Test Answers on Criminal Justice Conclusion – Flashcards

Criminal behavior is best defined as:
a) antisocial behavior.
b) deviant behavior
behavior.
c) an intentional act in violation of a criminal code.
d) behavior that impedes the criminal process.
e) forbidden behavior

Psychological criminology focuses on how individual criminal behavior is:
a) acquired
b) evoked.
c) maintained.
d) a and c only.
e) all of the above.

The narrow range of offenses that do not require criminal intent are called:
a) non-index crimes.
b) unintentional offenses.
c) Part II crimes.
d) status offenses.
e) strict liability offenses.

Which of the following is least consistent with the developmental approach in the study of crime?
a) Searching for factors that place a child at risk of engaging in serious delinquency
b) Identifying the age of onset of antisocial behavior
c) Searching for protective factors in a child’s life
d) Obtaining a child’s IQ score as he or she enters adolescence
e) Examining a child’s pre-school experiences.

5. According to the author, our inability to prevent crime is largely due to: a) a declining interest in the field of criminology.
b) the difficulty in defining the term “crime”.
c) the complexity of the issues
d) the paucity of experts studying crime.
e) the lack of funding available for research.

6. The belief that most people deserve the misfortune that happens to them is known as the:
a) fairness doctrine.
b) equal justice doctrine.
c) rationalizing attitudes.
d) just-world hypothesis.
e) self-fulfilling prophecy.

7. Which one of the following would psychological criminology be most concerned with?
a) Demographic features of offenders who participate in burglary.
b) How violent individuals learn their aggressive behavior.
c) The gender of murder victims.
d) The time of day when burglary most often occurs.
e) The unequal power distribution between various members of society.

8. Serious criminal offenders often present with cognitions.
a) contracted
b) distorted
c) dominant
d) erotic
e) subversive

9. _____ is to positivist theory as _____ is to classical theory. a) Determinism; free will
b) Jurisprudence; behavior
c) Cognition; biology
d) Biology; environment
e) Predictability; prevention

10. The _____ perspective on crime is closely linked with the humanistic perspective.
a) conformity
b) strain
c) social learning
d) social control
e) nonconformist

11. The basic premise of strain theory is that crime occurs when:
a) there is a discrepancy between the materialistic values and goals cherished in our society and the availability of legitimate means for reaching these goals.
b) a society’s values are too materialistic.
c) there is not enough value placed on doing the “right thing.”
d) the economically and socially disadvantaged give up on the American dream.
e) one’s level of stress far outweighs one’s coping mechanisms.

12. Social control theory is an example of:
a) the conformity perspective.
b) the confirmation perspective.
c) Merton’s strain perspective.
d) the nonconformist perspective.
e) the learning perspective.

13. Which one of the following would not be a primary concern of sociological criminology?
a) Personality characteristics of rapists
b) Age characteristics of murderers
c) Gender of victims of aggravated assault
d) Relationship of victim to offender
e) The victim characteristics of hate crimes.

14. The psychodynamic approach explains behavior in terms of:
a) motives and drives.
b) personality traits.
c) free will.
d) logic.
e) heredity and family history.

15. Social control theorists contend that crime occurs when:
a) an individual’s ties to the conventional order are weak.
b) an individual’s ties to normative standards are nonexistent.
c) an individual behaves indiscriminately.
d) both a and b.
e) all of the above.

16. Which of the following offenses is not considered a violent crime, according to the UCR?
a) forcible rape
b) arson
c) nonnegligent manslaughter
d) robbery
e) aggravated assault

17. Three disciplines that have traditionally dominated the study of crime are:
a) sociology, psychology and psychiatry.
b) psychology, sociology and anthropology.
c) psychology, anthropology and economics.
d) psychology, anthropology and medicine.
e) medicine, psychology and criminal justice.

18. Sigmund Freud is most associated with which one of the following fields?
a) Traditional psychiatric criminology
b) Sociological criminology
c) Psychological criminology
d) Contemporary psychiatric criminology
e) Molecular criminology

19. Psychological criminology recently shifted its focus to a more _____ and _____ approach to the study of criminal behavior.
a) forensic; scientific
b) trait-focused; instrumental
c) personality; biological
d) cognitive; developmental
e) sociological; psychiatric

20. The difference-in-kind perspective argues that humans are distinctly different from animals in which of the following ways?
a) Spiritually
b) Mentally
c) Psychologically d) a and c
e) All of the above

21. Illegal behavior that only juveniles can commit such as incorrigibility, running away, and truancy are called:
a) offenses against the public order.
b) Part I crimes.
c) status offenses.
d) age-related crimes.
e) juvenile violations.

22. Official crime statistics, such as those produced by the FBI
a) normally overestimate the true incidence of crime.
b) have been found to be highly accurate.
c) report approximately the same amount of crime as victimization surveys.
d) normally underestimate the true incidence of crime.
e) overestimate the number of sexual offenses.

23. Compared with the UCR, the NIBRS:
a) provides information on international crime.
b) is older.
c) provides more detailed information about a criminal event.
d) includes conviction data as well as arrest data.
e) is more reliable.

24. Criminal homicide, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault are all examples of what kind of crime, according to the FBI?
a) Victimization crimes
b) Part I crimes
c) Part II crimes
d) Masculine crimes
e) Heinous crimes

25. Which piece of data is not found in the Uniform Crime Reports?
a) Crime rates
b) Arrests for Part II crimes
c) Clearance rates
d) Conviction rates
e) Homicide rate

26. Self-report studies of criminal behavior:
a) usually have been found to be more accurate with female subjects.
b) are typically inaccurate in most areas studied.
c) usually attempt to measure only prior involvement in felonies.
d) suggest that crime is committed by all socioeconomic classes.
e) are

27. The Hate Crime Statistics Act was passed in:
a) 1975 b) 1983 c) 1990 d) 2001 e) 2007

28. Which of the following is not a method of measuring crime?
a) UCR
b) self-report studies
c) PCL-R
d) National Victimization Studies
e) Supplementary homicide report

29. When one person is arrested for a crime, charged with the offense and remanded to the court for prosecution, the offense is considered to be:
a) stipulated as detected.
b) cleared by arrest.
c) adjudicated.
d) mandated in hierarchy.
e) remanded by exceptional means.

30. ADAM, Monitoring the Future, and NHSDA are all examples of surveys that collect data on:
a) drug use.
b) hate crime.
c) sex offending.
d) status offenses.
e) juvenile violent crime.

1. This text is based on the premise that there is an all-encompassing psychological explanation for crime.

2. Free will is the hallmark of classical theory.

3. Forcible rape is a redundant term.

4. Criminology is the psychological study of crime.

5. The most cited source of U.S. crime statistics is the Uniform Crime Reporting Program.

6. The great majority of crime in the United States and other countries is neither serious nor violent.

7. In general, individuals sentenced to prison accurately represent the “true” criminal population.

8. Most antisocial behaviors go undetected by law enforcement.

9. According to crime experts, the dark figure represents the most violent crimes.

10. The text primarily focuses on mentally disordered offenders.