Criminology test 1, midterms – Flashcards

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scientific
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Criminologists use methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
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criminology
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is an academic discipline that makes use of scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
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departs from social norms
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Deviant behavior:
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theories
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serve as models or frameworks for understanding human behavior and the forces that shape its content and direction.
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mala in se
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Murder, rape and other crimes deemed inherently evil are also referred to as crimes.
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mala prohibitum
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Statutory crimes are referred to as:
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the uniform crime report
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The best known and most important source of official crime data is:
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index crimes, arson
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Part I crimes are also referred to as and include: murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny, and .
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a self-report survey
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A research approach that asks participants to describe their recent and lifetime criminal activity is termed:
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season and climate
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The phrase "the ecology of crime" refers to such factors as:
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victimologists
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Criminologists who focus their attention on crime victims refer to themselves as:
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victim precipitation theory
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Some people may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death.
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active precipitation
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When victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting words, or even attack first, it is known as:
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passive precipitation
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When the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker it is known as:
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lifestyle theory
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The fact that some people's activities and behaviors increase their risk of victimization by increasing their potential to become "opportunities" for criminal offenders is the basis of what theory?
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capable guardians
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In routine activities theory, police and homeowners would be an example of:
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capable guardians
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In routine activities theory, a large number of unemployed teenagers would bean example of:
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hot spots
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Places containing elevated numbers of motivated offenders result in an elevated chance of being victimized. Such places are termed:
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victims' impact statement
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The victim's ability to address the sentencing judge and tell of his or her experiences as a result of the victimization is known as a:
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offense specific
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Offenders may react selectively to the characteristics of particular offenses. For instance, the decision to commit a burglary may involve evaluation the target's likely cash yield and the presence of dogs and escape routes. This crime would then be considered:
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offender specific
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The view that criminal evaluate their skills and needs prior to engaging in a crime is:
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just desert
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The philosophy of justice that asserts that those who violate the rights of others deserve to be punished is known as:
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scientific
answer
Criminologist use methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
question
criminology
answer
is an academic discipline that makes use of scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
question
theories
answer
serve as models or frameworks for understanding human behavior and the forces that shape its content and direction.
question
departs from social norms
answer
Deviant behavior:
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mala in se
answer
Murder, rape and other crimes deemed inherently evil are also referred to as
question
mala prohibitum
answer
Statutory crimes are referred to as:
question
index crimes, arson
answer
Part I crimes are also referred to as and include: murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, motor vehicle theft, larceny, and .
question
season and climate
answer
The phrase "the ecology of crime" refers to such factors as:
question
victim precipitation theory
answer
Some people may actually initiate the confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or death.
question
victimologists
answer
Criminologists who focus their attention on crime victims refer to themselves as:
question
passive precipitation
answer
When the victim exhibits some personal characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker it is know as:
question
active precipitation
answer
When victims act provocatively, use threats or fighting words, or even attack first, it is known as:
question
lifestyle theory
answer
The fact that some people's activities and behaviors increase their risk of victimization by increasing their potential to become "opportunities" for criminal offenders is the basis of what theory?
question
capable guardians
answer
In routine activities theory, police and homeowners would be and example of:
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motivate offenders
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In routine activities theory, a large number of unemployed teenagers would be and example of:
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hot spots
answer
Places containing elevated numbers of motivated offenders result in an elevated chance of being victimized. Such places are termed:
question
victims' impact statement
answer
The victim's ability to address the sentencing judge and tell of his or her experiences as a result of the victimization is known as a:
question
offense specific
answer
Offenders may react selectively to the characteristics of particular offenses. For instance, the decision to commit a burglary may involve evaluation the target's likely cash yield and the presence of dogs and escape routes. This crime would then be considered:
question
offender specific
answer
The view that criminals evaluate their skills and needs prior to engaging in a crime is:
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just desert
answer
The philosophy of justice that asserts that those who violate the rights of others deserve to be punished is known as:
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mesomorph
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According to William Sheldon, who believed that criminals manifest distinct physiques, which somatotype was most likely to become criminal?
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biophobia
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The belief that no serious consideration should be given to biological factors when attempting to understand human nature is known as:
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Hyperglycemia
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Which of the following biochemical factors has not been liked to criminality?
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hypoglycemia
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A condition that occurs when glucose in the blood falls below levels necessary for normal and efficient brain functioning is known as:
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lead
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High bone concentrations of this mineral/metal are associated with delinquency.
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moral
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According to Freud, the superego is the aspect of one's personality.
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attachment theory
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Which theory states that the emotional bond at birth has important lasting psychological implications that follow people across the life span
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anti-social personality
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is defined as a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others.
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social disorganization theory, stain theory, cultural deviance theory
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What are the three branches of social structure theory?
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social structure theories
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suggest that social and economic forces operating in deteriorated lower-class areas are the key determinant of criminal behavior patterns.
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inadequate social control and deteriorated housing
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Social disorganization theory focuses on which of t he following conditions in the urban environment?
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anomie
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According to Durkheim, occurs in a society in which rules of behavior have broken down or become inoperative during periods of rapid social change or social crisis, such as war or famine.
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conformity
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When individuals embrace conventional social goals and have the means at their disposal to attain them, this is known as:
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socialization
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The interactions people have with various organizations,and process of society is known as:
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social process theory
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The view that criminality is a function of people's interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society is referred to as:
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learned
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Differential association theory suggests that crime is a/an behavior:
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denial of responsibility
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When young offenders claim their unlawful acts were beyond their control, it's known as:
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denial of injury
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By denying the wrongfulness of an act, criminal are able to neutralize illegal behavior. This is known as:
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denial of victim
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When a crime is directed at certain persons because they are dislike or engage in behavior some people may fine offensive, the offenders sometimes neutralizes their wrongdoing by maintaining that it was deserved. This is known as:
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left-realism
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The branch of conflict theory that focuses upon the emergence of a strict "law and order" philosophy and that believes street criminal prey on the poor and disenfranchised, thus making the poor doubly abused, first by the capitalist system and then by members of their own class is the known as:
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preemptive deterrence
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is an approach in which community organization efforts eliminate or reduce crime before police involvement becomes necessary.
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life course theory
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views criminality as a dynamic process, influenced by a multitude of individual characteristics, traits, and social experiences.
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problem behavior syndrome
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Some theories believe that criminality may be a party of a group of antisocial behaviors that cluster together and typically involve family dysfunction, sexual and physical abuse, substance abuse, educational underachievement, sensation seeking, and unemployment. This is know as:
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social
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According to problem behavior syndrome, crime is a type of problem rather than the product of other social problems.
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the covert pathway
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The pathway to crime that begins with minor, underhanded behavior that leads to property damage is known as:
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the overt pathway
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The pathway of crime that begins with bullying and annoying others and then escalates to physical fighting and violence is known as:
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the authority conflict pathway
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The pathway of crime that begins at an early age with stubborn behavior leading to deviance and then to authority avoidance is known as:
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latent trait
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A stable feature, characteristic, property, or condition present at birth or established early in life that makes some people crime-prone over the life course is known as a(n):
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