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Corrections AJC – Flashcards

Steven Ramirez

8 July 2022

question

parole

answer

conditional release of inmates by a parole board prior to the expiration of their sentence

question

alexander maconochie

answer

superintendent of the british penal colony on Norfolk Island from 1841 to 1844 who created a system of marks for good behavior and graduate from prison

question

mark system

answer

credits against a sentence that allowed for inmates to be released once they earned the required level of marks through work and good behavior

question

ticket of leave

answer

a form of release used by Maconochie: once prisoners earning required level of marks received a conditional pardon and released back into the community

question

Sir walter Crofton

answer

director of the irish prison system in 1854 which implemented many of the ideas of Maconochies work

question

Zebulon Brockway

answer

leading u.s. penologist who was a proponent of adopting the Irish system.First superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory

question

Elmira Reformatory

answer

first reformatory in the U.S. opened in 1876 and used the principles of the Irish system, indeterminate sentences and parole

question

justice model

answer

the model for sentencing proposed by Fogel that would use flat, determinate sentences, eliminate parole boards, and make all treatment voluntary

question

Just dessert model

answer

model for sentencing proposed by von Hirsch that had fixed sentences for each crime so that the punishment fit the crime

question

Discretionary parole

answer

release of inmates in which the decision to release is made by a parole board

question

supervised mandatory release

answer

type of release in which inmates serve a determinate sentence and are the released, but with a period of supervision to follow

question

unconditional mandatory release

answer

type of release which inmates serve full portion of their sentence and have no supervision after release from prison

question

parole guidelines

answer

similar to sentencing guidelines, these use predictive factors to determine the offenders risk to the community and chance for success. guidelines prescribe presumptive time to serve based on the seriousness of the crime and factors predictive of success for each inmate.

question

salient factor score

answer

point determination for each inmate for use with parole guidelines, the score is based on factors predictive of success on parole

question

hearing officer

answer

officers who are not appointed parole board members yet they hold parole hearings and make recommendations to the parole board regarding inmates' release.

question

presumptive parole date

answer

a date the inmates can expect to be released on parole, even if it is 5 or 10 years later than the hearing

question

positive contact

answer

face to face contact between a parole officer and an offender

question

violation

answer

failure to follow conditions of parole supervision

question

Morrissey v. Brewer

answer

1972 U.S. supreme court decision that once parole is granted, a liberty interest is created and offenders must have certain due process to revoke that liberty

question

prisoner reentry

answer

process of an inmate leaving prison and returning to the community

question

racial disparity

answer

the fact that minorities make up a greater percentage of those under correctional supervision than their makeup in the U.S. population

question

drug offenders

answer

those convicted of crimes regarding the pocession or sale of drugs

question

male offenders

answer

men who are convicted and sentenced; they constitute over 93% of all prison inmates

question

general population

answer

inmates in prison who do not have any specific designation as a special type of offender

question

female offenders

answer

women whoa re convicted and sentenced; just over 7% of prison inmates are female

question

parenting programs

answer

prison programs to assist inmates to improve their parenting skills, even while in prison

question

Girl Scouts Behind Bars

answer

Girl Scout troops that have their chapter based in a prison so inmates with children can participate as Scout parents

question

substance abuse programs

answer

programs for offenders to reduce their likelyhood of further abuse of alcohol or drugs

question

Barefield v. Leach

answer

1974 federal court decision that a disparity of programs for female inmates could not be justified b/c the small # of female inmates made it more costly to provide program parity

question

Pargo v. Elliot

answer

1985 eighth circuit court case that allowed that differences in programs between male and female prisons does not necessarily violate the equal protection clause of the constitution

question

status offense

answer

activity that is considered a crime only because the offender is under 18 yrs old and would not be a crime if committed by an adult; including activities such as running away from home, ungovernability, truancy, or underage drinking

question

Refuge period

answer

1824-1899when delinquents or neglected children were placed in a home for training and discipline

question

Juvenile Justice system

answer

handle juveniles separate from adult offenders, based on the concept of Parens patriace, which was used as the basis for giving the court the authority to take over supervision of children when parents fail to provide care and guidance

question

parens patriace

answer

"parents of the nation" established to allow officials to take charge of delinquent children and place them in poor houses or orphanages to gain control of them; in more modern times, this doctrine was expanded and is basis for juvenile court. emphasis on reform and rehabilitation

question

deinstitutionalize

answer

the move to remove juveniles from correctional institutions and place them in community alternatives

question

Superpredator

answer

term created by Dilalio to describe a generation of violent youths who practiced almost indiscriminant violence on the street

question

wavier to adult courts

answer

because the serious nature of a juvenile offender's crime, statutory exceptions were granted to allow the movement from juvenile to adult courts for criminal processing

question

dependent children

answer

children who, although committing no legal offense, may be without a parent or guardian, possibly b/c the parent is physically or mentally unable to act in that capacity

question

neglected children

answer

children who have a family or guardian but are not receiving proper care or the situation in the home is harmful to them and their upbringing

question

delinquent children

answer

children who have committed an act that would be considered criminal if committed by an adult

question

age of original jurisdiction

answer

upper or oldest age that a juvenile court will have jurisdiction over categories of offenders

question

juvenile detention

answer

temporary care of children in physically restricted facilities pending court disposition or transfer to another jurisdiction or agency

question

intake

answer

determination if a juvenile case should be dismissed, handled informally, or referred to the juvenile court

question

consent degree

answer

informal handling of a juvenile justice case, in which the delinquent juvenile admits to wrongdoing and agrees to specific conditions of behaviors, informal probation

question

referral

answer

formal processing of a juvenile offense through the juvenile court

question

delinquency petition

answer

statement of the delinquent acts a juvenile is alleged to have committed; similar to an indictment for adults

question

adjudicate

answer

to find a juvenile guilty of a delinquent act

question

order

answer

sanction for a juvenile found delinquent by juvenile court; similar to the sentence for an adult

question

aftercare

answer

supervision of a juvenile in the community after serving time in a juvenile correctional institution; similar to parole for adults

question

In re Gault

answer

1967 U.S. supreme court case requiring that in hearings which a juvenile may be committed to an institution, they must have the right to counsel, to notice of the charges against them, question witness, protection against self-incrimination

question

Juvenile gangs

answer

group of adolescents or young adults who see themselves as a group and have been involved in enough crimes to be of considerable concern to law enforcement and community

question

special offenders

answer

offenders whose circumstances, conditions, or behavior requires management or treatment outside of the normal approach to supervision

question

blended sentencing

answer

middle ground between juvenile and adult sentences that allows judges to choose from a broad array of both juvenile and adult sanctions

question

straight adult incarceration

answer

form of incarceration in which juveniles handled by adult courts are placed in adult prisons with no separate housing or differentation in programming or job assignments

question

graduated incarceration

answer

system in which juveniles handled by adult courts are placed in juvenile facilities until they turn 18; they are transferred to an adult prison to complete the sentence

question

segregated incarceration

answer

form of incarceration which juveniles handled by adult courts are assigned to adult prisons, yet housed separately and are put in programs to meet their age and needs

question

drug use forcasting

answer

surveys of jailed inmates by the U.S. Department of Justice to determine the extent of drug use related to criminality

question

anti-psychotic drugs

answer

used to counteract symptoms of their mental illness, often allowing them to live successfully in the community rather than needing to be institutionalized

question

supermax prison

answer

either freestanding or distinct units within other prisons that provide for the management and secure control of inmates designated as violent or seriously disruptive in other prisons

question

Bruscino v. carlson

answer

1985 federal court decision that the lock down of inmates at the U.S. penitentiary in Marion, Illinois, was not a violation of the Constitution

question

Sex offenders

answer

offenders who have committed a legally prohibited sex act

question

Containment Model

answer

approach to manage sex offenders includes treatment to control deviant thoughts supervision and surveillance to control behavior

question

Director

answer

chief executive officer of a state or federal department of corrections

question

Inspector

answer

a person in a department of corrections who investigates allegations by inmates against staff

question

custody

answer

the functions within a prison that come under the security activities and includes all "uniformed"employees such as correctional officers and correctional supervisors

question

treatment

answer

the creation of an environment and provision of rehabilitative programs that encourage inmates to accept responsibility and to address personal disorders that make success in the community more difficult

question

services

answer

functions required to operate a prison such as budget and financial, maintenance,human resource management, food and health services, work programs, commissary functions and laundry operation

question

employee awards program

answer

program to recognize and reward staff who perform beyond their expected level

question

unit management

answer

organizing a prison into smaller components by decentralizing the authority to manage the inmate population while making staff more accessible to inmates

question

unit manager

answer

the staff person who is in charge of the unit, including housing security and treatment issues

question

case manager

answer

sometimes called social worker or case worker; responsible for developing the program of work and rehabilitation for inmates assigned to him or her

question

correctional counselor

answer

former correctional officer who works with inmates on prison issues such as creating a visiting or telephone list or getting a prison job assignment

question

American Correctional Association

answer

largest professional organization for corrections in the U.S.

question

policy audit

answer

a review to ascertain whether board agency policy is in place at the prison

question

policy implementation audit

answer

a review to identify whether the procedures prescribed by policy are consistently being carried out by staff in their daily duties

question

ACA Accreditation

answer

a process to promote and recognize improvement in the management of correctional agencies through the administration of voluntary standards

question

internal classification system

answer

instruments used to assign inmates to housing or programs after they are placed in a particular prison

question

inmate disciplinary system

answer

a policy that clearly prescribes the process required to find that an inmate committed a proscribed act and identifies allowable punishment for each act. key to controlling inmate behaviors

question

Administrative appeals process

answer

informal process for inmates to appeal a disciplinary sanction or to seek remedy of any other injustice they feel they have received at the hands of correctional officials

question

integrity interview

answer

interviews of candidates for correctional employment used to determine if the candidate has issues or conditions that could put them in a compromising situation or make them more likely to accept bribes to show favored treatment to an inmate

question

collective bargaining

answer

formal recognition of employee organizations and their right to negotiate with management regarding workplace issues

question

seniority

answer

the use of the length of employment to determine an employee's assignment, days off, or other job-related functions

1 of

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question

parole

answer

conditional release of inmates by a parole board prior to the expiration of their sentence

question

alexander maconochie

answer

superintendent of the british penal colony on Norfolk Island from 1841 to 1844 who created a system of marks for good behavior and graduate from prison

question

mark system

answer

credits against a sentence that allowed for inmates to be released once they earned the required level of marks through work and good behavior

question

ticket of leave

answer

a form of release used by Maconochie: once prisoners earning required level of marks received a conditional pardon and released back into the community

question

Sir walter Crofton

answer

director of the irish prison system in 1854 which implemented many of the ideas of Maconochies work

question

Zebulon Brockway

answer

leading u.s. penologist who was a proponent of adopting the Irish system.First superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory

question

Elmira Reformatory

answer

first reformatory in the U.S. opened in 1876 and used the principles of the Irish system, indeterminate sentences and parole

question

justice model

answer

the model for sentencing proposed by Fogel that would use flat, determinate sentences, eliminate parole boards, and make all treatment voluntary

question

Just dessert model

answer

model for sentencing proposed by von Hirsch that had fixed sentences for each crime so that the punishment fit the crime

question

Discretionary parole

answer

release of inmates in which the decision to release is made by a parole board

question

supervised mandatory release

answer

type of release in which inmates serve a determinate sentence and are the released, but with a period of supervision to follow

question

unconditional mandatory release

answer

type of release which inmates serve full portion of their sentence and have no supervision after release from prison

question

parole guidelines

answer

question

salient factor score

answer

point determination for each inmate for use with parole guidelines, the score is based on factors predictive of success on parole

question

hearing officer

answer

officers who are not appointed parole board members yet they hold parole hearings and make recommendations to the parole board regarding inmates' release.

question

presumptive parole date

answer

a date the inmates can expect to be released on parole, even if it is 5 or 10 years later than the hearing

question

positive contact

answer

face to face contact between a parole officer and an offender

question

violation

answer

failure to follow conditions of parole supervision

question

Morrissey v. Brewer

answer

1972 U.S. supreme court decision that once parole is granted, a liberty interest is created and offenders must have certain due process to revoke that liberty

question

prisoner reentry

answer

process of an inmate leaving prison and returning to the community

question

racial disparity

answer

the fact that minorities make up a greater percentage of those under correctional supervision than their makeup in the U.S. population

question

drug offenders

answer

those convicted of crimes regarding the pocession or sale of drugs

question

male offenders

answer

men who are convicted and sentenced; they constitute over 93% of all prison inmates

question

general population

answer

inmates in prison who do not have any specific designation as a special type of offender

question

female offenders

answer

women whoa re convicted and sentenced; just over 7% of prison inmates are female

question

parenting programs

answer

prison programs to assist inmates to improve their parenting skills, even while in prison

question

Girl Scouts Behind Bars

answer

Girl Scout troops that have their chapter based in a prison so inmates with children can participate as Scout parents

question

substance abuse programs

answer

programs for offenders to reduce their likelyhood of further abuse of alcohol or drugs

question

Barefield v. Leach

answer

1974 federal court decision that a disparity of programs for female inmates could not be justified b/c the small # of female inmates made it more costly to provide program parity

question

Pargo v. Elliot

answer

1985 eighth circuit court case that allowed that differences in programs between male and female prisons does not necessarily violate the equal protection clause of the constitution

question

status offense

answer

question

Refuge period

answer

1824-1899when delinquents or neglected children were placed in a home for training and discipline

question

Juvenile Justice system

answer

question

parens patriace

answer

question

deinstitutionalize

answer

the move to remove juveniles from correctional institutions and place them in community alternatives

question

Superpredator

answer

term created by Dilalio to describe a generation of violent youths who practiced almost indiscriminant violence on the street

question

wavier to adult courts

answer

because the serious nature of a juvenile offender's crime, statutory exceptions were granted to allow the movement from juvenile to adult courts for criminal processing

question

dependent children

answer

children who, although committing no legal offense, may be without a parent or guardian, possibly b/c the parent is physically or mentally unable to act in that capacity

question

neglected children

answer

children who have a family or guardian but are not receiving proper care or the situation in the home is harmful to them and their upbringing

question

delinquent children

answer

children who have committed an act that would be considered criminal if committed by an adult

question

age of original jurisdiction

answer

upper or oldest age that a juvenile court will have jurisdiction over categories of offenders

question

juvenile detention

answer

temporary care of children in physically restricted facilities pending court disposition or transfer to another jurisdiction or agency

question

intake

answer

determination if a juvenile case should be dismissed, handled informally, or referred to the juvenile court

question

consent degree

answer

informal handling of a juvenile justice case, in which the delinquent juvenile admits to wrongdoing and agrees to specific conditions of behaviors, informal probation

question

referral

answer

formal processing of a juvenile offense through the juvenile court

question

delinquency petition

answer

statement of the delinquent acts a juvenile is alleged to have committed; similar to an indictment for adults

question

adjudicate

answer

to find a juvenile guilty of a delinquent act

question

order

answer

sanction for a juvenile found delinquent by juvenile court; similar to the sentence for an adult

question

aftercare

answer

supervision of a juvenile in the community after serving time in a juvenile correctional institution; similar to parole for adults

question

In re Gault

answer

question

Juvenile gangs

answer

group of adolescents or young adults who see themselves as a group and have been involved in enough crimes to be of considerable concern to law enforcement and community

question

special offenders

answer

offenders whose circumstances, conditions, or behavior requires management or treatment outside of the normal approach to supervision

question

blended sentencing

answer

middle ground between juvenile and adult sentences that allows judges to choose from a broad array of both juvenile and adult sanctions

question

straight adult incarceration

answer

form of incarceration in which juveniles handled by adult courts are placed in adult prisons with no separate housing or differentation in programming or job assignments

question

graduated incarceration

answer

system in which juveniles handled by adult courts are placed in juvenile facilities until they turn 18; they are transferred to an adult prison to complete the sentence

question

segregated incarceration

answer

form of incarceration which juveniles handled by adult courts are assigned to adult prisons, yet housed separately and are put in programs to meet their age and needs

question

drug use forcasting

answer

surveys of jailed inmates by the U.S. Department of Justice to determine the extent of drug use related to criminality

question

anti-psychotic drugs

answer

used to counteract symptoms of their mental illness, often allowing them to live successfully in the community rather than needing to be institutionalized

question

supermax prison

answer

either freestanding or distinct units within other prisons that provide for the management and secure control of inmates designated as violent or seriously disruptive in other prisons

question

Bruscino v. carlson

answer

1985 federal court decision that the lock down of inmates at the U.S. penitentiary in Marion, Illinois, was not a violation of the Constitution

question

Sex offenders

answer

offenders who have committed a legally prohibited sex act

question

Containment Model

answer

approach to manage sex offenders includes treatment to control deviant thoughts supervision and surveillance to control behavior

question

Director

answer

chief executive officer of a state or federal department of corrections

question

Inspector

answer

a person in a department of corrections who investigates allegations by inmates against staff

question

custody

answer

the functions within a prison that come under the security activities and includes all "uniformed"employees such as correctional officers and correctional supervisors

question

treatment

answer

question

services

answer

functions required to operate a prison such as budget and financial, maintenance,human resource management, food and health services, work programs, commissary functions and laundry operation

question

employee awards program

answer

program to recognize and reward staff who perform beyond their expected level

question

unit management

answer

organizing a prison into smaller components by decentralizing the authority to manage the inmate population while making staff more accessible to inmates

question

unit manager

answer

the staff person who is in charge of the unit, including housing security and treatment issues

question

case manager

answer

sometimes called social worker or case worker; responsible for developing the program of work and rehabilitation for inmates assigned to him or her

question

correctional counselor

answer

former correctional officer who works with inmates on prison issues such as creating a visiting or telephone list or getting a prison job assignment

question

American Correctional Association

answer

largest professional organization for corrections in the U.S.

question

policy audit

answer

a review to ascertain whether board agency policy is in place at the prison

question

policy implementation audit

answer

a review to identify whether the procedures prescribed by policy are consistently being carried out by staff in their daily duties

question

ACA Accreditation

answer

a process to promote and recognize improvement in the management of correctional agencies through the administration of voluntary standards

question

internal classification system

answer

instruments used to assign inmates to housing or programs after they are placed in a particular prison

question

inmate disciplinary system

answer

a policy that clearly prescribes the process required to find that an inmate committed a proscribed act and identifies allowable punishment for each act. key to controlling inmate behaviors

question

Administrative appeals process

answer

informal process for inmates to appeal a disciplinary sanction or to seek remedy of any other injustice they feel they have received at the hands of correctional officials

question

integrity interview

answer

question

collective bargaining

answer

formal recognition of employee organizations and their right to negotiate with management regarding workplace issues

question

seniority

answer

the use of the length of employment to determine an employee's assignment, days off, or other job-related functions

Corrections AJC – Flashcards

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