____ incapacitation seeks to identify the most dangerous criminals. Focused Collective Selective Massive

answer

Selective

question

Most people sentenced to federal prisons have been convicted of ________ crimes. white-collar violent property drug

answer

drug

question

All death-row inmates are held in ________ prisons. maximum-security minimum-security federal medium-security

answer

maximum-security

question

Today, a typical American prison is ________. private an ADMAX prison minimum or medium custody maximum custody

answer

minimum or medium custody

question

How many security levels are there in the federal prison system according to the Bureau of Prisons classification? 2 5 4 3

answer

5

question

The largest growth group in jails nationwide is ________. males females minorities juveniles

answer

females

question

Jails that are built and run using the combined resources of a variety of local jurisdictions are called ________. regional jails county jails direct-supervision jails jail boot camps

answer

regional jails

question

Which of the following Supreme Court cases held that correctional officers employed by a private firm are not entitled to qualified immunity from suits by prisoners? Brown v. Plata Richardson v. McKnight Rhodes v. Chapman Johnson v. California

answer

Richardson v. McKnight

question

The ________ is the most secure prison ever built by the federal government. ADMAX at Florence, Colorado CCM at Washington, D.C. FCC at Allenwood, Pennsylvania California City Correctional Center

answer

ADMAX at Florence, Colorado

question

According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, an African American male living in America today has approximately a ________ lifetime chance of going to prison. 24% 32% 57% 6%

answer

32%

question

The majority of this country's jail inmates are ________. women juveniles senior citizens members of minority groups

answer

members of minority groups

question

Which term refers to the size of the inmate population a facility can handle according to the judgment of experts? Design capacity Rated capacity Prison capacity Operational capacity

answer

Rated capacity

question

Medium- and low-security facilities in the federal prison system are called ________. federal penitentiaries federal prison camps federal correctional institutions U.S. penitentiaries

answer

federal correctional institutions

question

Operational capacity is ________. the inmate population that the institution was originally built to handle the number of program opportunities an institution can effectively make available to inmates the number of inmates a prison can effectively accommodate based on management considerations the size of the inmate population that a facility can handle according to the judgment of experts

answer

the number of inmates a prison can effectively accommodate based on management considerations

question

_______ and ________ are nearly tied as the second most common type of offenses for which inmates were sentenced to state prisons. Property crimes, drug crimes Violent crimes, property crimes Violent crimes, drug crimes Drug crimes, gang shootings

answer

Property crimes, drug crimes

question

Most states use a(n) ________ system to assign inmates to custody levels based on offense history, assessed dangerousness, perceived risk of escape, and other factors. design-capacity classification random direct-supervision

answer

classification

question

Which level of prison security often has chain-link fences topped with barbed wire? Maximum-security Medium-security Minimum-security Supermax-security

answer

Medium-security

question

High-security facilities in the federal prison system are called ________. federal correctional institutions U.S. penitentiaries honor type camps federal prison camps

answer

U.S. penitentiaries

question

Prison language is also called ________. convict talk prison argot the secret vocabulary "the code"

answer

prison argot

question

An enclosed facility separated from society both socially and physically, where the inhabitants share all aspects of their daily lives, is called a ________ institution. correctional regimented juvenile total

answer

total

question

The socialization of new inmates into the prison subculture is called ________. adaptation administration prisonization neutralization

answer

prisonization

question

The ________ model of prison culture suggests that inmates bring values, roles, and behavioral patterns from the outside world. liberty importation autonomy deprivation

answer

importation

question

John Irwin described the lifestyle of an inmate who takes advantage of the positive experiences the prison has to offer as a(n) ________. opportunist hedonist legalist retreatist

answer

opportunist

question

Which Supreme Court case provided a balancing test as the guideline for most inmate rights cases? Howes v. Fields Pell v. Procunier Porter v. Nussle Wilkinson v. Austin

answer

Pell v. Procunier

question

Many sexual aggressors in prison must continue to participate in gang rapes because they ________. are homosexuals need sexual release have a damaged masculinity want to avoid becoming victims themselves

answer

want to avoid becoming victims themselves

question

Which Supreme Court case set the precedent that disciplinary actions by prison officials could NOT be brought against the inmates without appropriate due process? Vitek v. Jones Wolff v. McDonnell Ruiz v. Estelle Ponte v. Real

answer

Wolff v. McDonnell

question

Within a few years following the end of the hands-off doctrine, the ________ intervened in the running of prisons in numerous states. U.S. Attorney General U.S. Bureau of Prisons federal courts U.S. Congress

answer

federal courts

question

The ten years between 1970 and 1980 have been called the ________ of prison riots. "mainstay" "explosive decade" "death knell" "historic era"

answer

"explosive decade"

question

Prisoners rights, because they are constrained by the legitimate needs of imprisonment, can be ________. thought of as conditional protected by federal but not state courts thought of as absolute revoked by the courts without consideration of constitutionality

answer

thought of as conditional

question

The ________ is the type of prisoner who thinks of prison as home and feels more comfortable institutionalized than on the streets. gangbanger colonizer opportunist retreatist

answer

colonizer

question

Which type of prisoners picture themselves as political prisoners? Hedonists Radicals Colonists Legalists

answer

Radicals

question

"Rookie" correctional officers learn through socialization that ________. it is best to keep to oneself and not fraternize with other officers all prison inmates are "monsters" the ideals of professionalism rarely translate into reality rehabilitation is the number one priority of corrections officials

answer

the ideals of professionalism rarely translate into reality

question

More than half of the children of female prisoners never visit their mothers during the period of incarceration. The lack of visits is due to all of the following reasons, EXCEPT that the ________. prisons are located in remote areas children live with their fathers transportation facilities to the prison are insufficient caregivers are unable to arrange visitation

answer

children live with their fathers

question

Which of the following is NOT a cause of prison riots? Insensitive prison administration Multiple treatment opportunities for inmates Regulation of inmate society Dehumanizing prison conditions

answer

Multiple treatment opportunities for inmates

question

Of the women entering prisons, about ________ have at least one child younger than age 18. 56% 70% 85% 25%

answer

70%

question

Streetwise young women with little respect for traditional prison values are called ________. crack kids tree jumpers teddy bears stud broads

answer

crack kids

question

Rhodes v. Chapman dealt with which inmate issue? inmate unions double-celling warrantless cell search medical care

answer

double-celling

question

Challenges to prison conditions by inmates, which are brought under the Eighth Amendment, must show ________ by the officials responsible for the conditions. deliberate indifference recklessness wanton infliction criminality

answer

deliberate indifference

question

Suits formally requesting that the person detaining a prisoner bring him or her before a judicial officer to determine the lawfulness of the imprisonment are called ________. ex post facto writs writs of habeas corpus writs of mandamus writs of federal action

answer

writs of habeas corpus

question

A wanton disregard by corrections personnel for the well-being of inmates is called ________. negligence the hands-off doctrine deliberate indifference due-process deprivation

answer

deliberate indifference

question

A(n) ________ is a formalized arrangement, usually involving a neutral hearing board, whereby inmates have the opportunity to register complaints about the conditions of their confinement. balancing test court hearing inquisition grievance procedure

answer

grievance procedure

question

Civil death refers to ________. the denial of the right to vote, to hold public office, and to marry the refusal to accommodate an inmate's right to religious practice the deprivation of constitutional due-process rights the racial segregation of prisoners in double cells

answer

the denial of the right to vote, to hold public office, and to marry

question

Which act of Congress reduced the number of suits brought by state prisoners in federal courts? Prison Litigation Reform Act Prison Rape Elimination Act Federal Tort Claims Act Second Chance Act

answer

Prison Litigation Reform Act

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