question

a structure established for the purpose of influencing behavior in order to achieve particular ends is known as a/an:

answer

formal Organization

question

a form of power that stresses the application or threat of physical force is known as:

answer

coercive power

question

a management principle that holds that a supervisor can effectively oversee only a limited number of subordinates is known as:

answer

span of control

question

which of the following is not a formal organization

answer

all of these are formal organizations

question

if a shakedown were to occur in a prison, who would give the directive

answer

the warden

question

the warden's job security rests on his or her ability to

answer

run the institution efficiently

question

Correctional Officers sometimes feel that

answer

all of these

question

According to the author, a majority of correctional officers are

answer

from rural settings

question

the way someone behaves in accordance with and order or directive given by another person is

answer

compliance

question

characteristics of inmate populations of many prisons began to change in the

answer

mid-1960's

question

which of the following is not a union for correctional officers today

answer

American federation of correctional employees

question

according to the authors, unionization of correctional officers has brought

answer

all of these

question

with respect to job turnover among officers, corrections is

answer

high

question

most inmate rule violation are handled by

answer

the line personal

question

a range of punishments are given to inmates for disciplinary reasons when they are unruly. one such punishment is

answer

erasing good time credit

question

the relationship between staff and prisoners which focuses on material goods and written correspondence is one of

answer

exchange

question

what is the primary incentive foe being a corrections officers

answer

the security of a civil service job

question

___ are employees who are directly concerned with furthering the institution's goals and are in direct contact with clients

answer

line personal

question

in a highly authoritarian prison, treatment goals are

answer

less important

question

what category of personnel comprises the majority of an institution's employee's

answer

custodial

question

an institution's main contact with the outside world is

answer

the warden

question

over the past 40 years, federal courts, the 1964 civil rights acts, and the affirmative actions programs have dramatically changed the ___ composition of the correctional officer force

answer

racial and gender

question

___ are central to prisoner control because correctional officers cannot have total control over the inmates

answer

negotiations

question

correctional officers often rely on _____ to gain cooperation

answer

rewards and punishments

question

Behavior that blurs the social distance between prison staff and inmates is known as

answer

boundary violation

question

staff personally usually work under the deputy warden, handling accounting, training, and purchasing

answer

true

question

formal codes of institutional conduct have emerged only in the last 40 years`

answer

true

question

correctional officers have total control over inmates

answer

false

question

line personal are not concerned with furthering the institutional goals of a prison

answer

false

question

well-governed prisons are impossible

answer

true

question

the warden is the chief officer of the institution

answer

true

question

bureaucracies tend to increase the personal and resources used to maintain manage the organization

answer

false

question

prison disorder, including riots, staff-murders, escapes, and inmates homicides, are proportionately more rare today than in the 1970s and 1980s

answer

true

question

over the last 25 years the correctional officer role has changed greatly

answer

true

question

female correctional officers only work with female inmates

answer

false

question

the term psychotherapy refers to the

answer

treatment of the brain

question

a majority of inmates under the correctional authority have a of ____ problem

answer

mental health

question

the doctrine that persons having been convicted of wrongful behavior should not be eligible for social benefits beyond the bare minimum required by law is known as the

answer

principle of least eligibility

question

a process by which inmates can be grouped according to custody requirements and program needs is known as

answer

classification

question

classification may occur at which of the following stages

answer

all of these

question

tool counts, searches, and detailed accounting of materials are all critical to

answer

security

question

____ services frequently take the form of group or individual counseling sessions rather than intensive therapy

answer

psychological programs

question

people's problems decline when the behave more responsibly. this is a core tenet of

answer

reality therapy

question

pell grants are no longer available to prisoners, this program had provided

answer

college loans

question

prisoners education is more available and often times required for which group of offenders

answer

juvenile offenders

question

educational programs in prison do not include

answer

federal funding for post-secondary education

question

classification committees often revert to stereotypes rather than diagnostic criteria in assignment inmates. they often recognize which of the following stereotypes

answer

all of these

question

inmate labor has been sold to private employers

answer

from the first days of prison

question

recent research has indicated that rehabilitation can work if ____ are/is focused upon

answer

all of these

question

the most powerful new studies of correctional rehabilitation programs try to express their effectiveness in which of the following ways

answer

in cost-benefit ratios

question

one key purpose of prison labor is to

answer

all of these

question

prison maintenance jobs constitute an elaborate pecking order of assignments and reveal something about which of the following

answer

all of these

question

recreational programs have two primary purposes. they include socialization and

answer

self-image enhancement

question

according to Quinlan, the most important ingredient in managing a safe & secure institution is

answer

all of these

question

administrators use prison programs as incentives for

answer

good behavior

question

the prison environment affect programing in what way

answer

negatively

question

the general public is often __ to creative programming for inmates

answer

supportive

question

which court case established a right to medical treatment while incarcerated

answer

Estelle vs. Gamble

question

treatment assignments for which prisoners in maximum security facilities are not eligible include

answer

work release

question

the most extraordinary health problem in contemporary corrections often based on mandatory sentencing, determinate sentencing and truth in sentencing is

answer

aging

question

prison administrators use institutional programs to help manage time

answer

true

question

classification is a one time procedure

answer

false

question

prison administrators use their programs as incentives for good behavior

answer

true

question

inmates who participate in educational programs while incarcerated are less likely to return to prison

answer

true

question

as recognized by the author, most states place inmates in lower custody levels than necessary

answer

true

question

a majority of people under correctional authority have a history of mental health problems

answer

true

question

one of five types of prison based programs, the author recognizes that rehabilitation is the most controversial

answer

false

question

men in prison tend to have already graduated high school

answer

false

question

prison programs are any non-formal, non-structured activity that takes prisoners out of their cells and allow them to do something

answer

false

question

the role of programs in prison is static regardless of the prison population and outside influences

answer

false

question

those with a felony conviction are not allowed to vote. this is referred to as

answer

disenfranchisement

question

which president signed the fair sentencing act eliminating the mandatory minimum sentence for simple possession of crack and powder cocaine

answer

President Obama

question

the fact African Americans and Latinos are subjected to the criminal justice system at considerably higher rates than other ethnic and racial groups is

answer

indisputable

question

in terms of culture, the United States is

answer

a mosaic

question

when groups are treated differently without regard to their behavior or qualifications, ___ occurs

answer

discrimination

question

the argument that African Americans are more criminal than whites by nature

answer

is not sustained by evidence

question

many observers believe that the relationship between racism and the criminal justice system is

answer

reciprocal

question

the gap between unemployment rates for African American men and every other group in society grows when

answer

men who are behind bars are included in the unemployment rate

question

_______ adults have committed a serious offense in their lifetime

answer

most

question

the victim's perception of the race of the offender

answer

differs from the race of those arrested

question

a consequence of the view of differential criminality would be that

answer

the view is vulnerable to charges of racism and it would mean the creation of a "criminal class" of people who are dangerous

question

which of the following contribute to high rates or incarcerations of African Americans?

answer

all of these

question

criminal justice officials make a variety of decisions that disadvantage minority males. these include

answer

all of these

question

the problem of disproportionality is ____ if the problem is not racist people but disadvantageous rules and practices

answer

more complicated

question

recent sociological studies have demonstrated that

answer

employers are both hesitant to hire young men who have been to prison and are more likely to do a background check on young African American men

question

the high percentage of young African American men behind bars results in their

answer

all of these

question

prison surpassed college as a place for young African American men after

answer

1980

question

no one can dispute the ___ impact of prison systems growth on young men of color

answer

disparate

question

African Americans make up 40 percent of the prison populations but ____ of all U.S. residents

answer

13 percent

question

referrals to juvenile court for Africans American males occur more than ____ the rate for whites

answer

twice

question

one in three African American men are

answer

under correctional supervision

question

patterns of disproportionate representation in the criminal justice system

answer

start with juveniles

question

whites tend to admit to more ____ crimes than African Americans or Hispanics when completing a self-report survey

answer

drug

question

self-report studies show that ___ have committed a crime

answer

most people

question

some people believe that ____ factors result in large numbers of Hispanics and African Americans being processed by the criminal justice system

answer

sociobiological

question

most Americans associate race and crime

answer

true

question

sentencing for drug crimes contributes to the high incarceration rate of African Americans

answer

true

question

African American youths are more likely to be arrested for all crimes than other race

answer

truth

question

many observers believe the relationship between racism and the criminal justice system is reciprocal

answer

true

question

examination of self-report studies of criminality has often revealed that African American and white youths admit to similar participation in criminal and deviant activity

answer

true

question

there have always been more African American men in prison than in college

answer

true

question

the argument that African Americans are more criminal than whites by nature is not sustained by the evidence

answer

true

question

drug crimes are the only place we see discriminatory incarceration rates

answer

false

question

ethnicity relates to a person's language, religion, and group traditions

answer

true

question

according to the author, race is very controversial to the extent that is has been recognized as having both political and biological implications

answer

true

question

the belief that executions of wrongdoers deters others from committing the crime reflects

answer

a utilitarian belief

question

the belief that one who takes another's life deserves a punishment equal to the victim's fate

answer

a moral argument

question

opponents of the death penalty argue that only ____ has the right to take a life

answer

god

question

the term ___ refers to the belief that one who takes another's life deserves punishment

answer

retribution

question

the term ___ refers to idea that the punishment of execution will deter others from the violent criminal activities

answer

deterrence

question

the term ___ refers to the desire to keep the offender from committing further crimes

answer

incapacitation

question

the case of _____ held that potential jurors who object to the death penalty cannot be automatically excluded from jury service in capitol cases

answer

Witherspoon Vs. Illinois

question

current case laws indicates that capital punishment is legal

answer

as long as it's Imposed fairly

question

in ford vs. wainwright the supreme court ruled that _____ should not be executed

answer

the insane

question

because of the heinous nature of the crime, several states have sought to enact laws permitting the use of the death penalty for adults who ____

answer

raped a child

question

it took approximately how long for Angel Diaz to die by lethal injection in Florida

answer

1 hour

question

according to the Author, until the mid-1700s criminal punishment in Europe and American colonies focused on the offender's body. it also focused on which of the following

answer

all of these

question

executions, in most parts of the country, were carried out in public until the

answer

1830s

question

after 1935 the number of executions began to

answer

decline

question

the number of states without the death penalty has ___ in recent years

answer

decreased

question

since 1976 the number of people facing the death penalty has

answer

increased

question

analyst argue that public opinion for the death penalty is

answer

somewhat confusing

question

in other western democracies the death penalty has been

answer

abolished

question

the latest attempt to impose capital punishment in a way that does not offend modern culture sensibilities is

answer

lethal injection

question

to ensure thorough deliberation before imposing the death sentence, legislatures enacted

answer

two-stage process

question

research shows that the death penalty is more likely to be imposed when

answer

the victim is white

question

in Atkins vs. Virginia the supreme court ruled that

answer

executing the mentally retarded is unconstitutional

question

in which case was it ruled that offenders cannot receive the death sentence if they were under 18 at time of crime

answer

Roper Vs. Simmons

question

consular officials must be notified when

answer

a foreign national is exiled

question

the case of ____ showed that the three-drug lethal injection protocol violates the "cruel and unusual punishment" clause

answer

Baze vs. Rees

question

according to opponents of the capitol punishment, there is no evidence the death penalty deters violent crime

answer

true

question

an offender who presents belated evidence of innocence is entitled to a new hearing in a federal court before execution

answer

false

question

according to opponents of the death penalty, it is applied in a discriminatory fashion

answer

true

question

as of April, 2010, 3,205 men and 62 women are currently awaiting execution

answer

true

question

aggravated and mitigating circumstances are looked at during the sentencing phase of bifurcated trial

answer

true

question

use of the death penalty will continue to be a major source of debate among legislators, scholars, and correctional officials

answer

true

question

lethal injection is fast, easy, and painless

answer

true

question

the case of McCleskey vs. Kemp focused on racial discrimination to Georgia's death penalty law

answer

true

question

the case law since Furman indicates capital punishment is legal as long as it is imposed fairly

answer

true

question

insanity is a recognized defense for commission of a crime because mens rea is not present

answer

true

Corrections final chapters 13-14-19-20-21-22 – Flashcards

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