question

In England, when groups of families agreed to uphold the law, keep order, and bring violators to a court, this was called the

answer

frankpledge

question

In England, what group of people developed a system whereby people within each community were chosen to apprehend criminals?

answer

Parish-Constable watch system

question

In London, police commissioners named after Sir Robert Peel were called

answer

bobbies

question

Which historical era involved close ties between the police and local leaders of government?

answer

The Political Era

question

The historical period of policing known as the political era occurred between

answer

1840-1920

question

The political era of policing was characterized by

answer

urban riots

question

Which historical era was influenced by the Progressives?

answer

The Professional Era

question

Which of the following is NOT an element of the model of professional policing?

answer

the police force should not be actively involved in politics

question

Which of the following was a leading advocate of professionalism within the police force?

answer

O.W. Wilson

question

The community-based model of policing occurred between

answer

1970-present

question

In their article entitled "Broken Windows: The Police and Neighborhood Safety," James Q. Wilson and George Kelling argued that police should work more on

answer

the little problems such as maintaining order

question

When police arrest subway fare beaters, loiterers, and panhandlers, they are focusing on

answer

quality-of-life crimes

question

Throughout the United States, police are characterized by

answer

fragmentation and a local orientation

question

The Federal Bureau of Investigation came to prominence under leadership of

answer

J. Edgar Hoover

question

All but which of the following areas is a priority of the FBI?

answer

Lesser value blue collar crime

question

A police function that is a broad mandate to prevent behavior that disturbs the peace or involves face-to-face conflict is called

answer

order maintenance

question

If police officers provide first aid, rescue animals, or help the homeless, this is an example of which police function?

answer

service

question

According to public opinion polls, which function is most important in the minds of citizens?

answer

law enforcement

question

Which of the following is TRUE concerning police policy?

answer

decisions about how police resources will be used affect who gets arrested

question

Which of James Q. Wilson's styles of policing is marked by professionalism and emphasis on law enforcement?

answer

legalistic

question

What is the highest level person or organization that has a say over how police apply the law?

answer

the officer on the scene

question

Except when official action is mandated by law, which of the following is TRUE about the use of discretion by a police officer?

answer

the closer the relationship between the alleged criminal and the victim, the more variable the use of discretion

question

Studies of police practices regarding domestic violence that occurred before the women's movement found that

answer

police were less likely to intervene when wives were victimized by their husbands

question

A strategy for addressing domestic violence that is supported by some research is

answer

make arrests in all cases

question

Highly publicized cases of women receiving injuries in the presence of police showed that

answer

police officers may face lawsuits if they do not assist a victim of domestic violence

question

Which of the following best describes the relationship of police to minorities?

answer

difficult

question

Which of the following constitute "special populations"?

answer

all of these

question

Which of the following racial group(s) views the police as treating racial groups fairly?

answer

whites

question

The recognition that the control of crime cannot rest solely with the police illustrates the idea of

answer

community crime prevention

question

Which of the following statements is not a valid factor to consider if one wants to become a police officer?

answer

pay scales are high

question

Which of the following must recruits pass to become a police officer?

answer

all of these

question

Which of the following is true regarding the changing profile of a police officer?

answer

the percentage of women had doubled since the 1970s but females still only comprise about 12%

question

Which of the following is TRUE of women in the police force?

answer

women remain a minority in most police departments facing a variety of challenges

question

The process in which members learn the symbols, beliefs, and values of a group is called

answer

socialization

question

When a group shares symbols, beliefs, and attitudes, this is referred to as

answer

a subculture

question

On average, how many types of difficult situations are patrol officers expected to handle per week?

answer

a multitude

question

A set of emotional and behavioral characteristics developed by members of an occupational group in response to a work situation and environmental influences is called the

answer

working personality

question

Which of the following is NOT a key issue in understanding the police subculture?

answer

acceptance of independent actions by other officers

question

Which two elements of police work define the working personality?

answer

danger and authority

question

During most day to day encounters with police officers, most citizens respond most positively to which officer characteristic?

answer

the officers' demeanor

question

Most police work is reactive, which means police

answer

respond to citizen calls for service

question

Which of the following is an example of a proactive strategy to combat crime?

answer

Using a stakeout in victimless crimes

question

When calls for service are the main instigators of police action, this is called

answer

incident-driven policing

question

Which of the following is a consequence of the policy of differential response?

answer

the saving of police resources

question

A system that assigns priorities to various calls for service is called

answer

differential response

question

The percentage of crimes that police believe they have solved through an arrest is called

answer

clearance rate

question

Which is the best reflection of measuring a positive police productivity?

answer

the clearance rate and crime rate do not give an accurate picture

question

Which of the following is an operational unit in a police department?

answer

all of these

question

The extent to which departments create specialized units depends on

answer

the size of the city and the police force

question

Which type of police officers account for two-thirds of all sworn officers?

answer

patrol

question

Police functions that directly involve field operations such as patrol and investigation are called

answer

line functions

question

Preventive patrol emphasizes

answer

making police presence known

question

Which police unit identifies, apprehends, and collects evidence against law breakers?

answer

investigation

question

According to your text, research conducted on large police departments found that a key factor in solving crimes was

answer

identification of the perpetrator by the victim or witnesses

question

Traffic regulation is a ___ job of the police.

answer

major

question

Which of the following is a vice offense?

answer

prostitution

question

One important component of community policing is

answer

problem solving

question

Which of the following programs attempts to control crime through the collection of crime statistics and meetings to enforce accountability?

answer

Compstat

question

A brief interference with a person's freedom of movement with a duration that can be measured in minutes is called a(n)

answer

stop

question

A significant deprivation of liberty because a person is taken into police custody, transported to the police station or jail, and processed into the criminal justice system is called a(n)

answer

arrest

question

In what circumstances is the totality of circumstances used?

answer

to determine whether probable cause exists

question

Which doctrine permits officers to notice and use as evidence items that are visible to them when they are in a location that they are permitted to be?

answer

plain view doctrine

question

Which of the following senses can be used to justify a warrantless search?

answer

all of these

question

In what case did the Court decide that the "plain view" doctrine permits officers to notice and use as evidence items that are visible to them when they are in a location that they are permitted to be?

answer

Coolidge v. New Hampshire (1971)

question

The United States Supreme Court developed the "stop and frisk" exception whereby a police officer could pat down a suspicious person without a warrant in the landmark case of

answer

Terry v. Ohio (1968)

question

What is the purpose of allowing searches incident to lawful arrests?

answer

to ensure the safety of officers

question

Which of the following is FALSE concerning search warrants?

answer

police officers do need a search warrant, even if a person waives his/her Fourth Amendment rights

question

According to U.S. v. Drayton (2002), police officers:

answer

are not obligated to notify citizens they have a right to say "no" to a search

question

Which of the following is contained in the Fourth Amendment?

answer

warrant clause

question

The United States Supreme Court established that criminal defendants must be read their rights in

answer

Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

question

Which of the following is contained in the Fifth Amendment?

answer

right to remain silent

question

Which of the following is not part of the Miranda warnings?

answer

the right to a speedy trial

question

Miranda rights are drawn from the

answer

Fifth and Sixth Amendments

question

Which of the following are involved in the Miranda warnings?

answer

all of these

question

The Supreme Court ruled that statements produced after police beat suspects were inadmissible in

answer

Brown v. Mississippi (1936)

question

Which two decisions by the Supreme Court laid the foundation for Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

answer

Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) and Massiah v. U.S. (1964)

question

When an urgent situation of significant social importance outweighs the necessity of respecting individuals' rights, this is referred to as the

answer

public safety exception

question

Who wrote the Supreme Court's opinion in Miranda v. Arizona (1966)?

answer

Earl Warren

question

The Supreme Court recently repeated its endorsement of the Miranda requirement in

answer

Dickerson v. U.S. (2000)

question

The United States Supreme Court applied the Fourth Amendment to the states in

answer

Wolf v. Colorado (1949)

question

In the 1980s, which of the following statements is true concerning the United States Supreme Court's treatment of the exclusionary rule?

answer

the Court created exceptions to limit the applicability of the rule

question

Which chief justice of the United States Supreme Court began to create exceptions to the exclusionary rule?

answer

Warren Burger

question

Many police actions fall under which Amendment?

answer

the Fourth

question

The Supreme Court created the exclusionary rule in the case of

answer

Weeks v. U.S. (1914)

question

The Supreme Court created the inevitable discovery exception to the exclusionary rule in the case of

answer

Nix v. Williams (1980)

question

The United States Supreme Court created the good faith exception in the case of

answer

U.S. v. Leon (1984)

question

Which of the following does not allow the use of the exclusionary rule?

answer

grand jury proceedings

question

How did the US Supreme Court rule in the recent Arizona v. Gant case on searches?

answer

It upheld the ruling of the Arizona Supreme Court that the search of Gant's vehicle was an unreasonable search

question

In what case did the United States Supreme Court concluded that a suspect being questioned cannot assert his right to remain silent by remaining silent in the face of continued questioning by the officer?

answer

Berghuis v. Thompson

question

Based on the ruling set forth in Berghuis v. Thompson, what must a suspect do to end questioning?

answer

Immediately state he is asserting his right to remain silent to end questioning

question

England has no national police force.

answer

True

question

The United States has no national police force.

answer

True

question

The roots of American policing lie in the French legal tradition.

answer

False

question

United States marshals were the officials who tried to being law and order to the western territories after the Civil War.

answer

True

question

The professional model of police argues that officers should use technology.

answer

True

question

During the professional policing era, the Progressives were mainly upper-middle class educated Americans.

answer

True

question

The political policing era relied heavily on patronage.

answer

True

question

Increasing the number of patrol officers does not have much effect on the crime rate.

answer

True

question

The community policing model argues that it is easy to improve the percentage of crimes solved.

answer

False

question

Advocates of the community policing approach believe in focusing only on the most serious crimes.

answer

False

question

Federal law enforcement agencies in the United States are part of the legislative branch.

answer

False

question

After September 11, 2001, the FBI changed its priorities include protecting the United States from terrorist attack.

answer

True

question

Since September 11, 2001, United States law enforcement has decreased its presence in foreign countries.

answer

False

question

Native American tribes are separate, sovereign nations with a significant degree of legal autonomy within the United States.

answer

True

question

The police system of the national government of France is more centralized than its counterpart in the United States.

answer

True

question

Laws regulating disorderly conduct deal with clear-cut situations.

answer

False

question

When a crime is committed, delays can give the criminal an advantage in escaping capture by the police.

answer

True

question

Public support for police budgets is greatest when police departments stress the service function.

answer

False

question

The police can enforce every law and catch every lawbreaker if they have the resources.

answer

False

question

The watchman style of policing stresses order maintenance.

answer

True

question

Police officers have considerable discretion.

answer

True

question

Before the 1970s, police departments treated domestic violence as a serious criminal matter.

answer

False

question

The most likely victims of domestic violence are younger women from low-income families.

answer

True

question

Abusive husbands who are arrested and briefly jailed are more likely to commit acts of domestic violence again.

answer

False

question

Police policy regarding domestic violence has changed as a result of lawsuits filed against police departments by injured women.

answer

True

question

Police use of discretion rarely affects the outcome of a case.

answer

False

question

Today, police officers have more formal education than their predecessors

answer

True

question

Today, about 1 in 5 officers is a racial or ethnic minority group member.

answer

True

question

Even today, research indicates that women may be more subject to sexual harassment as police officers than their male counterparts.

answer

True

question

The police officer's job does not demand skills in dealing with people.

answer

False

question

Police officers only need formal training to understand the aspects of their job.

answer

False

question

Police officers are expected to obey rules and respect superiors.

answer

True

question

The nature of police work can make officers very suspicious of citizens whom they encounter.

answer

True

question

Police rarely perceive the public as hostile.

answer

False

question

An occupational environment affects the way a person interprets reality.

answer

True

question

Police officers rarely feel isolated from the public.

answer

False

question

Police departments have not responded adequately in addressing the issue of stress.

answer

True

question

Most police agencies have a military-style organization and hierarchy.

answer

True

question

Police are mainly reactive because they are dependent on citizen calls for service in performing their duties.

answer

True

question

New communications technology within police departments has tended to fragment decision making.

answer

False

question

Quantifying police work is relatively easy.

answer

False

question

Every department has the same number of vice and juvenile units.

answer

False

question

The presence of patrol officer in a community can be a major factor in reducing crime.

answer

True

question

All police departments have equipment to perform DNA analysis.

answer

False

question

Police help maintain order by enforcing traffic laws.

answer

True

question

Most police patrol units have two officers.

answer

False

question

The community policing philosophy does not include community residents in decision making.

answer

False

question

Collective efficacy is related to criminal behavior in neighborhoods.

answer

True

question

Problem-oriented policing tries to find the underlying causes of crime.

answer

True

question

Forensic analysis of hair, semen, and blood can only be used to determine guilt--these findings cannot be used to establish the innocence of incarcerated people.

answer

False

question

Many citizens perceive that much of police misconduct may be hidden from public view.

answer

True

question

Police can never use deadly force.

answer

False

question

Police have not developed new weapons in over fifty years.

answer

False

question

Young African-American men are the most likely people to be killed by the police.

answer

True

question

The "rotten apple" theory explains nearly all police corruption.

answer

True

question

The job of controlling police misbehavior is often left to the internal control of the police department.

answer

True

question

The techniques used to control police are adequate to prevent misconduct from occurring again.

answer

False

question

Internal affairs maintains a formal process for citizens to file complaints.

answer

False

question

According to your text, internal affairs is a stressful job.

answer

True

question

Deadly force was used in the Edward Garner case.

answer

True

question

American citizens have always had the right to sue police departments for misconduct.

answer

False

question

New technology in policing is always reliable.

answer

False

question

Polygraph tests are admissible in a court of law.

answer

False

question

All 50 states are members of MATRIX, the Multistate Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange.

answer

False

question

Surveillance measures risk of violating civil liberties of citizens.

answer

True

question

Police need to develop new technologies in weaponry because officers have been sued for injuring or killing suspects.

answer

True

question

Less-lethal weapons may cause officers to act too quickly when an incident might be handled without force.

answer

True

question

Every act of terrorism on American soil has been committed by foreign citizens.

answer

False

question

Local police departments are not trained in homeland security issues.

answer

False

question

Funding for homeland security issues has generally come from money supporting community policing.

answer

True

question

A key element of community policing is the use of an Incident Command System.

answer

False

question

The USA Patriot Act has made it more difficult to collect evidence against suspected terrorists.

answer

False

question

The rise of private agencies is not related to the increase in crime.

answer

False

question

The rise in private agencies is related to the fear of crime.

answer

True

question

Private firms are not allowed to hire public police officers.

answer

False

question

Police officers can conduct a warrant search without probable cause.

answer

False

question

The Fourth Amendment contains the unreasonable search and seizure clause.

answer

True

question

Police officers cannot stop and frisk suspects even if they have reasonable suspicion.

answer

False

question

The Fourth Amendment requires that probable cause be established before a warrant is provided.

answer

True

question

Police officers can rely on a variety of senses to justify a warrantless search.

answer

True

question

Police cannot rely on smell as a sense in conducting a warrantless search.

answer

False

question

The totality of circumstances test is used to determine if sufficient evidence exists for a search warrant.

answer

True

question

Police officers need to obtain a warrant before searching the trunk of a car.

answer

False

question

If a person is growing marijuana in plain sight, a police officer does not need a warrant to search and seize the evidence.

answer

True

question

In a pat-down by an officer, items that are identifiable by touch cannot be seized as evidence.

answer

False

question

Consent searches are unconstitutional under the Fourth Amendment.

answer

False

question

Police officers must provide Miranda warnings if they approach someone on the street and begin questioning.

answer

False

question

Miranda warnings have had serious implications for law enforcement and the techniques used for interrogation.

answer

True

question

Miranda warnings must be read to a suspect when he/she is taken into custody.

answer

True

question

Police rarely use deception when interrogating a suspect.

answer

False

question

Miranda warnings involve the right to counsel and the right to remain silent.

answer

True

question

Miranda warnings were established by the Supreme Court in Weeks v. U.S. (1914)

answer

False

question

The Fourth Amendment means nothing without the exclusionary rule.

answer

True

question

Miranda warnings must be issued in written form and signed or initialed by the suspect.

answer

False

question

Chief Justice Earl Warren established a strict code of conduct for police officers in the way that police handled criminal defendants.

answer

True

question

In Nix v. Williams (1984), the United States Supreme Court established the inevitable discovery exception to the exclusionary rule.

answer

True

question

In the 1980s, the United States Supreme Court under Chief Justice Rehnquist expanded the exclusionary rule to increase the legal protection for criminal defendants.

answer

False

question

If a police officer is acting in food faith, then he/she nay use evidence obtained through the use of a defective search warrant.

answer

True

question

Even if a police officer is acting in the interests of public safety, he/she must obtain a warrant before searching an area.

answer

False

question

The Warren Court established that the exclusionary rule applied to the states.

answer

True

Criminal Justice Owens Exam 2 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards