question

due process

answer

ensuring that citizens are protected from abusive power by the government

question

criminal justice system

answer

the enforcement of laws by the police, the courts, and correctional institutions

question

crime control model

answer

view a criminal justice system that fights crime and protects potential victims

question

civil rights act of 1964

answer

act made it illegal for businesses, motels, restaurants, and public transportation providers to deny citizens services based upon their race

question

the prosecutor

answer

has the authority to decide what charges will be filed at the time of arraigment

question

arraigment

answer

criminal justice process is the defendant asked to enter a formal plea of either guilty or not guilty to the charges

question

grand jury

answer

panel of citizens hears evidence from a prosecutor to determine if a defendant should be brought to trial

question

enforce specific roles, investigate specific crimes, search people, vicinities and buildings, arrest or detain people

answer

roles of the police

question

roper v. simmons

answer

landmark case which abolished capital punishment for juveniles

question

adjudication

answer

the guilt of the defendant is determined through trail, plea bargaining, or dismissal of charges is done

question

Salem witch trails

answer

evidence to that the american colonists believed in evil spirits, supernatural explanations, and used the judicial process to rid the colonies of so-called satanic influences

question

theories

answer

an attempt to define and explain factors that predict behavior under certain conditions

question

classical theories

answer

theories that share the assumption of free will and rational choice

question

cesare lombroso's theory

answer

theory of the "criminal man" was the first important positivist theory to emerge

question

early biological theories

answer

emphasized that a person's criminal nature was inherited characteristics

question

shaw and mckay

answer

chicago experienced unemployment problems, poor schools and substandard housing during the early part of the 20th century, hence criminal behavior could be expected in these zones

question

edwin sutherland

answer

the differential association theory believes that criminal behavior is learned through association with peer group that engages in criminal behavior

question

reaction formation

answer

lower class youth who rejected middle-class values that they cannot achieve and create their own counterculture

question

labeling theory

answer

concept of protecting the identity of juveniles charged with delinquency is rooted from which theory of criminology

question

biology, psychology, sociology

answer

variables to criminologists think influence criminal behavior

question

international association of police

answer

first published national crime report was published by

question

rape, murder, burglary

answer

these are considered a part 1 offense

question

fbi

answer

agency is responsible for compiling the data for the ucr

question

unreported crime

answer

dark figure of crime statistics

question

bureau of justice statistics

answer

method of gathering data promotes itself as "the united states" primary source for criminal justice statistics

question

12-24

answer

age group that has the highest rate of victimization

question

victimology

answer

study of victims and their patterns of victimization

question

lifestyle theory

answer

theory explains personal victimization as an outgrowth of a victim's high-risk behavior patterns and association

question

victims's rights movement

answer

movement grew out of the dissatisfaction of victims with the passive role, neglect, and minimization of harm they suffer

question

3.5 seconds

answer

is a property crime that occurs according to the 2010 crime clock statistics

question

mal prohibita

answer

parking violation or underage drinking

question

ex post facto laws

answer

limit of the law protects a person from being punished for an action committed before such a law existed

question

void for vagueness

answer

law must provide clear and specific language to define a prohibited behavior, if they do not, they may be considered

question

victim of the crime

answer

model penal code classifies crime

question

scheme

answer

not a category of inchoate offenses

question

attempt

answer

incomplete criminal act that is the closest act to completion of a crime

question

it could be a defense in certain sporting events that might result in an opponent's death

answer

following statements is accurate in regard to the consent defense

question

entrapment

answer

mr. smith claims an undercover police officer supplied him with a gun and drove him to a bank encouraging him to rob it

question

self-defense

answer

mrs. johnson shot and killed a man who was trying to break into her house. the legal basis for her defending herself from a home invasion

question

manslaughter

answer

charges would most likely surround a vehicular homicide as a result of drunk driving

question

public prayer

answer

was not a focus of the westminster watch act of 1774

question

jurisdiction

answer

geographic limitations of responsibility for a municipal police department

question

plessy v. ferguson

answer

"separate but equal" doctrine was established when the u.s. supreme court ruled

question

90%

answer

percentage of municipal police departments employ fewer than 50 officers

question

sheriff's office

answer

the oldest policing authority in the united states

question

providing security at airports

answer

not a major responsibility for a sheriff's department

question

municipal police

answer

an enforcement agency is the most local and visible with over 12,000 departments

question

investigating counterfeiting and currency ciolation

answer

the initial responsibility for the u.s secret service

question

taxing laws

answer

the earliest duties of the bureau of alcohol, tobacco, and firearms were related to the need to enforce

question

central intelligence agency

answer

federal agency that can only perform administrative operation and not law enforcement operations on american soil

question

exclusionary rule

answer

evidence that is illegally collected in a criminal case will be declared inadmissible

question

rules of evidence

answer

rule stipulates the requirements for introducing evidence and defines the qualification of an expert witness and the nature of the testimony he or she may give

question

extented the exclusionary rule to evidence obtained indirectly

answer

the fruit of the poisoned tree doctrine

question

fourth amendment

answer

amendment that requires that evidence must be obtained by police with the use of a valid search warrant issued by a judge or searches may be based on probable cause

question

harris v. united states

answer

federal case ruled that evidence in the plain view of a police officer is admissible in criminal court

question

illinois v. caballes

answer

united states supreme court case extended the powers of the police to search vehicles for drugs with a trained dog without the need for any particular reason to suspect a narcotics violation

question

wolf v. colorado

answer

u.s. supreme court case required states to enact procedure to protect citizens from abusive searches

question

4th amendment

answer

right to be secure from unreasonable searches by police is found under the amendment in the bill of rights

question

plain-view search

answer

a police officer can gather evidence without a warrant when it is clearly visible

question

terry v. ohio

answer

pat-down search was established

question

the pat-down allows officers to reach deep into the pant pockets of a suspect to look for drugs

answer

statement is inaccurate regarding the pat-down search

question

public safety exception

answer

the right of the police to search without probable cause when failure to do so threatens the public

question

civil trials, criminal trials, administrative trials

answer

federal court system is responsible for the enforcement of federal codes

question

11th amendment

answer

amendment to the constitution restricted the jurisdiction of the federal courts by declaring that a private citizen from one state cannot sue the government of another state in federal court

question

tort

answer

a private wrong that causes a harm to another

question

u.s. magistrates court

answer

federal lower court whose powers are limited to trying lesser misdemeanors, setting bail, and assisting district courts in various legal matters

question

u.s. district court

answer

trial courts of the federal system

question

circuit court

answer

court that holds sessions in various locations within its jurisdiction

question

landmark cases

answer

u.s. supreme court cases that determine how the constitution is to be interpreted

question

brief

answer

a concise statement of the substantial issue that needs to be decided in a case

question

certiorari power

answer

power of the supreme court to choose what cases it will hear

question

remanded

answer

the decision of a court is reversed by a higher court and the case is returned to the court of original jurisdiction with instructions to correct the judicial error

question

double jeopardy

answer

trying someone twice for the same offense

question

5th amendment

answer

amendment to the constitution prohibits trying someone twice for the same crime

question

state courts of general jurisdiction

answer

most felony trials are held

question

10%

answer

a bail bondsman's fee is usually this percentage of the set bail

question

signature bond

answer

bond bases release on the defendant's signature with a promise to return for trial

question

cash bond

answer

bond that is released based on the defendant's promise to pay the court an amount similar to a cash bail bond if he fails to fulfill a promise to return for trial

question

the court docket

answer

calendar on which court cases are scheduled for trial

question

time between arrest and trial

answer

right to a speedy trial

question

not a set number

answer

the constitution requires this many jurors

question

indigent defense

answer

defense counsel for a defendant who cannot afford a private attorney

question

bodily pain

answer

corporal punishment

question

revenge

answer

is not one of the contemporary philosophies regarding the purpose of punishment

question

incapacitation

answer

the principle that the only way to prevent a criminal from re-offending is to remove them from society

question

banishment

answer

one of the historically oldest forms of punishment that removed an offender from society, with the understanding that if they returned they would be put to death

question

rehabilitation

answer

the premise that a criminal can be "cured" of their criminality and returned to society

question

a civil commitment examination

answer

the insanity defense reform act 1984 requires a defendant in federal court found not guilty by reason of insanity

question

presentence investigation

answer

a convicted offender's background, attitude and circumstances surrounding the offense are summarized for the judge by a probation officer prior to sentencing

question

victim impact statements

answer

comments made by an injured party at an offender's sentencing hearing

question

indeterminate sentencing

answer

sentencing model gives judges nearly complete discretion in sentencing an offender

question

three strikes laws

answer

mandatory sentencing that gives repeat offenders longer prison terms

question

quakers

answer

the Philadelphia society to alleviate the miseries of public prisons

question

Philadelphia

answer

the city where the walnut street jail was built

question

prison farm system

answer

in southern prison systems, the practice of using inmate labor to maintain profit making plantations

question

auburn

answer

early prison system that became a prototype model for future american prisons

question

doubled

answer

since 1983 the jail population in our nation

question

sheriff

answer

usually has the responsibility for operating the county jail

question

convicted felons

answer

offender is typically housed in a state operated prison

question

de-institutionalization

answer

movement of mentally ill offenders from hospitalization to community-based care

question

diversion

answer

defendant that is offered an alternative to criminal trial and a possible prison sentence

question

suspended sentence

answer

anther term used to denote probation

question

probation

answer

conditional release of convicted offender before he or she serve any time in prison

question

john augustus

answer

initiated a process in boston's municipal courtroom, which later became known as probation

question

sentence to be imposed by the judge

answer

is not one of the five parts of the federal pretrial sentencing report

question

1,000$

answer

percentage of adults successfully complete probation

question

65%

answer

percentage of adults successfully complete probation

question

be active in church of the probationer's choosing

answer

not one of the standard conditions for probation

question

technical violation

answer

imprisonment for violating a condition of probation

question

alexander maconochie

answer

is responsible for the mark system, a forerunner of the parole system

question

22%

answer

percentage of parolees who do not successfully complete parole and are returned to prison

question

parole board

answer

responsible for deciding whether an inmate is to receive early release

question

law enforcement officer, social worker, community resource broker

answer

are roles of parole officers

question

community-based corrections

answer

treatment programs designed to support the transition of offenders from prison back into the community

question

quality of life

answer

prisoners who fail to reenter a community as a law-abiding citizen impact the community

question

home confinement and electronic monitoring

answer

is a community-based intermediate sanction

question

split sentencing

answer

a sanction that would place a person in jail for a short time and then bring them back to court to consider a probationary period

question

electronic monitoring

answer

an advancement in home confinement that ensures compliance through electronic means

question

finding gainful employment

answer

is considered the most difficult issue facing an ex-offender upon his or her return to society

question

under the influence of one or more illicit drug

answer

drug use forecasting data indicated that a majority of people at the time of the arrest

question

failing to stem the tide of prisoners returning to jail after release

answer

traditional incarceration, probation and parole

question

more emphasis on offender compliance

answer

intensive probation supervision focuses on smaller case loads

question

a transition program moving from prison back to the community is steps

answer

halfway houses

question

significant community opposition

answer

is what halfway houses typically face

question

stop revolving door syndrome

answer

is what drug courts seek

question

successfully reducing recidivism

answer

in contrast to the traditional adjudication process, drug court programs

question

seven

answer

in colonial america, the age one could be found able to form mens rea

question

the juvenile was mentally ill

answer

is not considered a situation in which the juvenile court would assume authority over a juvenile

question

burglary

answer

is not an example of a status offense

question

kent vs. united states

answer

established criteria for transferring juvenile offenders into adult court

question

breed vs. jones

answer

case that determined that juvenile cannot be tried in both juvenile and adult courts for the same offense

question

mckeiver vs. pennsylvania

answer

case that established that juveniles do not have a constitutional right to a jury trial

question

5th and 6th grade

answer

the DARE program targeted this age group

question

school shooter

answer

bullying has been identified as a common factor

question

juvenile courts

answer

has been a 300% increase the past 10 years in school-based incidents

question

sexually abused at home

answer

what many female youth gang members go through

question

hybrid gangs

answer

new type of youth gang that are school based and less organized in criminal activity

question

death penalty

answer

is the sanction that cannot be given by juvenile court

question

random acts of violence on noncombatants

answer

terrorist tactics

question

al-qaeda

answer

is not a type of domestic terrorism

question

national effort to prevent terrorist attacks

answer

homeland security

question

share intelligence

answer

what the fbi and cia did not do before 9/11

question

improve capacity, communication, and cooperation

answer

the federal government and first responders have taken action

question

merge and analyze terrorist related information

answer

is the mission of terrorist threat integration center

question

joint local-federal counter-terrorism task force

answer

is to counter the threat of terrorist attacks some larger police departments have turned

question

u.s department of treasury, department of agriculture, and department of energy

answer

federal agencies that are part of the department of homeland security

question

no-fly list

answer

is a secret list maintained by dhs that prohibits certain people from flying a commercial airplane

question

state-sponsored terrorism

answer

are countries such as iran, sudan, libya, and north korea

question

searches without delay notification

answer

is what the USA patriot act allows domestic law enforcement agencies to do

question

rendition

answer

is the illegal transportation of a person to a foreign country for the purpose of having officials of that country interrogate the person using torture or practices not permitted in the united states

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