Criminology – Flashcards
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Sampson and Laub's developmental model is considered a more specified form of
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theory of Drift
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___ refers to how often the individual offends at certain times
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frequency
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the general theory of crime, proposed by Gottfredson and Hirschi, assumes that self-control must be established by age
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10
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thornberry combine __and__ models when developing interactional model
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social control and social learning
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commitment to school and attachments to__ are some of the most essential predictors of delinquency according to Thornberrys interactional model
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parents
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the most significant and effective interventions can occur during what stages of life?
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prenatal and perinatal
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virtually all studies on the life course/developmental perspective show that most individuals who get arrested
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are never arrested again
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assigning speical caseworkers for high-rish pregnancies, such as those involving __ is antoher possible policy implication related to developmental thoeries
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low birth weight
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thornberry places the level of attachment and commitment to conventional society ahead of the degree of __ that individual holds regarding criminal offending
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moral beliefs
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self selection refers to
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picking friends based on their previous delinquent behavior
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according to J.C. Barnes, "hundreds of studies have shown support for the notion that ___ offending is often preceded by deficiencies in pre- peri-and postnatal care that results in strucural and/or functional brain abnormalitites"
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life-course persistent
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when and individual becomes caught in a vicious cycle of criminality according to thornberry this is called
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feedback loop
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research studies refer to offender frequency as
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lambda
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in a study conducted surverying ciminologists, life course /developmental theory was ranked number 2 after what otehr theory
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social learning theory
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all of the following are considered personality traits within low self-control EXCEPT
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empathy
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Gottfredson and Hirschi believe that socialization controls are established
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first years of life
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___ is the degree of seriousness of the offenses he or she commits at certain times in the offending career
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intensity
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before 1970 criminological theories did not attempt to explain the __ of individual criminal careers
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stages
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___ developed the dual taxonomy theory involving life-perisistent and adolescence limited offenders
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Moffitt
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once low self control is set at an early age there is no way to develop if afterward. developmental theory believes that
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people can change over time
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studies have shown a link between childhiood exposure to domestic violence offending at older ages this is called
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cycle of violence
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children of immigrants reported significantly higher rates of violence against
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mothers
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all of the following committed at an early age can be considered "red-flags" for determining the likilihood of an indivdual becoming a chronis offender EXCEPT
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history of delinquency
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there isno systematic global data collection regarding child abuse howeever the ___ estimates child abuse for research use
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World Health Organization
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___ was not seriously considered an Index crime until around 1978 by the FBI
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arson
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asbestos is currently the most prominent of the various toxins that can predispose a young person toward criminality
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F
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adolescence-limited offedners ake up most of the general public
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t
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the general theory of crime ( or low self control theory postulates that indiciduals are born being predisposed towards selfishness
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t
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the longitudinal Rochester Youth Development Study tested Thornberry's model and found no support for the interactional model
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f
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the establishment of legally mandated interventions for pregnant woman who are addicted to drugs and alchol is a highly congroversial topic
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t
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Lead has not shown a casual connction to persistent criminality
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f
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onset refers to when the criminal career of an individual ends and he or she opts out of offending
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f
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chronic offending often starts with major offenses such as burglary robbery and assault
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f
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the united states is one of the few developed natiosn that does not gaurentee universal healthcare in the form of maternal or infant medical care or supervision
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t
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the text states that there are very few policy implications that can be derived from developmental theories of criminality
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f
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the text states that the general theory of crimes is accepted as one of themsot valid theories of crime provably due to its simplicity
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t
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early onset offending is one of the msot important predictors of any of the measures for determining who is most at risk for developing serious violent offending
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t
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research studies generally estimate the measure of average frequency of offending by criminal over a year period in teh high single digit range
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f
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according to the text, perhaps no other policy implementation would have as much influence in reducing future criminality in children as making sure their mothers do not take toxic substances while pregnant
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t
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the low self control model assumes propensitites for crime chagne over time
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f
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who coined the term white collar and is considered the most priminent crimonolgist of the 20th century
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Sutherland
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all of the following are terms that are typically used synonymously wiht white color crime EXCEPT
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industrial crime
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corporate crime causes at least __ times more deaths than do traditional street crimes
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7
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deaths and inguries due to corporate crimes
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have increased
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the___ is generally considered to be one of themost important periods in history in terms of progress, but resulted in an increase in environmental crimes
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industrial revolution
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the environmental protection agency is charged with what two things
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protecting human health and safegaurding the natural environment
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the EPA estimates that there are about ___ deaths a year in the US as a direct result to toxic particles emitted from manufacturing plants
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60,000
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among the individuals that are affected each year by toxic particles emitted from maufacturing plants the majority are considered __ and ___
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young children and elderly
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all of the following are considered physical cost of white collar crime EXCPT
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price fixing
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labor violations include all of the following EXCEPT
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dumping pollution in restricted areas
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at Sutherland's first presentation of the concept of white-collar crime, he presented all of the following cases as examples EXCEPT
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OCSHA inspectors finding 83,600 violations in 40,000 inspections
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white collar crime and corruption were found to be the highest internationaly in what two regions
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West/ Central Africa and East Asia (or AFrica)
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what was the penalty for an individual and his family in ancient Greece that forced up prices of imported grain
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death
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what is considered one of the oldest prison gangs in the US
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Mexican Mafia
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the ____ was charged with three resposibilities that focused on whether organized crime used services of interestate commerce to engage in illegal activitites and indetifying the persons, firms, or corporations, involved in such activitites
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Kefauver Committee
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the president's commission on Law enforcement and the administration of justice found that ___ was the largest source of revenue for organized crime
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gambling
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the growth of prison gangs has been attributed to the Supreme Court decisions of ___ giving prisoners the right to sue state officials in federal court
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Cooper V PAte
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all of the following are criminal penalties for RICO violations EXCEPT
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Restitution payments of no more than 25,000
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the white collar crime definition provided by Sutherland principally refers to
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business executives
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the most straightforward definition of thee term white-collar crime given by Sutherland was in his publication
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white collar crime
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the ___ was formed in 1929 and found that organized criminal activity flourished around bootlegging operations
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wickersham commission
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___ are invovled in writing programs to protect systems and entworkds from being illegally and maliciously accessed
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whtie hate hackers
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all of the following are considered one of the four common categories of users of internet child porn EXCEPT
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individuals who are not impuslive or curious
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___ criminalizes making distributing or using tools to evate technological protection measures implemeneted by copyright owners to prevent access to copyrighted material
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digital millennium copyright act
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this refers to stealing a victims credit card information and subsequently using the information to purchase items especialyl electronics
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carding
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the traditional definition of occupational crime includes offenders at all levels of the business social structure
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t
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work place injuries are generally less serious than the common wounds suffered from assaults on the street
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f
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organized crime has been described as being caused by the efforts of successive immigrant groups to make it in america
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t
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the development of the occupational safety and health act made it a felony to cause the death of a worker by willfully violating safety laws
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f
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white collar crime is a new type of crime that has only recently been created
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f
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even sutherland appears to lack confidence in what white collar crime means as evidence by his inclusion of the wrod approximately in his loose definition
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t
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sutherland was the first to introduce the concept of corporate occupationa nd industrial crime
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f
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today white collar criminals are more likely to be investigated caught charged and convicted as compared with traditional street criminals
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f
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only a small portion of corporations investigated by sutheland had recidivated after their inital offense
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f
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laws violated by white collar offenders are usualyl in regual penal code namedly in the criminal code section
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f
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corporate crime is usually not discovered when it occurs
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t
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the general public loses mre money from price fixing and monopolistic practices and consumer deception than from all property crime
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t
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the concept of pollution was acknowledged early on and was considered a huge problem for many areas
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f
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gray hat hackers are deemed the lowest on the hacker ladder due to their limited technical ability
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f
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the environmental protection agency was created in 1970
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t
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congress defined a hate crime as a criminal offense motivated in whole or in part by all of the following offender biases EXCPT
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political affiliation
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___ amended the Hate Crime statistics act to enhance penalties for offenses that invovled a motivation bias
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violent crime control and law enforcement act of 1994
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all of the following are considered hate crimes notivated by person's status as homeless according to the model state legislation EXCEPT
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all of the about are considered hate crimes
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___ invovleds terrorsit activities agaisnt the government that are committed by rebellious groups
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dissident terrorism
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byers and crider used what theory to examine hate crimes agaisnt the Amish
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routine activities theory
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___ is a communication frame the exposes corrupt or illegal behavior
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mythic frames
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all of the following are considered general goals for achieving homeland security EXCEPT
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maintain the foundation of America
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a criminal activity that has been linked to terrorist financing is fraud involving all of the following EXCEPT
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white wollar
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the majority of bias motivated incidents reported by law enforcemnt agencies were motivated by a ___ bias
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racial
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homeland security is a concerted national effort to prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks, protect agaisnt man made and natural hazards and responde to and recover from incidents that do occur
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all hazards
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all of the following use game theory EXCEPT
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schools
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___ is responsible for administration of immigration and naturalization adjudication functions
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U.S. Citizenship and immigration services
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all of the following are considered fundamental rights granted to citizens in the us EXCEPT
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right to private records
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all of teh following are one of the four significant areas of concern for homeland security according to the USA patriot acts EXCEPT
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issuing city level search warrents
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compared to left-wing groups right wing terrorsit activities
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are rare
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a burglar is caught in the middle of burglarizing a residential home of a wellknown area muslin priest. as the burglar runs from the scene of the crime he yells a racial slur at the home owner. the offender's identiy is unknown. is this a hate crime
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no
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the sheltering group within an unbrella organization does all of the following EXCEPT
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develop ideology for the organization
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the predominant form of terrorism for the past several decades is
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religious terrorism
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homeland security is a symbol used to justify government efforts to curtail civil liberties
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security uber alles
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which answer below is not one of the key components that must be present for a crime to occur according to routine activities theory
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adequate guardianship
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___ is a communication frame that consists of hero stories
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mythic frames
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the term terrorism originated from the french phrase meaning ___ that prevailed during the French Revolution
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reign of terror
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___ includes terrorist acts that trasnpire due to teh guidance of the state or government agaisnt perceived enemies
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state-sponsered terrorism
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___ made it unlawful to willfully cause bodily injury or attempt to do so, with a dangerous weapon when the offense is committed becuase of the actual or perceived race color religion neational origin gender sexual orientation gender identity or disability or any person
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mattew Shepard and James Byrd JR HAte crimes prevention act of 2009
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within the religious bias grouping of motivation categories, the majority of crimes were against what religion?
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jewish
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terrorism is easily analized becuase there is an abundance of reliable data on cases of each major form of terrorism to provide a foundation for statistical inference
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f
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part of teh animal and plant health inspection service is now part of teh US customs and border protect agency
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t
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the department of homeland security is a cabinet department of the US federal government established in response to the Oklahoma City bombings
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f
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the punishment for arson of a church can vary from one year imprisonment to a fine of death
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t
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the left category of political violence applies to those political trends and movements that stress group rights
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t
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the first known terrorist group was the Sicarii and extremist group of the religious sect of Zealots
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t
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most of the terrorist attacks that occurred in 2011 were suicide attacks
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f
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the term terrorism was initially considered a positive action
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t
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there are documented connections between terrorist groups and drug trafficking particularly in reference to smuggling pseudeophedrine
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t
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terrorism is often considered a downward crime, these offenses are committed by individuals froma lower social standing
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f
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there is no clear and consie definition of the word terrorism
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t
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censorship refers to whether media coverage of a terrorist incident inspires more terrorism
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f
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when a hate crime is not exclusively a federal offense the federal government can and does investigate and prosecute hate crimes as civil rights violations
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t
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the drug cartels in Mexico are ane xample of dissident terrorism
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f
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terrorism had not existed prior to the Sept 11 attacks
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f
