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parole

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conditional release of inmates by a parole board prior to the expiration of their sentence

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alexander maconochie

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superintendent of the british penal colony on Norfolk Island from 1841 to 1844 who created a system of marks for good behavior and graduate from prison

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mark system

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credits against a sentence that allowed for inmates to be released once they earned the required level of marks through work and good behavior

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ticket of leave

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a form of release used by Maconochie: once prisoners earning required level of marks received a conditional pardon and released back into the community

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Sir walter Crofton

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director of the irish prison system in 1854 which implemented many of the ideas of Maconochies work

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Zebulon Brockway

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leading u.s. penologist who was a proponent of adopting the Irish system.First superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory

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Elmira Reformatory

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first reformatory in the U.S. opened in 1876 and used the principles of the Irish system, indeterminate sentences and parole

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justice model

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the model for sentencing proposed by Fogel that would use flat, determinate sentences, eliminate parole boards, and make all treatment voluntary

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Just dessert model

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model for sentencing proposed by von Hirsch that had fixed sentences for each crime so that the punishment fit the crime

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Discretionary parole

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release of inmates in which the decision to release is made by a parole board

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supervised mandatory release

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type of release in which inmates serve a determinate sentence and are the released, but with a period of supervision to follow

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unconditional mandatory release

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type of release which inmates serve full portion of their sentence and have no supervision after release from prison

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parole guidelines

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similar to sentencing guidelines, these use predictive factors to determine the offenders risk to the community and chance for success. guidelines prescribe presumptive time to serve based on the seriousness of the crime and factors predictive of success for each inmate.

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salient factor score

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point determination for each inmate for use with parole guidelines, the score is based on factors predictive of success on parole

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hearing officer

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officers who are not appointed parole board members yet they hold parole hearings and make recommendations to the parole board regarding inmates' release.

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presumptive parole date

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a date the inmates can expect to be released on parole, even if it is 5 or 10 years later than the hearing

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positive contact

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face to face contact between a parole officer and an offender

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violation

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failure to follow conditions of parole supervision

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Morrissey v. Brewer

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1972 U.S. supreme court decision that once parole is granted, a liberty interest is created and offenders must have certain due process to revoke that liberty

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prisoner reentry

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process of an inmate leaving prison and returning to the community

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racial disparity

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the fact that minorities make up a greater percentage of those under correctional supervision than their makeup in the U.S. population

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drug offenders

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those convicted of crimes regarding the pocession or sale of drugs

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male offenders

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men who are convicted and sentenced; they constitute over 93% of all prison inmates

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general population

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inmates in prison who do not have any specific designation as a special type of offender

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female offenders

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women whoa re convicted and sentenced; just over 7% of prison inmates are female

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parenting programs

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prison programs to assist inmates to improve their parenting skills, even while in prison

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Girl Scouts Behind Bars

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Girl Scout troops that have their chapter based in a prison so inmates with children can participate as Scout parents

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substance abuse programs

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programs for offenders to reduce their likelyhood of further abuse of alcohol or drugs

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Barefield v. Leach

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1974 federal court decision that a disparity of programs for female inmates could not be justified b/c the small # of female inmates made it more costly to provide program parity

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Pargo v. Elliot

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1985 eighth circuit court case that allowed that differences in programs between male and female prisons does not necessarily violate the equal protection clause of the constitution

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status offense

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activity that is considered a crime only because the offender is under 18 yrs old and would not be a crime if committed by an adult; including activities such as running away from home, ungovernability, truancy, or underage drinking

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Refuge period

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1824-1899when delinquents or neglected children were placed in a home for training and discipline

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Juvenile Justice system

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handle juveniles separate from adult offenders, based on the concept of Parens patriace, which was used as the basis for giving the court the authority to take over supervision of children when parents fail to provide care and guidance

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parens patriace

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"parents of the nation" established to allow officials to take charge of delinquent children and place them in poor houses or orphanages to gain control of them; in more modern times, this doctrine was expanded and is basis for juvenile court. emphasis on reform and rehabilitation

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deinstitutionalize

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the move to remove juveniles from correctional institutions and place them in community alternatives

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Superpredator

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term created by Dilalio to describe a generation of violent youths who practiced almost indiscriminant violence on the street

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wavier to adult courts

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because the serious nature of a juvenile offender's crime, statutory exceptions were granted to allow the movement from juvenile to adult courts for criminal processing

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dependent children

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children who, although committing no legal offense, may be without a parent or guardian, possibly b/c the parent is physically or mentally unable to act in that capacity

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neglected children

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children who have a family or guardian but are not receiving proper care or the situation in the home is harmful to them and their upbringing

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delinquent children

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children who have committed an act that would be considered criminal if committed by an adult

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age of original jurisdiction

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upper or oldest age that a juvenile court will have jurisdiction over categories of offenders

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juvenile detention

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temporary care of children in physically restricted facilities pending court disposition or transfer to another jurisdiction or agency

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intake

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determination if a juvenile case should be dismissed, handled informally, or referred to the juvenile court

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consent degree

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informal handling of a juvenile justice case, in which the delinquent juvenile admits to wrongdoing and agrees to specific conditions of behaviors, informal probation

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referral

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formal processing of a juvenile offense through the juvenile court

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delinquency petition

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statement of the delinquent acts a juvenile is alleged to have committed; similar to an indictment for adults

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adjudicate

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to find a juvenile guilty of a delinquent act

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order

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sanction for a juvenile found delinquent by juvenile court; similar to the sentence for an adult

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aftercare

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supervision of a juvenile in the community after serving time in a juvenile correctional institution; similar to parole for adults

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In re Gault

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1967 U.S. supreme court case requiring that in hearings which a juvenile may be committed to an institution, they must have the right to counsel, to notice of the charges against them, question witness, protection against self-incrimination

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Juvenile gangs

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group of adolescents or young adults who see themselves as a group and have been involved in enough crimes to be of considerable concern to law enforcement and community

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special offenders

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offenders whose circumstances, conditions, or behavior requires management or treatment outside of the normal approach to supervision

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blended sentencing

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middle ground between juvenile and adult sentences that allows judges to choose from a broad array of both juvenile and adult sanctions

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straight adult incarceration

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form of incarceration in which juveniles handled by adult courts are placed in adult prisons with no separate housing or differentation in programming or job assignments

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graduated incarceration

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system in which juveniles handled by adult courts are placed in juvenile facilities until they turn 18; they are transferred to an adult prison to complete the sentence

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segregated incarceration

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form of incarceration which juveniles handled by adult courts are assigned to adult prisons, yet housed separately and are put in programs to meet their age and needs

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drug use forcasting

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surveys of jailed inmates by the U.S. Department of Justice to determine the extent of drug use related to criminality

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anti-psychotic drugs

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used to counteract symptoms of their mental illness, often allowing them to live successfully in the community rather than needing to be institutionalized

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supermax prison

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either freestanding or distinct units within other prisons that provide for the management and secure control of inmates designated as violent or seriously disruptive in other prisons

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Bruscino v. carlson

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1985 federal court decision that the lock down of inmates at the U.S. penitentiary in Marion, Illinois, was not a violation of the Constitution

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Sex offenders

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offenders who have committed a legally prohibited sex act

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Containment Model

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approach to manage sex offenders includes treatment to control deviant thoughts supervision and surveillance to control behavior

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Director

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chief executive officer of a state or federal department of corrections

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Inspector

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a person in a department of corrections who investigates allegations by inmates against staff

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custody

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the functions within a prison that come under the security activities and includes all "uniformed"employees such as correctional officers and correctional supervisors

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treatment

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the creation of an environment and provision of rehabilitative programs that encourage inmates to accept responsibility and to address personal disorders that make success in the community more difficult

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services

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functions required to operate a prison such as budget and financial, maintenance,human resource management, food and health services, work programs, commissary functions and laundry operation

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employee awards program

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program to recognize and reward staff who perform beyond their expected level

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unit management

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organizing a prison into smaller components by decentralizing the authority to manage the inmate population while making staff more accessible to inmates

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unit manager

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the staff person who is in charge of the unit, including housing security and treatment issues

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case manager

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sometimes called social worker or case worker; responsible for developing the program of work and rehabilitation for inmates assigned to him or her

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correctional counselor

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former correctional officer who works with inmates on prison issues such as creating a visiting or telephone list or getting a prison job assignment

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American Correctional Association

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largest professional organization for corrections in the U.S.

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policy audit

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a review to ascertain whether board agency policy is in place at the prison

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policy implementation audit

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a review to identify whether the procedures prescribed by policy are consistently being carried out by staff in their daily duties

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ACA Accreditation

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a process to promote and recognize improvement in the management of correctional agencies through the administration of voluntary standards

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internal classification system

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instruments used to assign inmates to housing or programs after they are placed in a particular prison

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inmate disciplinary system

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a policy that clearly prescribes the process required to find that an inmate committed a proscribed act and identifies allowable punishment for each act. key to controlling inmate behaviors

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Administrative appeals process

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informal process for inmates to appeal a disciplinary sanction or to seek remedy of any other injustice they feel they have received at the hands of correctional officials

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integrity interview

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interviews of candidates for correctional employment used to determine if the candidate has issues or conditions that could put them in a compromising situation or make them more likely to accept bribes to show favored treatment to an inmate

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collective bargaining

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formal recognition of employee organizations and their right to negotiate with management regarding workplace issues

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seniority

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the use of the length of employment to determine an employee's assignment, days off, or other job-related functions

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