Criminology Study Guide 1 – Flashcards
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crime
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any human behavior that violates a criminal law and is subject to punishment
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conflict model
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a model of crime in which the criminal justice system is seen as being used by the ruling class to control the lower class. Criminological investigation of the conflicts within society is emphasized.
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consensus model
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model of criminal lawmaking that assumes that members of society agree on what is right and wrong and that law is codification of agreed upon social values
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deviance
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criminologist use the term deviance to describe behavior that violates social norms, including laws
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criminologists
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person who collects information on crime and criminals for study and analysis in accordance with research methods of modern science
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social norms
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perceived standards of acceptable behavior prevalent among members of a society
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criminal justice system
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the structure function and decision processes of those agencies that deal with management and control offenders; the police, the courts, and corrections
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criminology
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systematic study of crime, criminals, and the criminal justice system, its a science
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terrorism (adler)
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the use of threat of violence directed at people or government to punish them for past actions and/or to bring about a change of policy which is to the terrorist's liking
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money laundering
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process which money is derived from illegal activities(drug sales) is unlawfully taken out of the country, placed in numbered account abroad, and then transferred as funds no longer dirty
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infiltration of legal business
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organized crime
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computer crime
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cyber attacks (n korea)
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illicit arms trafficking
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market for weapons of mass destruction
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trafficking of persons
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illegal immigrants
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destruction of cultural property
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world trade center attacks
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ecocide
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destruction of natural environment
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durkhiem's function of deviance
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1. affirms cultural values and norms 2. clarifies moral boundaries 3. unites a group 4. promotes social change
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misdemeanors and felonies
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crimes less serious than felony and subject ti max sentence of 1 year in jail or a fine severe crimes, subject to punishment of 1 year or more in prison or to capital punishment
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aging out phenomenon
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too old for crime
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case study
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an analysis of all pertinent aspect of one unit of study, such as individual, an institution, a group, or a community
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participant observation
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researcher may join and participate in the activities of the group being studied
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mens rea and actus reus
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mens- criminal intent actus- ]criminal act
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index crimes
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8 major crimes criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault,burglary, larceny theft, auto theft, and arson
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nonparticipant observations
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the reseracher observes the group of being studied but is not a participant in the activities
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crimes against property
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burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson
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secondary data
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data already taken
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crimes against persons
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murder, rape, assault, robbery
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longitudinal studies
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analyses that focus on studies of a particular group conducted repeatedly over a period of time
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theory
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a coherent group of propositions used as principles in explaining or accounting for known facts or phenomena
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victimization survery
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measures the extent of crime by interviewing individuals about their experiences as victims
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uniform crime report
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crimes/100,000 persons per year actual accounts
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national crime victimization servey
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crime/1000 households per year scientifically selected sample
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race and crime
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see slide
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national incident based reporting system
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has 6 units of analysis compared to UCR administrative, property, offender, offense, victim, arrested
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3 characteristics of measuring crime
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see slide 1. strain theory 2. who, what, when, 3. legislation
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age and crime
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slide
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2 issues of social class/crime link
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how is class defined source of statistics used
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gender and crime
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gender is best predictor of criminality across time and place
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limitations of UCR
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crimes not reported, not repreentative of crimes committed, 1 robs 6=1, 6 robs 6=6
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anomie
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a societal state marked by normlessness, in which disintegration and choas has replaced social cohesion, loss of standard and values
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phrenlogy
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franz gall posited that bumps on the head were indications of psychological propensities
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physignomy
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giambattisti porta study of facial features and their relation to human behavior
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atavistic stigmata
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born criminals physical of human before developed
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positivist school
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criminological perspective that uses the scientific methods of the natural sciences and siggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological, or economic forces
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born criminal
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have atavistic stigmata
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ulilitaranism
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assumes all human actions are calculated in accordance with their likelihood of bringing happiness(pleasure) or unhappinesses (pain)
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somatotype school
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criminological perspective that relates body build to behavioral tendencies, temperament, siceptibility to disease, and life expectancy endomorph-fat mesomorph-fit ectomorph-skinny
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classical school
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people have free will, choose to commit crimes for reasons, crimes can be controlled by criminal sanctions
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trephination
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holes in heads
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biological determinism
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criminal anthropology, scientific study of relationship b/w human physical characteristics and criminality
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psychological determinism
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psychological determinants of criminal behavior
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sociological determinism
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social determinants of criminal behavior
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cesare lombroso
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slide born criminal
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cesare beccaria
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slide father of criminology
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jeremy bentham
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slide utilitarianism
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charles goring
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slide offered major challenge to lombrosian theory
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dugdale research
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jukes family, argued that they were transmitting a degenerate trait to the next generation
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emile durkheim
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slide crime as a normal part of society creates social solidarity creates social change
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attachment
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bond between parent and child or between individuals and their family friends and school
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id/ego/super ego
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consists of powerful urges and drives for gratification and satisfaction the executive of the personality acting as moderator between the super ego and id acts as moral code of conscience
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behavioral modeling
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learning how to behave by fashioning behavior after that of others
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xyy syndrome and crime
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two chromosomes from father, discounted the relationship between extra y and criminality
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adoption studies results
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1. The highest predictability for future criminals found for adopted youth who had both biological parents and adoptive parents who were criminal. 2. Adoptees who had only biological parents who were criminals had much higher likelihood of becoming criminal compared with youths who only had adoptive parents who were criminal.
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psychoanalyic theory
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possible causes for criminality a conscience so overbearing that it arouses feelings of guilt conscience so weak that cannot control the individuals impulses the need for immediate gratification
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conditioning
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process of developing a behavior pattern through a series of repeated experiences
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differential association reinforcement
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the persistence of criminal behavior depends on whether or not it is rewarded or punished
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social learning theory
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maintains that delinquent behavior is learned through the same psychological processes as any other behavior
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psychopathy
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person who seems psychologically normal but in reality has no sense of responsibility, shows disregard for truth, is insincere, and feels no sense of shame, guilt and or humiliation lack or warmth, inability to learn from experiences, absence of guilt
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IQ debate
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look in book
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supermale
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xyy supermale tall, acne, less than average intelligence
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biochemical factors and crime
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food allergies, diet, hypoglycemia, hormones twinkie defense, pms syndrome
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biocriminology
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study of physical aspects of psychological disorders
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food allergies and crime
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allergies leading to behavioral disorders
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hypoglycemia and crime
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blood sugar falls below acceptable range leads to behavioral disorders
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hormones and crime
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hormones effecting behavior
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observational learning
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learning violence and aggression through behavior modeling
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extroversion
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sensation seeking dominant, and assertive
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mental disorders and crime
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mentally ill people causing crime because of it
