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Social and cultural diversity is a core subject that addresses

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is a core subject that addresses how culture and social justice efforts affect the counseling relationship and the worlds of clients and counselors in general.

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Per CACREP, Social and Cultural Diversity studies

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These studies provide and understanding of the cultural context of relationships, issues, and trends in a multicultural society including: a. multicultural and pluralistic trends, including characteristics and concerns within and among diverse groups nationally and internationally; b. attitudes, beliefs, understandings, and acculturative experiences, including specific experiential learning activities designed to foster students' understanding of self and culturally diverse clients; c. theories of multicultural counseling, identity development, and social justice; d. individual, couple, family, group, and communities strategies for working with and advocating for diverse populations, including multicultural competencies; e. counselors' roles in developing cultural self-awareness, promoting cultural social justice, advocacy and conflict resolution, and other culturally supported behaviors that promote optimal wellness and growth of the human spirit, mind, or body; and f. counselors' role in eliminating biases, prejudices, and processes of intentional and unintentional oppression and discrimination.

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Culture

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refers to the human experience mediated by biological, psychological, historical, and political events.

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A person's culture includes their

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behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and cognitions related to our identities living within the world.

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Culture exists on three levels:

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Universal, group, individual. Culture organizes how groups as a whole, individuals within a particular group, and individuals as a human race behave, think, and feel. Because of this we each have a unique cultural makeup that affects our experiences in counseling and in the world.

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The extent to which a group membership is labeled as "culture" depends on

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how broadly individuals define culture. A broad definition might include variable such as race, gender, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, educational status, language, and geographical origin. A more narrow definition might label culture as race and gender only.

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cultural encapsulation

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oftentimes, the dominant cultural view is regarded in counseling as more important, leading the counselor to evaluate and treat clients from this perspective and disregard individual culture.

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Multicultural counseling

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the integration of cultural identities within the counseling process.

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Cultural identity

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refers to the degree to which individuals identify belonging to subgroups of various cultural groups or categories - that is, how the combinations of the various cultural group memberships for the client and counselor interact to affect the counseling relationship and the process and outcome of counseling.

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Culture's role in mental health was first discussed in the

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1960s and 70s when scholars stated that the cultural identities of clients should be acknowledged because they affect clients' experiences in counseling. In addition, several wrote about the negative ways in which counselors inhibit clients' well-being when not addressing client cultural experiences in counseling sessions

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Names of people in social and cultural chapter

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Gilbert Wrenn William Cross, Jr. Janet Helms ACA approves the multicultural counseling competency standards (1991) Paul Pedersen Patricia Arredondo Manivog Ratts greater empasis on culture in ACA in 2005

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Ramsey(2009) identified several pertinent ethical challenges:

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- Counselors have an ethical obligation to build their knowledge, awareness, and skills to work with culturally diverse clientele -- that is, multicultural counseling competence. - Counselors must be aware of both the strengths and challenges of traditional counseling theories and must familiarize themselves with indigenous healing practices. - Although counselors are charged with practicing only within the bounds of their competence, it is unlikely that counselors will be knowledgeable about every culture. However, it is important for counselors to "stretch the boundaries" of their competence to increase their cultural awareness, knowledge, and skills. - Counselors make client referrals when the setting in which they work fails to provide for the client, and that setting cannot or will not alter its policies and procedure to cater to that client. - Counselors must consider client cultural idioms of distress and cultural bias among practitioners when evaluating client symptomology and providing clinical diagnoses. -Counseling researchers must consider culture throughout the research process, including involving a representative sample, avoiding harm in data collection, and interpreting data in a culturally sensitive manner.

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Sue and colleagues constructed 31 multicultural competencies to introduce counselors to more effective ways to serve clients of color, given the increasing diversity and ethical challenges that counselors face. The standards have been increasingly applied to other cultural identities including gender, spirituality, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status.

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__

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The Tripartite Model of Multicultural Counseling involves three components

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awareness (e.g., self-awareness of values and biases), knowledge (e.g., understands client's worldview), and skills (e.g., intervenes in a culturally appropriate manner).These standards guide counselors to be self-aware, examine their beliefs and attitudes regarding other cultures, understand how various forms of oppression influence counseling, appreciate other cultural norms and value systems, and skillfully employ culturally appropriate assessments and interventions.

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Etic perspective

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refers to viewing clients from universal perspective. This likely means that an individual client's culture is minimized to focus more on basic counseling processes and strategies that apply across individuals.

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Emic perspective

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refers to using counseling approaches that are specific to a client's culture. A counselor using this perspective would more likely use indigenous healing practices and look for alternative explanations of symptoms based on specific cultural expressions

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Approximately what percentage of communication is nonverbal?

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85%

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Nonverbal communication includes:

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High-context communication, Low-context communication, paralaguage, kinesics, chronemics, monochromic time, polychromic time, proxemics

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High-context communication involves

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individuals relying heavily on surrounding; it is assumed that "many things can be left unsaid," and thus nonverbal cues create social harmony.

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Low-context communication refers to

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individuals communicating primarily verbally to express thoughts and feelings.

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paralanguage refers to

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verbal cues other than words including volume, tempo, prolongation of sounds, disfluencies (e.g., utterances such as uh and um), and pitch.

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Kinesics involve

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posture, body movements, and positions. There might include facial expressions, eye contact and gazes, and touch.

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Chronemics is

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how individuals conceptualize and act toward time.

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Monochromic time refers to

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an orientation toward time in a linear fashion (use of schedules, advances planning of activities)

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polychromic time refers to

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the value of time as secondary to relationships among people.

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Proxemics is

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the use of personal physical distance. The four interpersonal distance "zones" include intimate distance, personal distance, social distance, and public distance.

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Considering proxemics, intimate distance is

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0 to 18 inches

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Considering proxemics, personal distance is

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18 inches to 4 feet

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Considering proxemics, social distance is

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4 to 12 feet

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Considering proxemics, public distance is

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12 feet or more

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Acculturation

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the process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of another group.

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Acculturation level is largely determined by

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the number of years a client has been involved in the acculturation process, the client has been involved in the acculturation process, the client's country of origin, and the age at which the client began the acculturation process.

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Paniagua (2005) identified four main models of acculturation with which counselors should be familiar.

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the assimilation model, separation model, integration model ( or biculturalism), and marginalization model.

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assimilation model

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in which highly acculturated individuals identify solely with the new culture and adopt values and customs of the other, more dominant group

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separation model

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in which individuals identify with both their own culture and that of the dominant culture

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integration model (or biculturalism)

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in which individuals identify with both their own culture and that of the dominant culture

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Marginalization models

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in which individuals reject the cultural value and customs of both cultures

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Individual Worldview is

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individuals' conceptualization of their relationship with the world.

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The two different psychological orientations are

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Locus of responsibility and locus of control.

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Locus of responsibility refers to

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what system is accountable for things that happen to individuals. There is internal locus of responsibility (IR) and external locus of responsibility (ER)

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Internal locus of responsibility (IR) refers to

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the idea that success (or failure) is viewed as an individual's own doing and thus the result of individual systems.

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External locus of responsibility (ER) refers to

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the notion that the social environment or external system is responsible for what happens to responsibility.

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Locus of control is

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the degree of control individuals perceive they have over their environment. There is an internal locus of control and an external locus of control.

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Internal locus of control (IC) refers to

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the belief that consequences are dependent on an individual's thought and actions.

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External locus of control (EC) refers to

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the notion that consequences result by chance, outside of an individual's control.

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What are the unique cultural worldviews.

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Human nature, relationship to nature, sense of time, activity and social relationships

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Human nature involves

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the continuum that humans are basically good, bad, or both good and bad.

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Relationship to nature refers to

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how individuals view the power of nature: harmony with nature, power over nature, or power of nature.

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Sense of time related to

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what aspect of time individuals focus upon: past, present, or future.

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Considering the worldview of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961), Activity is

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how self-expression occurs for individuals. These may include being (i.e. present oriented with an internal focus on self), being-in-becoming (i.e., present- and future-oriented goal development to create an integrated self), and doing (i.e.,actively engaged in activities that are deemed important by external standards.)

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Social relationships involve three categories that relate to the degree of hierarchy and group focus within a culture:

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lineal-hierarchial (i.e., traditional cultures with hierarchal positions, typically patriarchal structure), collateral-mutual (i.e., collectivistic focus), and individualistic (i.e., the needs of groups are secondary to those of individuals.)

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Race

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describes how groups of people are thought to be identified by physical characteristic, such as a person's skin color, facial features, hair texture, or eye shape.

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The concept of race is a social and political classification system and historically based on a

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genetic and biological background

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The U.S Bureau of the Census (2008) defines race as

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the group with which a person most closely self-identifies.

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Color blindness

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treating individuals equally by ignoring their racial group, or color of their skin, as a component of their identity.

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Acting "color blind" presents challenges:

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A counselor who operates under this assumption is likely to perpetuate a continuing distrust of White counselors for clients of color, diminish the importance that the client's cultural background has on his or her worldview, and fail to create therapeutic goals that are met with culturally appropriate txs.

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Color consciousness describes

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the process of how Whites, in response to guilt for their role in perpetuating racial discrimination for racial minorities, focus predominantly on racial (or perceived) differences. This can be a form of unintentional racism due to the magnification of one's position as a minority instead of attention to a presenting concern that may not have much to do with race. A positive aspect of this is that this new recognition of cultural differences offers the counselor a platform from which to address the topic in the counseling relationship and to be mindful of the individual.

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Colorism refers to

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the judgment of worth based on how closely an individual's skin color approximates that of Whites.

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Biracial Individual

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refers to those who are biological children of parents from two different racial backgrounds.

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Mulatto is

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one with both White and African lineages

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Mestizo

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characterizes one who is born of Native American and Caucasian parents.

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Eugenics movement

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The study of or belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human race or a human population, by discouraging reproduction by persons considered to have genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits (negative eugenics) or encouraging reproduction by persons presumed to have inheritable desirable traits (positive eugenics)

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Multiracial

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of, pertaining to, or representing more than one race.

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Ethnicity

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refers to a person's identification with a group of people who have a similar social or cultural background. This is flexible, depending on changes in his or her own ethic identity and experiences.

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Ethnic groups often share patterns within their culture that may take the form of:

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A shared language, religious preference, close proximity geographically, traditions, gender, or ancestry. Subsets of a cultural group are common as well.

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Ethnocentrism

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the belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture.This concept carries with it the notion that a group's ethnicity is the "gold standard" by which to judge others. In the counseling field, this concept may appear in the form of the counselor not taking a client's ethnicity into consideration when planning treatment or being prejudicial toward the client.

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Individuals in each SES can have

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another cultural group categorization for a counselor to consider. Individuals in each SES can have a different worldview, conceptions of problems, perceptions of themselves, and needs to be met. In particular, working-class and underclass individuals may exhibit hopelessness or addiction or may have difficulties reaching reaching services to address their physical or mental health needs.

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SES includes factors such as

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income, financial status, educational background, resource availability (e.g., housing, clothing), and job held, and racial and ethic minorities tend to be disproportionately represented in statuses with fewer resources.

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Four classes can be identified in the United States, and each represents a distinct culture:

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Upper-class status, Middle-class status, Working-class status, Underclass status

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Upper-class Status includes

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The wealthy, who have made or inherited large sums of money

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Middle-class status

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Are able to meet immediate needs plus those that arise in the future. Are employed in technical or professional occupations.

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Working-class

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Live paycheck to paycheck, working to get immediate needs and bills met. Often work in service or labor industries and are place under extreme pressure to make ends meet.

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Underclass status

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Generally have an underpaying job or are not employed. Struggle greatly to maintain basic needs, such as food, housing, health care, and even access to transportation. Can be considered to be at the poverty level and also to suffer from great anxiety over how to meet their needs.

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Poverty has two other delineations:

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generational poverty and situational poverty

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Generational poverty

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occurs when poverty has been a factor in numerous generations

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Situational poverty

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occurs when the lack of resources is due to an extenuating circumstance, such as a divorce, unexpected unemployment, or a death.

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Classism

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a form of discrimination founded on a person's social status. It is generally thought to have its origins in the higher classes who would try to discriminate and oppress the lower classes

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Modern classism

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proposes that those of lower statuses may exhibit classism as well.

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Structural classism

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promotes a current status quo or arrangement of classes

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Internalized classism

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the result of a person feeling shame for the class to which they belong and their "place" in society due to SES.

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Sex

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refer to whether a person is biologically a male or a female as determined by hormones, genetics, and physical makeup.

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Gender

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refers to the social categories of masculinity or femininity, with placement heavily guided by culture.

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Sex roles

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similar to the biological basis on which the definition of sex is derived -- tend to focus on a person's physiological functioning (for example this would include her ability to conceive and birth a child.)

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Gender roles

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take into account many factors, which include expectations placed on a person by society about how someone should behave, think, and be treated, and also about what beliefs a person should hold. This is a fluid concept that is different from culture to culture or one period of time to another.

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Transgender refers to

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identity and roles that, to varying degrees, do not conform to cultural norms and expectations associated with one's biological sex.

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Femininity refers to

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attributions that are commonly associated with a woman, such as relational, nurturing, and emotional.

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Masculinity includes

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the features typically affiliated with a male, such as aggression, rationality, competitiveness, and independence.

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Androgyny

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alludes to the meshing of both masculine and feminine properties.

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Sandra Bem (1974) determined that

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androgyny was the most ideal psychologically, a finding disputed by Broverman, Broverman, Clarkson, Rosenkrantz, and Vogel (1970), who concluded that the masculine traits were more desirable and deemed healthier.

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Sandra Bem

answer

gender schema theory

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gender schema theory

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interprets the "why" behind an individual's placement of genders into certain categories.. Proposes that children learn gender roles and behaviors that conform to a society's standards and color their view on what proper gender behavior is expected to be. Those with a preexisting view, or gender schema, will exhibit the stereotypical traits of the gender role in which they fall, and as such, society should remove these notions of a gender template to allow more personal freedom of choice and individuality.

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sexual orientation

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the way people prefer to meet their sexual needs and the object of their sexual attraction

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Four components of sexual identity

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physical identity (biological makeup of an individual), gender identity (belief about one's gender), social sex role identity (sex roles individuals adopt due to culture), and sexual orientation identity(sexual and emotional attraction to individuals of the same and/or opposite sex). Thus, sexual orientation involves gender, although it should also be considered independently.

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Sexual orientation is generally categorized as

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Homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual, questioning/bi-curious

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homosexual

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A person is attracted to and fantasizes about the same sex. Persons with this orientation can be referred to as being "gay" or "lesbian," and they do not prefer to be called "homosexual."

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Heterosexual

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A person known as being "straight," this orientation is the most socially accepted.

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Bisexual

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A person is attracted to and fantasizes about both the opposite and the same sex. A bisexual may encounter discrimination similar to that experienced by the gay community but also may encounter resistance from the gay community.

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Questioning/Bi-curious

answer

This is a relatively new term that refers to an individual who is questioning his or her sexual orientation and/or gender identity. The letter Q is used to represent this concept, although for many young people Q represents queer (i.e., any gender and/or sexual orientation outside the mainstream).

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Affectional orientation

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a recent term suggested by researchers to describe sexual minorities because it broadens discussion beyond simple sexual attraction. Relationships also involve attraction based on intelligence, emotional stability, communication style, and other interpersonal factors and feelings.

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A healthy sexual identity is possessed by those who

answer

are aware of their needs and desires, able to express themselves, and content with their sexual orientation.

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Heterosexism

answer

the discriminatory practice toward those who do not fall within the "mainstream" category of heterosexual. It involves imposing heterosexually based social norms and positively regarding those who abide by such norms. Some of those norms include recognizing marriage among heterosexual couples, allowing legal and financial rights to property, and valuing custody and adoption rights to heterosexuals.

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Homophobia

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unreasoning fear of or antipathy toward homosexuals and homosexuality.

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Internalized homophobia is

answer

the process by which sexual minorities accept heterosexist messages; this can hinder their sexual identity development.

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Homoprejudice

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a term that has recently emerged in research as scholars suggest that prejudice is more the cause of discrimination than an actual phobia per se

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Spirituality

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meaningful experiences that possibly include a relationship with a divine entity, the universe, or nature. Usually, spirituality encompasses a sense of well-being and fulfillment, and it can also be said to be closely tied to a person's soul or the quintessential nature of a person.

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Religion

answer

Not to be confused with spirituality, religion involves the actual ritualized practices that may involve a church or other organization, authority figures, and religious mores.

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Spirituality may be

answer

polytheistic(believing in many gods), monotheistic (believing in one God), or nontheistic (nonbelief in God or gods).

question

several major types of religions

answer

buddhism, christianity, confucianism, hinduism, islam, judaism, taoism, agnosticism, atheism

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Buddhism

answer

goal is increasing of awareness and understanding of life so as to reduce the anxieties of life. This state is called nirvana and is reached by means of meditation. Peacefulness, forbearance, and a belief in karma and reincarnation are further hallmarks of this fath.

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Christianity

answer

Belief in one God who sent his son Jesus Christ to die for the forgiveness of sins for all. Focuses on God's transformative love and the gift of grace to have a personal relationship with God. Forgiveness, mercy, and personal growth are further precepts of this faith.

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Confucianism

answer

focuses on the completion of a person through lifelong educational growth concerning various aspects , including moral and cognitive. persons are expected to conduct themselves harmoniously and humbly. Relationships, family, and tranquility in social transactions are key to Confucianism. The proper mannerisms, traditions, ethics, and regulations, called li, dictate these social interactions.

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Hinduiusm

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A "pantheistic" faith that believes in Brahman being the creator of the Earth and that all things in nature are manifestations of Brahman. Meditation is a key element in this faith, as is karma, or the belief that a person's actions in this life determine his or her destiny in the next life. Karma is the core precept of Hinduism, rather than a core focus on Brahman. Hindus believe in reincarnation and the transcendence of the self.

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Islam

answer

A faith based on the belief in Allah, who is Islam's only god, and whose doctrine was proclaimed by the messenger Muhammed in the holy book of Islam, the Koran. Abraham and the first five books of the Old Testament are also incorporated into this faith. Focus on prayer, sharing wealth, forgiveness, benevolence, religious fasting, and making a spiritual pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca.

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Judaism

answer

With a focus on interacting with others humbly and performing good deeds, religious Jewish clients focus on the Torah, which comprises the first five books of the Bible. Some ascribe to the more mystical Kabbalah, or the "Force of the Creator," which allows that wisdom provides growth and opportunity to focus in the life that follows this earthly one. The focus for most Jews is solidly on actions in this life.

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Taoism

answer

Concentrates on harmony with nature, a peaceful existence with the world, and power from Dao. Taoism has three foci that include the ways of ultimate reality, human life, an the universe. Intense study, it is believed, leads to enlightenment. Taoism also follows the precept that all humans have a moral center.

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Agnosticism

answer

the belief that any ultimate being is unknown or unknowable.

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Atheism

answer

the disbelief in the existence of God.

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Spirituality is correlated with an increase in

answer

health, inner strength, mental well-being, and happiness.

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A critical aspect of many faiths is the existence of

answer

hope

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hope

answer

allows a client to move toward goals and believe that a positive change can be achieved.

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Spiritual bypass is a term that refers to

answer

the avoidance of these problematic issues (psychological, physical, emotional, cognitive, relational, or behavioral levels) by a person "misusing their spiritual beliefs, practices, or experiences rather than address the struggle at the level at which it occurs." Although it may seem helpful in avoiding the pain in the here and now, in the long run spiritual bypass is a maladaptive practice.

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Disability

answer

A mental or physical challenge that greatly limits a person's ability to function in activities of daily living. Examples of this include diminished ability to be independent, take care of oneself, move about freely, breathe, talk, see, hear, or be educated.

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Ableism is

answer

the form of discrimination that afflicts this population, where people believe that one who is disabled is limited in the extent of what they can truly do and underevaluates their abilities.

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The U.S. Gov't has put into place what three laws to protect citizens with disabilities

answer

Rehabilitation act of 1973, American with Disabilities Act of 1990, and Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004.

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Rehabilitation Act of 1973

answer

Prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in federally sponsored or federal programs.

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American with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990

answer

Prohibits discrimination of persons with disabilities in employment, public services, telecommunications, and accommodations.

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Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (IDEA) of 2004.

answer

Provision of nondiscriminatory education process for children with disabilities in the least restrictive environment.

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People-first language

answer

a recent move to undo the harm caused by labeling a person. (e.g. not "disabled person," bur "person with a disability." Handicap is no longer acceptable to use.

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ETIC- Culturally universal

answer

for instance the professor operates from the ETIC perspective. Which means that since the professor believes that good counseling is good counseling and disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and sociopathic behaviors appear in all cultures and societies, that minimal modification in diagnosis and medication is required; and that Western concepts of normality and abnormality are universal and applicable across cultures?

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Multicultural Counseling Therapy

answer

Multicultural Counseling and therapy can be defined as both a helping role and a process that used modalities and defines goals consistent with the life experiences and cultural values of clients; recognize client identity to include individual, group and universal dimensions; advocates the use of universal and culture specific strategies and roles in the healing process; and balances the importance of individualism and collectivism in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of client systems.

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A Culturally Competent Clinician

answer

First off, a Culturally Competent Clinician is one who is actively in the process of becoming aware of his or her own assumptions about human behavior, values, biases, preconceived notions, and personal limitations. Secondly, a culturally competent clinician is in the process of attempting to understand the worldview of their culturally different client. Third, a culturally competent counselor develops and practices appropriate, related, and sensitive intervention methods and skills in working with his or her culturally diverse client. Finally, cultural competence is an active, developmental and ongoing process for counselors who want to become and maintain cultural competence.

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Cultural Competence

answer

Cultural Competence is the ability to engage in actions or create conditions that maximize the optimal development of client and client systems. Multicultural counseling competence is defined as the counselor's acquisition of awareness, knowledge, and skills needed to function effectively in a multiethnic self-governing society (ability to communicate, interact, negotiate, and intervene on behalf of clients from diverse backgrounds), and on an organizational/societal level, advocating effectively to develop new theories, practices, policies, and organizational structures that are more responsive to all groups.

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Scientific Racism

answer

Scientific investigative research literature that is used to support the notion that Blacks/minorities are genetically inferior to Whites.

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Over-identification/Countertransference

answer

Therapist who are overly invested in their client problem/issue and as a result of over-identification practitioner's may lose therapeutic neutrality.

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Marginal

answer

refers to person's inability to form a dual ethnic identification because of bicultural membership.

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Cultural Bound Values

answer

Values that are specific to one's culture.

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Racism

answer

1) a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one's own race is superior and has the right to rule others. 2) a policy, system of government, etc., based upon or fostering such a doctrine, discrimination. 3) hatred or an inability to appreciate diversity/other races.

question

Discrimination

answer

Synonyms: bigotry, favoritism, hatred, inequity, injustice, intolerance, partiality, prejudice, unfairness, wrong.

question

Definition of Discrimination

answer

treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs rather than individual merit.

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Prejudice

answer

1) An unfavorable opinion or feeling formed beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or reason. 3) Unreasonable feelings, opinions, or attitudes, especially of a hostile nature, regarding a racial, religious, or national group.

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Genetically Deficient Model

answer

refers to White social scientists literature used to support the genetic superiority of White and the genetic inferiority of Blacks.

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Culturally Deficient Model

answer

refers to a view held by the dominant groups' social scientist that minorities are culturally disadvantaged, inferior, or deprived

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Culturally Diverse Model

answer

...

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Social Justice Counseling

answer

Is an active philosophy and approach (1) aimed at producing conditions that allow for equal access and opportunity, (2) reducing or eliminating disparities in education, health care, employment, and other areas that lower the quality of life for affected populations, (3)encouraging mental health professionals to consider micro, meso, and macro levels in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of client and client systems; (4) and broadening the role of the helping professional to include not only counselor/therapist but advocate, consultant, psycho-educator, change agent, community worker, and so on.

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Cultural Destructiveness

answer

a) Ethnocentric Destructiveness present b) Programs were there is race-based oppression, e.g., the federal government's relocation or the Tuskegee experiments

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Cultural Incapacity

answer

a) Discriminatory hiring and staffing practices b) Subtle racism and subtle sexism exist e.g., using only "White" models and/ "male" models in agency pamphlets, media publicity and advertising products; building location c) Lower expectations for minority clients and staff, based on unchallenged stereotypical beliefs and attitudes

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Cultural Blindness

answer

a) Agencies that foster a ETIC worldview i.e., all people are the same and helping methods used by the majority culture are universally applicable b) Despite an agency's good intentions, clinical services ignore cultural diversity and demonstrate unintentional racism, e.g., restricts minority access to professional training and supervisory staff positions

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