Connective Tissue – Flashcards
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Connective Tissue. CT
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Can vary in appearance and function. It is all throughout the body but it is never exposed to anything from the outside like food or anything. It is underneath the epithelium, many have blood vessels and sensory receptors.
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Sarcoma
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Cancer of connective tissue origin. Makes up 10% of cancers because there is a relatively high cell turnover rate.
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functions of CT
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establishing a structural framework for the body transporting fluids and dissolved materials protecting delicate organs supporting, surrounding, and interconnecting other types of tissue storing energy reserves, especially in the form of triglycerides defends the body from invading microorganisms
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features of CT
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they all contain specialized cells, fibers, and fluids (ground substance) They have a matrix
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ground substance
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fluids in CT
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matrix
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fibers plus the ground substance in CT. The matrix is everything except the specialized cells. The matrix surrounds the specialized cells.
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Types of CT
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three main types: Connective Tissue Proper Fluid Connective Tissue Supportive Connective Tissue
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Connective Tissue Proper
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May be loose of dense. There are many types of cells and fibers with a syrupy ground substance. Includes fibroblasts
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Loose Connective Tissue Proper
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The fibers are not tightly bound. They create a loose, open framework that you can see through. example- adipose tissue
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Dense Connective Tissue Proper
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The fibers are densely packed, strong, and tough to see through. These are in tendons and ligaments.
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Fibroblast
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a specialized cell that lays down fibers in CT proper, it produces collagen and elastic fibers
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collagen fibers
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give the bulk of connective tissues
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elastic fibers
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give fibers elasticity.
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Fluid Connective Tissue
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This is a watery matrix, it is blood which is in the cardiovascular system and lymph which is in the lymphatic system
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Supporting Connective Tissue
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Less diverse cells, but the matrix is packed with dense fibers. Mainly cartilage (solid, rubbery matrix) and bone (solid, crystalline matrix)
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Mesenchyme
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The original stem cell that all connective tissues come from, it will make all of the connective tissue.
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Bone marrow transplant and importance of stem cells
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Leukemia comes from white blood cells being cancerous and continually producing cancer cells. So this person has bone marrow producing bad cells, so we destroy all the stem cells in this person and take good stem cells from a donor so they will hopefully produce good cells.
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Loose areolar CT
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collagenous and elastic fibers produced by fibroblasts are embedded in a gel like matrix. Binds organs together beneath the skin and found between the muscles
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Adipose CT
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cells filled with fat droplets nucleus and cytoplasm are pushed to the sides cushions, insulates, and stores energy found beneath the skin, around the kidneys, heart, and eyeballs
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Dense CT
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matrix filled with parallel bundles of collagenous fibers Binds structures together found in tendons and ligaments
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Elastic CT
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matrix filled with yellow elastic fibers important for elasticity found in vocal cords and ligaments between adjacent vertebrae.
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Hyaline cartilage
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solid matrix with fibers and scattered cells supports, protects, and provides framework. found in the ends of long bones, connects ribs to the sternum
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fibrocartilage CT
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numerous cartilage fibers in the matrix cushions and protects found in intervertebral disks, pads in the knee joint
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elastic cartilage
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numerous elastic fibers in the matrix supports and provides framework found in the external ear, auditory tubes
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osseous
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bone tissue. Hard matrix with mineral salts protects, supports, provides a framework. found in bones of the skeleton
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blood CT
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liquid matrix called plasma transports oxygen, protects against disease found in blood vessels and heart
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Cartilage characteristics
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has cells- chondrocytes in lacunae has ground substance- chondroitin sulfate and water has fibers- collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers no vascularity has covering- two layers of perichondrium strength is limited, bends easily but it hard to break
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characteristics of bone
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has cells- osteocytes in lacunae has ground substance- liquid surrounds insoluble crystals of calcium salts has mainly collagen fibers has extensive vascularity has covering- two layers or periosteum it is strong, resists distortion until breaking point
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collagen fibers color
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thick and pink
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elastic fibers color
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thin and black
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areolar connective tissue
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loose CT. Has all three fiber types Wraps and cushions organs Found under epithelia of the body. Keeps everything compact and cushions organs.
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adipose connective tissue
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Loose CT provides reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss found under skin, around kidneys
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reticular connective tissue
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loose CT forms a soft internal skeleton that supports other cells. found in organs of the immune system- spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow.
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dense regular connective tissue
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mainly collagen fibers that are moving in a regular, parallel way. So dense that you cannot see through. Attaches muscles to bones or muscles. Attaches bones to bones. Withstands stress. Found in tendons, most ligaments.
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
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mainly collagen fibers that are moving everywhere. Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions. Provides structural strength. Found in dermis of the skin and certain areas of the digestive system
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Dense elastic connective tissue
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Dense, regular connective tissue that contains a high amount of elastic (black) fibers allows tissues to recoil after stretching, maintains flow of blood through arteries found in the aorta
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Fluid connective tissues
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Blood and lymph. we will focus on blood
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Blood
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the bodys fluid tissue. composed of plasma and formed elements not attached to anything it transports respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes contained within blood vessels
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plasma
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the fluid matrix of blood
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formed elements
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erythrocytes (red blood cells) leukocytes (white blood cells) thrombocytes (platelets for clotting your cells)
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hematocrit
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the percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume
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red blood cells
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carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
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white blood cells
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fights infections
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platelets
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clots blood
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Polycythemia
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increase of red blood cells
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Anemia
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decrease of red blood cells
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Infection, Inflammation, Malignancy
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Increase of white blood cells
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Immunodeficiency
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decrease of white blood cells
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Hypercoagulable state
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increase of platelets
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Hypocoagulable state
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decrease of platelets
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supporting connective tissues
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hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrous cartilage compact bone
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hyaline cartilage
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firm, smooth matrix with collagen fibers, has little cubby holes called lacuna. supports and reinforces, resists compressive stress covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities.
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lacuna
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little cubby holes that are in all cartilage. have Chondrocytes in them.
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Elastic cartilage
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unsmooth matrix, more elastic fibers are in the matrix maintains the shape of a structure while allowing flexibility. hard but flexible. supports the external ear
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fibrous cartilage
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a matrix of mainly thick collagen fibers. Distinctive blue matrix. Gives strength and can absorb compressive shock Found in intervertebral discs.
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Compact bone
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looks like tree stumps. It is a hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers Supports and protects, provides levels for muscles to work on, stores calcium, marrow is the site of blood cell formation found in bones
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Medullary cavity
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the hollow middle of compact bone. This contains the bone marrow.
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Endosteum
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The lining of the medullary cavity.
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Periosteum
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Similar to the endosteum, but this lines the outside of the compact bone
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spongey bone
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spongey looking material on the inside of the bone
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Lamellae
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Rings of the compact bone
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Haversian canal
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AKA osteonic canal the center, dark circle of the compact bone section. Contains blood vessels.
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Haversian system
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AKA osteon. The whole system, the circle. This is the functional unit of compact bone.
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lacunae
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They have canaliculi to connect one lacuna to another so nutrients can get passed throughout. Inside lacunae are osteocytes.
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Canaliculi
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connects one lacuna to another to pass nutrients.
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Osteocyte
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give nutrients to the bone. found in the lacuna. this is a mature bone cell that delivers nutrients to the bones.
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osteoblast
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build the bulk of the bone. Its like a kid painting the floor of a room, he just spills the paint all over to create a huge base coat, but he backed himself into a little corner that has no paint. this secretes a ground substance (the bone matrix)
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osteoclasts
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now we need to clean up the mess the kid made. These will break down and resorb the bone matrix and chisel away at all the excess. They shape the bone material by resorbing calcium from the bone and putting it back into the blood stream. If calcium is low in the blood, these become active to bring it from the bone to blood. Estrogen keeps them from being too active, during menstruation estrogen dips, makes them overactive. Women are prone to osteoporosis because it keeps taking from the bone.
