Carcinoma in situ (CIS): The cancer cells are present only in the top layer of the epithelium and have not invaded deeper layers.
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Metastasis
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An oncologist is using the TNM system to stage a patients cancer. How does the nurse interpret the M part of the system?
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Extreme wasting and emaciation.
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A cancer patient is experiencing cachexia. Which typical assessment finding will the nurse observe in this patient?
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Bleeding
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A patient has a decreased platelet count from cancer and the chemotherapy. Which complication should the nurse assess for in this patient?
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a cancer cell to grow
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A nurse is discussing autocrine stimulation and cancer. Which information should the nurse include? Autocrine stimulation causes:
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Activation of telomerase allows cancer cells to continue dividing.
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A nurse is preparing to teach about immortality in cancer cells. Which information should the nurse include?
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Oncogenes stimulate cancer cell growth.
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When a nurse is defining an oncogene, which example should the nurse use?
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Blood vessels
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Which of the following statements indicates the patient has a good understanding of metastasis? The most common routes of metastasis are through the lymphatic system and:
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Cervical
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A patient has chronic infection by the human papilloma virus (HPV). Which cancer does the nurse monitor for in this patient?
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
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A cancer patient is having moderate pain. Which treatment will the nurse implement?
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is given after surgery
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A patient is receiving adjuvant therapy. How should the nurse explain this type of therapy to the patient? This type of therapy:
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Breast
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A patient has mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. What type of cancer should the nurse monitor for in this patient?
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Carcinoma
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A patient has cancer in the epithelial tissue. Which diagnosis will the nurse observe documented on the chart?
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Sarcoma
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A patient has cancer of the connective tissue. Which diagnosis will the nurse observe documented on the chart?
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Leukemia
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Which of the following cancers arise from bone marrow stem cells (blood forming cells) and always originate in the bone marrow?
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Malignant tumors have a tendency to invade surrounding tissue.
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Which of the following information indicates the nurse has a good understanding of malignant tumors?
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Tumor suppressor
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A nurse is discussing the p53 gene. What type of gene is the nurse describing?
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causes apoptsis
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A nurse is asked about the function of the p53 gene. What is the nurses best response? p53
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angiogenic factors
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A nurse recalls cancer cells stimulate blood vessel growth toward the tumor by releasing:
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increased cell division
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If a patient experiences a cancer-causing mutations to proto-oncogenes, which response will the nurse expect?
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Deletion of both copies of a tumor suppressor gene
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When a staff members asks the nurse what mutation is necessary to cause cancer with a tumor suppressor gene, how should the nurse reply?
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Metastasis
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A patients ovarian cancer has traveled to the bone. What term should the nurse use to describe this finding?
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Anemia
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A patient has colorectal cancer with chronic bleeding and decreased absorption of iron. Which complication is priority?
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Stage II
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A patient has a tumor that has regional lymph node involvement. Which stage will the nurse observe documented on the chart?
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cancer
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A nurse recalls a leading cause of death in developed worlds is:
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Benign tumors are usually surrounded by a capsule
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A nurse is discussing benign tumors. Which information should the nurse include?
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invade surrounding tissues
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Which statement indicates the patient understood the teaching regarding malignant tumors? Malignant tumors have a tendency to:
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connective tissue
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A patient has a sarcoma. The nurse realizes sarcomas are cancers that arise from:
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Leukemia
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A patient has a cancer that originated in the blood-forming cells. What diagnosis will the nurse observe documented on the chart?
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contains cancer cells that have not invaded the surrounding tissue
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A patients cancer report reads "Cervical carcinoma in situ". The nurse interprets this finding as the cervical carcinoma:
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Loss of cellular differentiation
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A nurse is discussing cancer and anaplasia. What is the nurse describing when using the term anaplasia?
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skull/cranium
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Which patient will the nurse monitor most often even though the tumor is benign? The benign tumor is located in the:
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proto-oncogene
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The nurse is describing the cell, ras. What type of cell is the nurse discussing?
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Stage III
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A patient has a tumor that has distant lymph node involvement but no evidence of distant metastasis to other tissues. How will this be classified on the chart?
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expansion
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A nurse is describing an aggregation of cancer cells that accumulates faster than its non-mutant neighbors. Which term is the nurse discussing? Clonal:
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decreased responsiveness to growth signals.
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Which of the following statement indicates the nurse needs more teaching about cancer cells? A typical characteristic of cancer cells is:
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angiogenic factors
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A nurse is discussing how cancer cells obtain oxygen and nutrients. Which information should the nurse include? Cancer cells ensure adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients by releasing:
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a normal, non-mutant gene
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A nurse is asked to define a proto-oncogene. Which is the nurses best response? A proto-oncogene is:
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increased cell division
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If a patient experiences cancer-causing mutations of a proto-oncogene, what result does the nurse expect to occur?
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telomerase
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A nurse is asked about immortality in cancer cells. How should the nurse reply? Immortality in cancer cells is obtained through the production of:
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control production of anti-growth signals
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A nurse recalls the normal function of tumor suppressor genes in an individual without cancer is to:
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Mutation of both copies of a tumor suppressor gene
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For the function of a tumor suppressor to be lost, which of the following mutational routes is most likely to cause cancer in a patient?
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apoptosis
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A nurse is preparing to teach about gene p53. Which information should the nurse include? Normally, the tumor suppressor gene p53 induces:
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Unregulated proliferation of cancer cells
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An oncologist is presenting information on the mutation of RAS. What response does the nurse expect to occur?
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Amplification
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Which of the following terms should the nurse use to describe a genetic event capable of activating oncogenes?
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Growth factors are released during the resulting inflammation.
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Which of the following factors predisposes a patient who has chronic inflammation to the development of cancer?
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Translocation
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A nurse is describing the process of when a piece of a chromosome is moved to another chromosome. What term should the nurse use to describe this process?
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Liver
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A patient has chronic active hepatitis B infection. Which type of cancer should the nurse assess for in this patient?
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Human papilloma virus
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Which of the following viruses will the nurse expect to see on the lab report of a patient who has developed cervical cancer?
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Gastric cancer
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A patient has a Helicobacter pylori infection. Which type of cancer should the nurse assess for in this patient?
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caretaker
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A nurse is discussing the genes that maintain gene integrity. Which gene is the nurse describing?
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the radiation source will be inserted internally into the cervix
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A patient is receiving brachytherapy for cervical cancer. How should the nurse explain this type of therapy?
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a tumor-suppressor gene
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A nurse is discussing the retinoblastoma gene. What type of gene is the nurse describing?
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pap test/smear
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What screening test can the nurse suggest to a patient who wants to detect cervical cancer early?
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breast
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While a nurse is reviewing lab results, the patients BRCA1 is elevated. What type of cancer does the nurse suspect the patient has?
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p53
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A nurse knows the most common tumor suppressor gene mutation that causes cancer by resisting apoptosis is in:
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surviving in the bloodstream
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An oncologist is discussing the process of metastasis. Which information should the oncologist include? For metastasis to occur, tumor cells must be capable of:
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4 or IV
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A patient originally had cancer in the liver and the cancer is now in the lungs. What stage will the nurse observe documented on the chart?
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nodes
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An oncologist is using the TNM system to stage a cancer tumor. The nurse realizes the N will denote:
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hormones are probably causing the signs and symptoms
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A patient is experiencing paraneoplastic syndrome. Which principle should guide nursing care?
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is given after cancer surgery
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A patient is preparing to receive adjuvant therapy for cancer. What should the nurse tell the patient to reinforce teaching? This type of therapy:
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angiogenesis
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A nurse is discussing the process of triggering new blood vessel formation in a tumor. What is the nurse describing?
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metastsis
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When cancer extends to distant tissues and organs, what term should the nurse use?
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infection
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A patient has metastatic cancer and is receiving chemotherapy and radiation therapy. What is the priority complication the nurse should assess for in this patient?
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Individual-controlled analgesia
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A cancer patient is experiencing pain. The nurse wants the patient to be independent in managing the pain. Which technique should the nurse implement?
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Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1
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A patient with cancer has poor muscle functioning and fatigue. Which cytokines/inflammatory mediators does the nurse suspect is causing these problems?
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staging
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When an oncologist determines the size of the tumor, the degree of node involvement, and the extent of distant metastasis, what is the oncologist doing?
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decreased cell adhesions
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A nurse is describing the process of metastasis. Which information should the nurse include? _________________ is necessary for metastasis to occur.
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the release of cytokines
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A nurse is teaching the staff about the pathophysiology of tissue loss in cancer wasting. Which information should the nurse include? A factor that contributes to the tissue loss in cancer wasting is:
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Red blood cell count and hemoglobin from a complete blood count
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A patient has colorectal cancer with chronic bleeding and iron deficiency. Which lab tests are most important for the nurse to monitor?
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Nausea and vomiting
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A patient is receiving ondansetron. Which assessment finding will cause the nurse to administer this drug?
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Fatigue
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While assessing a patient with cancer, which of the following is the most commonly reported symptom?
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cancer cells residing in lymph nodes.
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Which statement indicates the nurse needs more instruction regarding cancer pain? Mechanisms that cause cancer pain include:
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All of the above
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While assessing a patient with pain which individual response to pain should the nurse monitor?
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Narcotics/opioids
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A cancer patient is complaining of pain. Which pharmacologic therapy for pain management will the nurse implement?
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Most patients with cancer experience pain early in the disease process.
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Which of the following statements indicates a patient needs more teaching about cancer pain?
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Depression
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Besides monitoring for diminished physical energy, what other assessment findings should the nurse assess for in a patient with cancer-related fatigue?
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malnutrition.
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A patient asks what causes fatigue related to cancer and cancer therapy. How should the nurse respond? One possible cause is:
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Cachexia
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A patient is experiencing the wasting syndrome associated with cancer and cancer treatment. What term should the nurse use when documenting this finding?
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Heart murmur
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Which symptom will surprise the nurse when assessing a patient with cachexia?
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Hemorrhage
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A patient has thrombocytopenia from the cancer and cancer treatments. Which condition should the nurse monitor for in this patient?
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Anemia
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When a cancer patient has a hemoglobin of 8 mg/dL, what condition will the nurse observe documented on the chart?
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Fatigue
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A nurse remembers neuromuscular dysfunction and the release of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 are thought to be responsible for which of the following assessment findings of cancer?
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Increased basic metabolic rate
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Which of the following alterations in metabolism does the nurse expect to find in people with cancer?
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fatigue
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Which statement indicates the nurse needs more instruction regarding anemia and cancer? Anemia in individuals with cancer can be the result of:
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Erythropoietin
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Which of the following treatments to help cancer-related or chemotherapy-related anemia should the nurse discuss with the patient?
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Infection
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A patient is experiencing leukopenia from cancer and chemotherapy treatment. Which condition should the nurse assess for in this patient?
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All rapidly dividing cells
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Which principle should the nurse use to guide nursing care when administering chemotherapeutic agents? Chemotherapeutic agents primarily target:
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Ionizing radiation damages the cancer cell's DNA
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When a patient asks the nurse how radiation therapy provides an effective means for treating some forms of cancer, how should the nurse respond?
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Colon
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A patient has a mutation in the APC gene. Which type of cancer will the nurse monitor for in this patient?
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DNA methylation
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An oncologist is describing the process of gene silencing. Which process will the oncologist discuss?
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Alopecia
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A patient loses hair from chemotherapy treatment. What term should the nurse use when describing this condition?
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This will help shrink the tumor before surgery.
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A patient is receiving neoadjuvant therapy. What should the nurse teach this patient regarding this type of therapy?
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