Criminology test 2 - Flashcards

question

t/f: Sociologist Jack Katz argues that there are immediate benefits to criminality which he labels the "lures of crime."

answer

false

question

Fred is a 20 year old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income. What is the term used to describe Fred if he were to move to a different community to commit his burglaries?

answer

increased police patrols in the neighborhood

question

Which of the following circumstances would prompt an offender to decide to forgo crime?

answer

The offender would stand a good chance of being caught and punished.

question

Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies, hundreds of burglaries and stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was fourteen when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now forty-four years old and just got out of prison. He spent ten years in prison for an armed robbery. The judge explained to Trevor at his sentencing hearing ten years ago that if he is arrested and convicted of another crime after he serves his ten years, he is likely to get a lifetime prison sentence under strict sentencing guidelines. Trevor remembers the words of the judge when he is released from prison. If the judge's words are what have convinced Trevor to remain crime free, what crime control policy has successfully kept Trevor law abiding?

answer

general deterrence

question

t/f: If the punishment for a crime is increased and the effectiveness and efficiency of the criminal justice system are improved, then the number of people engaging in that crime should decline.

answer

true

question

That thieves select German cars indicates that auto theft is rational because

answer

German cars usually have high-quality audio equipment.

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t/f: Auto thieves are not selective in their choice of target since all cars can be stripped for their valuable parts.

answer

false

question

People who believe that they will be caught if they commit crime are the ones most likely to be deterred from committing criminal acts. What element of deterrence does this reflect?

answer

certainty of punishment

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t/f: The fact that a crime is offense-specific means that criminals must decide if they have the personal needs, skills, and prerequisites to commit a successful criminal act.

answer

false

question

t/f: The concept behind rational choice theory is that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act.

answer

true

question

Fred is a 20 year old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income. In order for people to best protect their personal property from people like Fred, they would need to improve the effectiveness of crime _________________, which are people who serve as guardians of property or people who can help control would-be criminals.

answer

discouragers

question

According to Nobel Prize-winning economist Gary Becker, criminals engage in a(n) __________ of crime.

answer

cost-benefit analysis

question

t/f: According to deterrence theory, not only does the actual chance of punishment influence criminality, but so does the perception of punishment.

answer

true

question

t/f: Criminals structure crime. For instance, crack cocaine street dealers prefer the middle of a long block as the best location for dealing.

answer

true

question

t/f: Rational choice theory has roots in the positivist school of criminology.

answer

false

question

What occurs when crime control efforts simply move, or redirect, offenders to less heavily guarded alternative targets.

answer

displacement

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t/f: Less than 1/3 of all convicted felons are rearrested within three years of their release from prison.

answer

false

question

Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies, hundreds of burglaries and stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was fourteen when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now forty-four years old and just got out of prison. He spent ten years in prison for an armed robbery. In total, Trevor has spent over twenty years of his life incarcerated, between juvenile and adult institutions. His family cannot understand why he continues to commit crime. They are concerned that he will not be able to remain law-abiding. What does the research say about the effect of incarceration and an offender's likeliness to repeat criminal behavior?

answer

Most offenders are rearrested within three years of their release from prison.

question

What happens when crime reduction programs produce a short-term positive effect, but benefits dissipate as criminals adjust to new conditions?

answer

extinction

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t/f: Diffusion of benefits occurs when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another.

answer

true

question

Fred is a 20 year old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income. All of the following would be considered offense-specific to burglary that Fred might consider EXCEPT:

answer

Fred's immediate need for money

question

t/f Specific deterrence is also called particular deterrence.

answer

true

question

Trevor spent his ten year sentence in a maximum security prison. There he witnessed assaults and even murders. Often times, he was in fear for his life. Reflecting back on the past ten years and what he was exposed to, Trevor is determined never to commit another crime to end up in prison again. What crime control policy is in effect here?

answer

general deterrence

question

t/f Robbers generally choose targets close to their homes or in areas to which they routinely travel.

answer

true

question

At the end of the 19th century, the popularity of the classical approach began to decline as _____ criminologists focused their attentions on internal and external factors - such as poverty, IQ, and education - rather than personal choice and decision making.

answer

positivist

question

Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies, hundreds of burglaries and stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was fourteen when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now forty-four years old and just got out of prison. He spent ten years in prison for an armed robbery. According to the ______________ effect, while in prison for ten years, Trevor was prevented from committing further offenses.

answer

incapacitation

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Marcus Felson argues that the risk of crime may be increased by improving the effectiveness of ____ .

answer

crime discouragers

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The "high" or the excitement/exhilaration of successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations is referred to as

answer

edgework

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t/f Evidence shows that three strike laws are effective crime control policies.

answer

false

question

What happens when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another?

answer

diffusion

question

What is known about police and certainty of punishment?

answer

The manner in which police approach their tasks may have more deterrence power than simply adding more police.

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t/f The major premise of incapacitation is that known criminals must be kept in prison and this will reduce crime rates.

answer

true

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What happens when criminals try new offenses they had previously avoided because situational crime prevention programs neutralized their crime of choice?

answer

replacement

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If more criminals are sent to prison, the crime rate should go down. This is referred to as

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the incapacitation effec

question

Awareness space" indicates that which crime is rational?

answer

robbery

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t/f Referring to personality and criminal choices, Siegel states criminals are more impulsive and have less-self control than other people.

answer

true

question

The rationale for using "three strikes" sentencing policies relies on

answer

general deterrence and incapacitation

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t/f Situational crime prevention suggests that crime prevention can be achieved by reducing the opportunities people have to commit particular crimes.

answer

true

question

Fred is a 20 year old who lives in a large metropolitan city. He graduated high school but decided that he would get a job immediately following high school instead of going to college. He thought making money at that moment was more important than furthering his education. Now, Fred realizes he is stuck at a dead-end job making minimum wage and is tired of working so many hours and making so little money. Fred is thinking about committing various crimes in order to supplement his income. According to the research on burglaries, in general, when do burglars prefer to commit their crime?

answer

9am to 11am

question

t/f Edgework is the excitement or exhilaration of successfully executing illegal activities in dangerous situations.

answer

true

question

Trevor is a habitual criminal offender. He has committed dozens of robberies, hundreds of burglaries and stolen approximately 30 vehicles. Trevor was fourteen when he was first arrested for stealing a car. He is now forty-four years old and just got out of prison. He spent ten years in prison for an armed robbery. About one month after his release, Trevor is frustrated that he has been unable to find a job. He is living on his sister's couch and is tired of hearing her complain about him eating all the food in the house. He feels he has no other option but to get money quickly. He develops a plan to rob the local convenience store late one night. As he walks towards the convenience store, he notices that there are a lot of police officers doing a DUI checkpoint about a half a mile down the road. He decides that it would not be wise to attempt to commit this robbery. What effect has occurred here?

answer

diffusion

question

t/f Locking gates, and putting unbreakable glass on storefronts are examples of crime discouragers.

answer

false

question

Which aspect of deterrence theory do theorists believe to have the greatest effect on deterring crime?

answer

certainty of punishment

question

Economist Steven Levitt concludes that each person put behind prison bars results in a decrease of ___ serious crimes per year.

answer

15

question

Which of the following is a reason why some critics say it is premature to embrace three strikes policies?

answer

Most three-time losers are on the verge of aging out of crime anyway.

question

The concept of general deterrence holds that

answer

the decision to commit crime can be controlled by the threat of criminal punishment.

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t/f There is little evidence that incapacitating criminals will deter them from future criminality.

answer

true

question

Specific deterrence suggests that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that known criminals will never repeat their criminal acts. Which statement about harsh (powerful) sanctions and deterrence is not true?

answer

Harsh sanctions work as an effective deterrence to recidivism.

question

The concept of situational crime prevention suggests that desperate people may contemplate crime, but only the truly ____ will attack a well-defended, inaccessible target and risk strict punishment.

answer

irrational

question

Crime is ________ because criminals will react selectively to the characteristics of an individual criminal act.

answer

offense-specific

question

At the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did not have a job. She was not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He signed over his custody rights to the state while serving a 30 year prison sentence. The boys end up being adopted by different families. Tom, the brother who lives in the large city is diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Tests were done and it was discovered that the level of ______________ in his blood was twice the levels found in the general population. The doctors are convinced this is the cause of his disorder.

answer

mercury

question

________ is a psychological perspective that focuses on mental processes - how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them.

answer

cognitive theory

question

Biosocial research has found that abnormal levels of male sex hormones, known as __________, do in fact produce aggressive behavior.

answer

androgens

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t/f Nature theory argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically, that ancestry determines IQ, and that low intelligence, as demonstrated by low IQ, is linked to criminal behavior.

answer

true

question

Social learning theory holds that

answer

people learn to be aggressive through their life experiences.

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t/f The early research of Lombroso and his contemporaries is regarded as scientific fact.

answer

false

question

t/f According to sociobiology, living in a disadvantaged neighborhood will cause a well-adjusted person to commit crime.

answer

false

question

In adoption studies, which of the following strongly predicted a child's criminal behavior?

answer

a criminal biological father

question

Which perspective bests supports the fact that human history has been marked by war, violence and aggression?

answer

evolutionary

question

The major premise of the biochemical theory is that:

answer

crime is a function of diet and food allergies.

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t/f Behaviorists view aggression as an inherited behavior.

answer

false

question

The major premise of the neurological theory is that:

answer

criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment.

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Socio-biologists view all EXCEPT which one of the following factors as being mutually interdependent?

answer

ecology

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the three principle sources of behavior modeling?

answer

genetic predispositions

question

t/f Errors in cognition and information processing have been used to explain the behaviors of child abusers.

answer

true

question

At the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did not have a job. She was not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He signed over his custody rights to the state while serving a 30 year prison sentence. After twenty years the boys are contacted by a researcher who is conducting a study on twins separated at birth and adopted by different families. John finds it difficult to sustain relationships because he was not provided the support and care that he needed by his adopted mother as an infant? Which theory would best explain John's predicament?

answer

attachment theory

question

Michael has a history of acting out since he was two years old. As a child, Michael's acting out consisted of disrespecting his parents. By the age of twelve he was skipping school and hanging out with older boys in the neighborhood. By the time he was fifteen he started using drugs and alcohol. Michael was consistently uncooperative with his parents. He was hostile to all authority figures including teachers and police officers. He would frequently lose his temper and blame everyone else for his misbehavior. What mental disorder was most likely the appropriate diagnosis for Michael?

answer

oppositional disorder

question

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) developed ________ psychology that has remained a prominent segment of psychological theory ever since.

answer

pschyodynamic

question

According to Diana Fishbin, there is an association between _________ and elevated levels of female aggression.

answer

menstruation

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t/f The male hormone testosterone is linked to criminality.

answer

true

question

t/f According to arousal theory, sensation seekers look for stimulating activities that may include aggressive, violent behavior patterns.

answer

true

question

Michael has a history of acting out since he was two years old. As a child, Michael's acting out consisted of disrespecting his parents. By the age of twelve he was skipping school and hanging out with older boys in the neighborhood. By the time he was fifteen he started using drugs and alcohol. If Michael were to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder what would be a likely symptom?

answer

alternating moods

question

t/f Neurophysiology studies twin behavior in order to understand criminality.

answer

false

question

t/f According to Freud's version of psychodynamic theory, the human personality has a two-part structure: the id and the ego

answer

false

question

t/f The "Twinkie defense" brought national attention to the view that biochemical conditions can influence antisocial behavior.

answer

true

question

The major premise of the genetic theory is that:

answer

criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of children.

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t/f An overwhelming majority of females who experience anxiety and hostility before and during menstruation engage in violent criminal behavior.

answer

false

question

Michael has a history of acting out since he was two years old. As a child, Michael's acting out consisted of disrespecting his parents. By the age of twelve he was skipping school and hanging out with older boys in the neighborhood. By the time he was fifteen he started using drugs and alcohol. Michael's family checks Michael into a three month residential treatment center that treats individuals with mental health issues and drug addiction. The treatment Michael receives is considered a ______________________.

answer

primary prevention program

question

Evidence exists that indicates abnormally low levels of brain chemical compounds called __________ are associated with violent behavior.

answer

neurotransmitters

question

Which of the following is NOT considered to contribute to a healthy diet and, thus, good mental health and well-adjusted behavior patterns?

answer

heavy metals such as lead and mercury

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t/f Evolutionary theorists believe that human traits that produce violence and aggression have been advanced by the long process of human evolutions.

answer

true

question

The research on biochemical theories focuses on twin and sibling behavior.

answer

false

question

__________ is the branch of behavior theory most relevant to criminology.

answer

Social learning theory

question

The major premise of the evolutionary theory is that:

answer

as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make aggressive and predisposed to commit crime.

question

Many ADHD children also suffer from ____and continually engage in aggressive and antisocial behavior early in childhood.

answer

conduct disorder

question

t/f There is a significant relationship between parental and child deviance levels.

answer

true

question

t/f Biosocial research has found that abnormal levels of the male sex hormones or androgens produce aggressive behavior.

answer

true

question

t/f Social learning theorists argue that people are not born with the ability to act violently.

answer

true

question

Biological explanations of crime reemerged in the early _______ with the publication of Sociobiology by Edmond O. Wilson.

answer

1970s

question

At the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did not have a job. She was not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He signed over his custody rights to the state while serving a 30 year prison sentence. Which biosocial theory would promote that research be done to see if the boys will be delinquent like their father?

answer

genetic

question

Brain scanning techniques using electronic images suggest which of the following statements is true?

answer

Both violent criminals and substance abusers have impairment in the pre-frontal lobe.

question

According to the psychoanalytic perspective, the __________ develops as a result of incorporating within the personality the moral standards and values of parents, community, and significant others.

answer

superego

question

What research finding counters criminologists who claim that only low-IQ criminals get caught?

answer

There is little difference in the IQ scores of self-reported and official criminals

question

Diet, hormones, and contaminants are the causes of behavior in the ________ perspective.

answer

biochemical

question

t/f There is a stronger link between criminal behavior and identical twins, than between criminal behavior and fraternal twins.

answer

true

question

Genetic theory holds that criminality-producing traits are

answer

passed from generation to generation.

question

__________, the most abundant androgen, has been linked to criminality.

answer

testosterone

question

Michael has a history of acting out since he was two years old. As a child, Michael's acting out consisted of disrespecting his parents. By the age of twelve he was skipping school and hanging out with older boys in the neighborhood. By the time he was fifteen he started using drugs and alcohol. Michael is now twenty years old and a court ordered psychologist has diagnosed Michael with schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a type of _________ disorder.

answer

psychotic

question

Locations with the highest concentrations of lead also report the highest levels of

answer

homicide

question

At the age of 15, Julie gave birth to twin sons. Julie was a high school dropout and did not have a job. She was not able to take proper care of the boys so she decided to give them up for adoption. Their father was convicted of armed robbery and rape. He signed over his custody rights to the state while serving a 30 year prison sentence. Which factor presented in the scenario would be the best indicator that the boys would engage in criminal behavior?

answer

that their biological father is criminal

question

t/f Affirmative action programs have erased the economic gulf between whites and minorities.

answer

false

question

t/f Shaw and McKay's statistical analysis confirmed that even though crime rates changed, the highest rates were always in Zones I and Zone II

answer

true

question

Tommy is 12 years old. He lives with his grandmother because his father is incarcerated and his mother passed away from a drug overdose. Tommy is starting to defy his grandmother's orders. He is skipping school and hanging out with an older group of teenagers in his neighborhood. Tommy was arrested one evening for breaking into his neighbor's home attempting to steal their computer. He is transported to the police department for questioning. When the detective asks Tommy why he broke into his neighbor's home Tommy replies, "everyone else has a computer and I wanted one, too." According to Merton's modes of social adaptation, which applies to Tommy's actions?

answer

innovation

question

According to social structure theory, the root cause of crime can be directly traced to

answer

socioeconomic disadvantages that have become embedded in American society.

question

When members of the lower-class are unable to achieve symbols of success via conventional means they feel anger, frustration, and resentment. These feelings are collectively referred to as

answer

strain

question

According to the research, crime rates decrease when families receive supplemental income through

answer

public assistance payments

question

________ are segments of the population whose members have a relatively similar portion of desirable belongings, and who share attitudes, values and norms.

answer

social classes

question

Shaw and McKay explained crime and delinquency within the context of

answer

the changing urban environment and ecological development of the city.

question

t/f Crime rates may rise in a healthy economy because prosperity makes monetary rewards more attractive, encouraging people to gain financial success by any means necessary.

answer

true

question

t/f People who live in neighborhoods that experience high levels of crime and civil disorder become suspicious and mistrusting.

answer

true

question

What are the standards by which authority figures evaluate lower-class youngsters and often pre-judge them negatively?

answer

middle-class measuring rods

question

Why are personal relationships, including establishing communication and common goals, strained in socially disorganized neighborhoods?

answer

Because residents are constantly moving in and out of the neighborhood.

question

Andrew, Anthony, Joseph, and Scott have been friends since they were small children. They were raised in a lower-middle class community. Each of them graduated from high school. After high school they attempted to keep in contact with each other. After a few years they were all in different locations and eventually lost contact with one another. Out of the four friends, Anthony was the only one to graduate college and become successful. Anthony values hard work, family, and charity. Scott, Andrew, and Joseph place more value in being tough and street smart. According to Miller, these values of toughness and street smart are referred to as ___________ and specifically fit to conditions in lower-class environments.

answer

Focal concerns

question

Because social conditions prevent them from achieving success legitimately, lower-class youths experience a form of culture conflict that Albert Cohen labels

answer

status frustration

question

t/f Cultural deviance theory combines elements of relative deprivation and differential opportunity theories.

answer

false

question

Subcultural values are handed down from one generation to the next in a process called

answer

cultural transmission.

question

t/f Children who grow up in low-income homes are less likely to achieve in school and less likely to complete school than children who do not grow up in low-income households.

answer

true

question

Cloward and Ohlin's classic work Delinquency and Opportunity combined strain and social disorganization principles to explain

answer

gang formation

question

Cohesive communities with high levels of social control and social integration and where people develop interpersonal ties are also likely to develop

answer

collective efficacy.

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t/f According to the author, the most important wielder of informal social control is religion.

answer

false

question

t/f The "truly disheartened" is the term used by William Julius Wilson to describe socially isolated people who dwell in urban inner-cities, who occupy the bottom rung of the social ladder, and who are the victims of discrimination.

answer

false

question

Tommy is 12 years old. He lives with his grandmother because his father is incarcerated and his mother passed away from a drug overdose. Tommy is starting to defy his grandmother's orders. He is skipping school and hanging out with an older group of teenagers in his neighborhood. Tommy lives with his grandmother in poverty. Tommy is potentially having a difficult time in school because he is being judged by ________, which are the standards by which his teachers are evaluating his performance in school.

answer

middle class measuring rods

question

Walter Miller identified the unique conduct norms that define the lower-class culture and that often clash with conventional values. Which of the following is not one of those norms?

answer

education

question

Strain theory holds that crime is a function of

answer

conflict between people's goals and means.

question

General strain theory is not purely a structural theory because it focuses on how _____ influence behavior.

answer

life events

question

t/f Collective efficacy refers to the social control exerted by cohesive communities that is based on mutual trust.

answer

true

question

t/f Relative deprivation is felt most acutely by white youths.

answer

false

question

t/f The major premise of the relative deprivation theory is that crime occurs when the wealthy and the poor live close to one another.

answer

true

question

Cultural deviance theory combines elements of _____ and social disorganization theories.

answer

strain

question

The top 1 percent of households have ___ percent of all wealth in the United States.

answer

43

question

Tommy is 12 years old. He lives with his grandmother because his father is incarcerated and his mother passed away from a drug overdose. Tommy is starting to defy his grandmother's orders. He is skipping school and hanging out with an older group of teenagers in his neighborhood. Tommy's grandmother is concerned that Tommy will join a gang because she is not able to provide Tommy with the material possessions he is asking for. If this is the case, Tommy is experiencing ___________________ because cannot achieve the success as defined by the larger society.

answer

status frustration

question

Social disorganization theory was popularized by the work of two Chicago sociologists:

answer

Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

question

Andrew, Anthony, Joseph, and Scott have been friends since they were small children. They were raised in a lower-middle class community. Each of them graduated from high school. After high school they attempted to keep in contact with each other. After a few years they were all in different locations and eventually lost contact with one another. Anthony went up-state to attend college on a wrestling scholarship. He graduated college, married his college sweetheart and now is a physical therapist making approximately $85,000 per year. He has never gotten in trouble with the law and can provide comfortably for his wife and small child. According to Merton, which social adaptation describes Anthony?

answer

Conformity

question

According to Shaw and McKay, a __________ neighborhood is an area wracked by extreme poverty and suffering high rates of population turnover.

answer

transitional

question

t/f Strain is limited in affluent areas because educational and vocational opportunities are available.

answer

true

question

Andrew, Anthony, Joseph, and Scott have been friends since they were small children. They were raised in a lower-middle class community. Each of them graduated from high school. After high school they attempted to keep in contact with each other. After a few years they were all in different locations and eventually lost contact with one another. Joseph went into the military after high school. He was seriously injured while stationed in the Middle East. He returned home to find out that his parents had passed away in a car accident. As a result of his injuries and the loss of his parents, Joseph became addicted to prescribed pain killers and after that heroin. He no longer cares about himself and has decided it is better if he just withdraws from society and continues to use drugs. According to Merton, which social adaptation describes Joseph?

answer

retreatism

question

According to institutional anomie theorists, the _________ is both a goal and process to accumulate goods and wealth.

answer

american dream

question

Social strata are created by the unequal distribution of wealth. While the upper-class is exceptionally well-to-do, ______ people live in poverty in America.

answer

46,000,000

question

Which theory focuses on the urban conditions, such as high unemployment and school dropout rates, to explain crime?

answer

social disorganization theory

question

Social ecology school criminologists associate crime rates and the need for police services to

answer

community deterioration.

question

Which researcher focused on cultural norms and focal concerns?

answer

Miller

question

t/f Agnew's focus on negative affective states offers a more general explanation of criminality among all elements of society rather than being restrictive to lower-class crime.

answer

true

question

t/f Minority and white group members are equally likely to be poor.

answer

false

question

Judith and Peter Blau developed the concept of __________, the idea that anger and mistrust result from perceptions of inequality that lead lower-class people to feel deprived and embittered in comparison with those more affluent.

answer

relative deprivation

question

As working and middle-class families flee inner-city poverty areas, the most disadvantaged population is consolidated in urban ghettos. This phenomenon results in a poverty

answer

concentration effect

question

According to the author, the most important of Shaw and McKay's findings was that

answer

crime rates correspond to neighborhood structure.

question

What is the result of ineffective community social control efforts?

answer

Crime rates increase.

question

What two elements of culture interact to produce anomie and/or anomic conditions?

answer

culturally defined goals and socially approved means for obtaining them

question

Which theory views that lower class youths have limited opportunities and thus join gaings as an alternate means to achieve universal success goals?

answer

differential opportunity

question

Andrew, Anthony, Joseph, and Scott have been friends since they were small children. They were raised in a lower-middle class community. Each of them graduated from high school. After high school they attempted to keep in contact with each other. After a few years they were all in different locations and eventually lost contact with one another. Scott went to a community college and met Heather, and they now have two children. Heather is trying to convince Scott of the need to move to her hometown and live with her parents. People in her hometown have a better life including better education, health care, and housing opportunities, and Heather wants the the children to have these advantages as well. This outlook is referred to as __________.

answer

Collective efficacy

question

t/f Research indicates that people who are labeled with one positive trait are assumed to have other positive traits.

answer

true

question

Walter and Janet have three children. Janet has been a stay at home mother raising the children. Walter has always worked full time and is always traveling for business. Their youngest child will start school soon. Now all three children will be in school all day. Walter and Janet are discussing if Janet should take the full time job she has been offered. Their oldest child Walter Jr. will be moving to the local high school. He previously attended the school at the family's Catholic Church, where he attended mass weekly. What risks are there for Walter Jr. by leaving the Catholic school?

answer

Attending religious services has a significant impact on reducing crime.

question

Which theory explains criminal careers in terms of stigma-producing encounters?

answer

social reaction (labeling) theory

question

Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings by maintaining that the crime victim "had it coming." This is an example of which technique of neutralization?

answer

denial of injury

question

t/f Social control theory suggests that people learn techniques and attitudes of crime from close relationships with criminal peers.

answer

false

question

t/f Social process criminologists focus on socialization rather than the environment when explaining crime.

answer

true

question

t/f The totality of research on the effect of dropping out of high school indicates one fact - high school dropouts face a significant chance of entering a criminal career.

answer

false

question

Travis Hirschi states that the social bonds a person maintains with society are divided into four main elements. Which of the following is NOT one of these elements?

answer

affection

question

Which of the following research findings supports the core principles of differential association theory?

answer

Crime appears to be intergenerational.

question

t/f According to learning theories, even corporate executives may be exposed to pro-criminal definitions and learn to neutralize moral constraints.

answer

true

question

Walter and Janet have three children. Janet has been a stay at home mother raising the children. Walter has always worked full time and is always traveling for business. Their youngest child will start school soon. Now all three children will be in school all day. Walter and Janet are discussing if Janet should take the full time job she has been offered. Janet and Walter aren't around much, so their children interact with their peers. If the children begin to assume many of the behavioral patterns of their friends, this outcome would be best explained by which theory?

answer

Culture conflict theory `

question

t/f Primary deviance involves resocialization into a deviant role and produces a deviance amplification effect.

answer

false

question

Peter and Paul have been friends for the past ten years. They are now eighteen years old and in their senior year at the local high school. They happen to be neighbors. They first met when Peter moved into the house next door with his aunt after his parents were killed in an automobile accident. Paul lives with his mother. Paul's father left the home when Paul was three years old. Paul was arrested and charged with burglary. He was permitted to do community service instead of being formally tried and convicted of a felony and receiving a court-ordered sentence. The outcome of Paul's case is described as:

answer

restitution

question

t/f The stronger a person's commitment to conventional institutions, individuals, and processes, the less likely they are to commit crime.

answer

true

question

Adolescents who do not receive affection from their parents during childhood are

answer

more likely to use illicit drugs and be more aggressive as they mature.

question

Incorrect __________ is a process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of the mainstream of society and offenders begin their escalating cycle of deviance.

answer

Deviance amplification

question

The process of _____ refers to moving in and out of delinquency or shifting between conventional and deviant values.

answer

transfer

question

Travis Hirschi tested the principal hypotheses of social control theory. While evidence was strong and supportive, what is the most controversial aspect of Hirschi's conclusions?

answer

Any form of social attachment is beneficial, even to deviant peers and parents.

question

Which of the following statements does NOT reflect labeling theory?

answer

Labeling theory recognizes that criminality is a disease or a pathological behavior.

question

t/f According to the theory of differential association, people learn to commit crime from exposure to antisocial definitions.

answer

true

question

Incorrect _________ refers to a style of parenting with parents who are supportive and who effectively control their children in a non-coercive way.

answer

Parental efficacy

question

Religion and belief impact criminal behavior. Even children in high crime areas are better able to resist drug use if they

answer

attend religious services.

question

t/f The family-crime relationship is significant across racial, ethnic, and gender lines.

answer

true

question

Do criminals really neutralize? What does Topalli's research on street criminals indicate?

answer

Street criminals do not experience guilt that requires neutralization.

question

According to the social control theory, kids who feel attached to their ____________, are the ones less likely to engage in antisocial behaviors.

answer

parents

question

Peter and Paul have been friends for the past ten years. They are now eighteen years old and in their senior year at the local high school. They happen to be neighbors. They first met when Peter moved into the house next door with his aunt after his parents were killed in an automobile accident. Paul lives with his mother. Paul's father left the home when Paul was three years old. Peter and Paul are both convinced that there are too many opportunities to commit crime not to continue. What theory best explains why Peter and Paul would continue to commit crime based on this rationale?

answer

Social control theory

question

t/f Primary deviance has a significant long-term effect on the violator.

answer

false

question

t/f The public policy effects of social process theories have been felt mainly by young offenders who are viewed as being more savable than hardened criminals.

answer

true

question

t/f Religious participation seems to be a more significant inhibitor of crime than merely having religious beliefs and values.

answer

true

question

Peter and Paul have been friends for the past ten years. They are now eighteen years old and in their senior year at the local high school. They happen to be neighbors. They first met when Peter moved into the house next door with his aunt after his parents were killed in an automobile accident. Paul lives with his mother. Paul's father left the home when Paul was three years old. According to the social control theory, unless Peter and Paul have an attachment to a ______________, it is unlikely that respect for other authorities will develop.

answer

parent

question

Which of the following is not one of the major principles of differential association?

answer

Differential associations may vary in meaning, reliability, and intention.

question

Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory states that

answer

criminal behavior is learned like any other behavior.

question

Social process theories share one basic concept. Which is it?

answer

All people, regardless of their race, class, or gender, have the potential to become delinquents or criminals.

question

t/f Getting involved in sports and other activities helps prevent crime and delinquency.

answer

true

question

Peter and Paul have been friends for the past ten years. They are now eighteen years old and in their senior year at the local high school. They happen to be neighbors. They first met when Peter moved into the house next door with his aunt after his parents were killed in an automobile accident. Paul lives with his mother. Paul's father left the home when Paul was three years old. Paul and Peter have recently befriended several individuals who are known for using drugs and also committing crime. Using techniques learned from these new friends, the two begin stealing cars, thus validating which theory?

answer

Social learning theory

question

The process of becoming stigmatized by crime labels is interactive. Labeling theorists blame the establishment of criminal careers on

answer

parents

question

When labeling alienates parents from their children and negative labels reduce children's self image and increase delinquency, this process is referred to as:

answer

reflected appraisal

question

Which of the following elements of the social bond involves the time, energy, and effort expended in conventional activities?

answer

Commitment

question

t/f Donald Sutherland's version of social control is the most dominant version of control theory today.

answer

false

question

t/f A major premise of social reaction theory is that the law is differentially constructed and applied, depending on the offenders.

answer

true

question

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of differential association theory?

answer

Differential association theory can account for isolated, psychopathic killing.

question

t/f The delinquent peer-crime relationship does not apply to popular kids because they are too busy to commit crime.

answer

false

question

All of the following family factors are associated with delinquency EXCEPT

answer

non-coercive parenting.

question

Criminals sometimes neutralize wrongdoings by "appealing to higher loyalties." Which of the following would be an example of that technique?

answer

Attacking someone who is arguing with a friend.

question

According to Lemert, __________ involves norm violations or crimes that have little influence on the actor and, therefore, can be quickly forgotten.

answer

primary deviance

question

Social control theory suggests that

answer

crime occurs when the forces that bind people to society are weakened or broken.

question

According to the author, which of the following is accurate regarding why troubled kids choose delinquent peers?

answer

Troubled kids do so out of necessity rather than desire.

question

Neutralization theory points out that

answer

even the most committed criminals and delinquents are not involved in criminality all the time.

question

A competency hearing in which a person is declared "mentally ill," or a trial where someone is found to be a "rapist" are forms of __________ according to Harold Garfinkle.

answer

successful degradation ceremonies

question

What is the process whereby secondary deviance pushes offenders out of mainstream society and locks them into an escalating cycle of deviance?

answer

deviance amplification

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