Conflict and Political Relations Between China and America and How to Manage Them Essay Example

issue, countries should agree on terms and conditions to apply in trade activities. They can solve conflict through signing trade agreements that foster understanding as well as co-operation.

Introduction

Chinese has significantly modernized its military, a phenomenon that has had a significant impact on the global security. It has made attempts to acquire various types of capabilities to protect the country from various vulnerabilities. The military modernization of China has taken place in a gradual and systematic manner. It started off with focusing on the military conditions of the military men. It also improved training of the forces as well as purchasing of sophisticated equipment. Even with modernization of its military, China has been involved in conflict with the U.S. with the main reason being the dispute over the Sea in the Southern China. The rising powers are always in turmoil with the existing dominant nations due to the competition for power and resources. Various steps can be taken to prevent conflicts such as promoting economic cooperation among the countries.
The extent of the Chinese military modernization

The living conditions of the troops were among the first to be improved as they required urgent attention and were also the easiest to remedy. Chinese military was very large but with a low level of education. The first stage of modernization put emphasis on “software” as there was a need to improve the educational standard of the troops rather than acquisitions of hardware capabilities. According to Cordesman and Kleiber, the officer corps has been professionalized and reflected a tremendous improvement through reforms. Currently, it is based on merit and competence and is usually developed in agreement with the criteria of the

profession as compared with the past. Professionalization is more oriented technically and high regularized retirement and promotion which has enabled the officer corps to undergo a revolution in China. Currently, there is significant proportion of the officers aging six years younger at each level than the retirement age set by law. On average, they are younger compared to their equivalents in the military of the U.S. across varied levels.

Chansoria explains that Chinese has put emphasis on modern training of the military officers. The officers receive top notch training to enable them to engage in the modern war. Extensive training including formal training is offered to all the military officers once they join the force. They also perform various physical exercises to ensure they are physically fit. Due to the sophisticated equipment manufactured by Chinese for military purposes, military officers are also highly trained to use these equipments. Following this, a great change has been experienced in the Chinese military which includes many aspects of professional training. On the facet of force, Chinese has made a profound improvement, particularly in narrow areas. The country has focused on this by reducing the size of the forces that operate on the ground to enhance training on the quality of other units which include improvement of the equipments, response capabilities as well as readiness. Other improvements have been made particularly naval, and air forces by acquiring modern equipments from Russia. China has acquired many fighters of sophisticated fourth generation from Russia, and they are signing an agreement to work together to produce many Su-27 fighters soon. China has also acquired advanced submarines to fight the battle in the water,

and they still have a plan to purchase more to boost their security in the water. The country has also purchased transport aircrafts that can transport a substantial number of equipments and military men. It is worth to note that, China has made an improvement in the most important area particularly in ballistic missiles that include cruise and short range missiles. They have emphasized into these programs as they have been deemed important to the modern warfare. Chinese also consider them as easier to master compared with sophisticated air and naval systems they had to acquire from Russia. There are other areas Chinese had made significant improvement and include communication via fiber optic, C31 as well as early warning systems. Thus, communication has been made easier through fiber optic which has modernized their military capabilities.

Sources of Conflicts Between Chinese and the United States

According to Goldstein, the territorial dispute in the sea of Southern China is the primary sources of conflict between China, and America. The U.S. seeks to uphold navigation freedom and provide support to the other Southeast Asia countries that have felt the impact of China efforts of land reclamation as well as assertive territorial claims. It is worth to note that in 2015, the U.S. made signals to make efforts to challenge China on its assertiveness of sovereignty over the territory that has been involved in the dispute by its military aircrafts as well as deploying its ships nearby the Islands of the disputed areas. Recently, images from satellites have shown that China has put more effort in land reclamation in the sea along South China by creating new islands and increasing their

size. It has continued to pile up sand on the reefs that have been in existence, and it has also constructed military installations, ports, and airstrips. China’s assertion of sovereignty over the sea on its southern part and barrels of oil has altered its relationship with its neighbors that have claimed sovereignty such as Indonesia, Taiwan, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Over 40 years ago different states started to claim islands such as the Spratly Islands and other zones which are endowed with natural resources and important fishing areas as their owner.

The rise of China has affected the balance of power globally and the South China Sea has been the centre of strain. Chris Buckley, the most senior commander of Chinese military visited the disputed Islands in the region of South China Sea last Friday and this was intended to show that China still has a determination to assert sovereignty over the disputed region of South China Sea. Ashton Cater who is the Secretary of Defense in the U.S. visited the navy carrier that belongs to America in the same region. Buckley made an interpretation regarding America’s operation as signal which is likely to stimulate anger from Beijing. Chinese government claims that the U.S. should not play any role in the disputes that takes place in the South China Sea. Obama administration maintains that the operations are intended to safeguard freedom of other nations which is denied by China. On last Friday, Chinese authorities denied U.S. navies from visiting Hong Kong port. This was the first time and it took place after the United States secretary of defense visited the disputed South China Sea.

China continues to

assert that under international law and militaries from foreign countries cannot carry out activities of intelligence gathering like reconnaissance flights in the restricted economic region. However, the U.S. maintains that countries have the freedom to navigate through the economically restricted area in the sea without notifying military activities of the claimants. Thus, claims of China threaten communication lines in the sea which are vital maritime passages that enhance trade as well as the movement of forces. Recently, China has put up three airstrips on the Island of Spratly to increase its presence in the waters that have been wrangled with disputes. China has also signaled a warning to its neighboring countries in Southeast Asia against gas and oil drilling in the contested area hence disrupting seismic survey and oil exploration activities of other countries. The U.S. has challenged China over its assertion on international waters by deploying ships in the disputed region. Since the U.S. is regarded as the World Policeman, it safeguards freedom of navigation as well as providing security to the lines of communication in the sea. It has supported an agreement to observe the code of conduct as well as other measures of building confidence. It plays a role in stopping military escalation that arises due to the territorial dispute. McDevitt further explains that the rise of china’s economic and political influence has an effect of reshaping global politics in future which does not augur well with America. Notably, China has experienced tremendous growth in the economy, and this does not bode well with the U.S. The U.S. embarked on addressing the economic competition of Chinese as well as its rise in

the political influence. The development of China in the Asian region is likely to alter the geopolitical position that has been enjoyed by the U.S. and Western countries since the end of Cold War.
The U.S has considered the rise of China as a threat. Poor relations between China and the U.S. has also stemmed from the tension Over Taiwan. Officials from China still involve themselves in violation of their laws as well as treaty commitments that grant citizens freedom of speech and religious liberty thus causing the U.S. to intervene.

America aimed at addressing violations of human rights as well as denial of liberties by compelling Chinese officials to avoid. The U.S. maintained that its goal is not to mold the country democratically as it does not have those powers but it has the interests of safeguarding rights and freedom of the citizens. It further maintains that it is a matter of concern since China is unable to keep pace with fast social and economic changes over the last thirty years. It, therefore, support positive reforms with emphasis on experimentation of citizens and the U.S. asserts that these concepts does not mean that America is in need of imposing foreign ideology. It is focused on solving problems that affect Chinese citizens which include violations of human rights, bad governance as well as social unrest that confront China. However, Chinese officials are against this move as they consider it interference of the sovereignty of China. Chinese officials maintains that the U.S. is just masquerading since its move is meant to suppress China due to its fast economic growth and increased political influence which has a great impact

on global politics. The U.S. want to maintain the superiority of being the superpower, and the rise of China is likely to challenge it in future. As a result, it causes conflict between the two countries which has a possibility of triggering a war in future if the dispute is not solved amicably.

The relationship between China and the U.S. has been affected negatively due to Chinese lack of democracy. The Chinese political system has a lot of flaws. People are not allowed to express their views and those who agitate for multiparty rule are punished. The press does not have freedom and is repressed when it informs people about the excesses of the government. Since the U.S. is committed to safeguard the democracy, lack of democracy in China receives criticism from the U.S. and this interferes with their relationship.
Since the end of World War, Japan does not have its own military to protect itself from external aggression. As the world policeman, the U.S. signed an agreement with Japan to protect it in case of war with neighboring countries. Since China and Japan have not been in good terms, it also alters the relationship between the U.S. and China. The decision by the U.S. to allow Japan to regain its military affects the relationship between the two nations adversely.

Two weeks ago, China passed a strict law that put foreign NGO’s under close control of the police and this attracts criticism from Washington since it interferes with freedom of association which is guaranteed in the U.S. The new law will come into effect on January 2017 and require all foreign nongovernmental organizations to have been sponsored by

a Chinese official. The groups should also not engage in political activities. The police have been bestowed with powers to shut down an event conducted by NGO’s and carry out investigation if they suspect a legal activity. The U.S. has complained that the law violates freedom of association and is likely to increase social injustice in China.
Available options to avoid the conflicts between these two great nations

Wei argues that to prevent conflict between the U.S. and China, the U.S. should change its policies as well as thoughts. It is important for the U.S. to understand that there is a substantial difference between its ideologies and those of China concerning security. The U.S. and other countries in the West believe in democratic peace or peace that stems from a balance of power. Democratic countries led by America tend to favor peace and asserts to maintain cordial relationship amongst them. The U.S. should understand that China embrace making of friendship regardless of the ideology but it respects the sovereignty of other nations. It upholds and believes in win-win cooperation and put morality as a priority with a belief of strengthening strategic and economic cooperation and enhances the livelihood of people in every state. The outcome is common trust on security as well as politics. The U.S. should understand that despite the unwillingness of China to change its stand of disputed islands the sea along South China, it does not imply it has stopped from responding to the unilateral actions such as unilateral resource reclamation work that takes place in South China. The implication of change in situation is infringement of interests of China and it has to

react in a bold manner.

Another thing the U.S. should undertake is to understand that the determinant of the world order stability is not the nature of state of super powers or how many superpowers are present but the level of institutionalization of the world governance. Further, the U.S. is up to supplementing the void by granting Japan a go-ahead to get back military capability. Nevertheless, lack of a unified mechanism for security in the East Asia region would heighten the building up of arms due to Japan’s military capability which would eventually bring forth triangle power structure between the U.S., China, and Japan. The influence may pose a challenge to the security management of the region, and this has a significant effect on the entire world. Thus, the U.S. should enhance its cooperation with China on global matters such as counter-terrorism, maintenance of security in the region and advance global trade arrangement to avoid conflict. The U.S. should promote global governance by through peaceful restructuring of the order respecting interests of the U.S.. The U.S. should respect the core interests of China including its regime. The style of democracy of China differs with that of America. Democratic system of the U.S. is mature whereas the one of Chinese is developing rapidly. Thus, America should not assume the democratic system of China is mature but it should be give time until it matures.

Additionally, the U.S. should employ mechanisms of managing conflict for the sake of both countries and the entire globe. One of the mechanisms is to apply negotiation to solve any dispute. For instance, one of the sources of conflict between China and the U.S.

is the dispute of the sea in Southeast China where China claims its sovereignty and has resorted in land reclamation. The U.S. ought to negotiate with China over the claims and hence eliminate the root of conflict that may affect the relationship between the two great nations. Another mechanism is to create practices and crisis management procedures to prevent occurrence of conflict between the two countries.

Why Rising, Great Powers are Always in Turmoil with the Existing Dominant Nation

As often said democracy is a bad form of governance only that there is none other better form of governance than it. The truth is that rules of capitalism have firm roots which create an antagonist force by the name of global terrorist. Since some feel oppressed and denied their equal share of resources and thus can only take their share by use of physical strength considering that forces of capitalists have taken control of the all the systems such as funding the potential parties and candidates in the political system to assist them to have their way. It is the same in all economies in the world, and therefore when dissatisfied groups come together from different parts of the world, they form a strong force and global network of rising great powers that are always in turmoil with the existing dominant nation and in particular the United States of America. It is imperative that the existing global blocs and stable regions such as the European Union should deal with the real causes of international conflicts and terrorists and not necessarily focus too much on the effects and preventive mechanisms. Some of the respected global scholars underscore that

the main causes of the international crashes concerning the great rising powers in different parts of the world are fallouts from a section of a group or nation usually dissatisfied with the undertake allocation of the resources. It is important to address the issue persistently considering that the core intention of the most rising power is to distort the operations of the existing dominant nation considered to be a threat to their intended motives and actions that are outside democracy as well as against the rule of law. The existence of these groups would ultimately result in finding a lasting solution that would in due course minimize the rampant cases of global tension whose intentions are not good for the majority innocent beings.

Others scholars undertake that some of the reasons as to why rising great powers are always in turmoil with the dominant nation are the fact that different countries in the world have difference political systems. Nation’s political stability is dominant concerning carrying out business and other important activities in such a country. One of the most crucial things is to consider whether the nation is a communist, democracy or a dictatorial regime. Above all it is a reflection of the monetary regulations. In respect of the United States, political atmosphere differs from countries throughout Asia and Europe, government interference in the market in considerably less. Marshal undertakes that U.S. is a capitalist society, which operates in economic systems whereby both the government and private sectors regulate the economy. The government embarks on free enterprise through progressive income tax even though at times the government supports and protects the industries of Americans from the

external competition. Nevertheless, the same protectionist criterions have been taken by other countries via registrations and enforcement of the contracts, trademarks, patents, environmental issues and brand names. Moreover, business tends to grow and flourish in the environment that is stable politically which at times makes the rising great economic powers like China to conflict with the existing dominant economic power, the United States on many issues.

It is apparent that the conflict between China and U.S is the rivalry of imperialist. Experts on international affairs undertake that competition war given the existence of the perpetuity global capitalist crisis. Misleading propaganda in China makes a rigorous effort to conceal worsening of the global economy. It is therefore undertaken that Basiceconomic problems cannot be dispensed with the economics gimmicks that includes the negative interest rate and persistent rate of inflation in the contemporary global market. The continuing increased spending on military boosts danger of international military conflict. China people’s Liberation Army PLA is no longer worker’s force following the change from pro-workers to the capitalist regime. Besides, the policy of PLP is doubtful as it appears increasingly problematic to have an international alliance of labors nowadays. However, the national ideologies need to be upheld besides ensuring that nations have the world to win and live in peace and harmony in the absence of undue influence and conflicts from within or without.

It is imperative to note that the imperialist wars that are fueled by the U.S, Russia and China are escalating leading to displacements of millions of working class. Uncertainty in the capitalist systems fuels attacks on the working- class particularly women. The mainstream of migrants inflowing the United

States on the ‘’train of death” are women. According to congressional research service about 100,000 women are abducted annually into forced labor and increasingly involved sex slavery. Responding to the sexist attacks some of the women and fellow working class prefers feminism and identity of the dead end politics. Meanwhile, it is imperative to note that the Obama administration is considered to have expelled more workers than all the combined previous presidents and in turn, this ignites a lot of turmoil from some of the rising great powers. Drone strikes have given rise to killings of thousands of workers and banks also expelled millions of workers whose disproportional majority are known to be of ethnic minority. In Germany, on the other hand, Chancellor Angela Merkel has also failed in improving the conditions of the working women as expected thus fueling frustrations and dissatisfactions to various groups.

Concerning the aspect of money regulations, the exchange rates of the nation’ currency depicts the values of that currency relating to another country’s currency. At times, ruling administrations put the rates of exchange notwithstanding of the demand and supply forces. If the exchange rate of a specified country is less than that of the other country, the consumers of the former country pay higher prices on import. However, exchange rates widely fluctuate creating high risks to both importers and exporters. Companies in dominant nation, the U.S. have their third of revenue generated coming from the products that are promoted to Latin America and Asia. More to that, North America free trade agreement (NAFTA) backs on the revenue generation from exports as it facilitates companies to sell goods at affordable prices

resulting from the enhanced reduced tariffs. Trading blocs’ embracing nations are coming together thereby formally harmonizing their tariffs amongst themselves. In this case, NAFTA being a bloc comprises of the US, Mexico, and Canada. Among these three members, no tariffs exist though they apply an unvarying tariff to members who are not affiliated to the bloc. And thus, if this trend continues without considering of the likely impacts chances are that in accordance some scholars thinking results to the great rising of economic power to some regions as well as unfair discrimination to others that may ultimately lead to unnecessary turmoil to those areas that dominate.Steps that can be taken by the United States to avoid disputes with rising nations and policies.

In the current globalized world of trade, the forces of the globalization have closely interconnectedness the world into small global villages. Thus, if there is will, it is possible to have an international alliance of the nations. Addressing some of the economic problems demands unity and thus having regions to agree on the mobility and freedom of movement of the people from one region to another. It is high time that majority of the global leaders undertake and declare that enough is enough and that no more exploitation and oppression by the forces of capitalism. Capitalism is the root sources of all the current evils that include terrorists and thus leading to expediting more on the military thus disputes with the rising nations.

In the present world, changes in technology are so diverse and fast that even IT specialist cannot be able to predict where the world is moving. Technology is one of the forces

behind internationalization that have a significant impact on all operations. Since IT tends to integrate the world into small global villages, it is significant before extending business operations to another country to consider how quickly and safety the organization system integrates within the country. From the time of the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001 in the U.S., the aspect of the national readiness demands the effort of the whole community approach. Given that the state-federal synchronization of the cybersecurity efforts is in early stages due to the absence of the federal guidance, united states are expected to be moving forward in developing methods of Partnerships and strategies to improve their strength and cyber resilience capabilities to respond, prepare and recover from any potential attacks. Governors are at the front position of leading the effort relating to the expansion of the collaboration as well as driving change at the state and federal level.

In carrying out business internationally, some of the usual economic indicators that need to be put into consideration are the country’s gross domestic product (GDP), inflationary rates and employment level in estimating the level of the surplus income. It is important to consider the aspects of the national income, consumers’ predisposition on saving and use of the credit among others not forgetting the existence of the crimes and fraudulent activities such as money laundering from a senior individual in a given country. It is crucial to consider the issue of currency fluctuation on the exchange rates as well as ensuring that the commonality of the home currency about the international market for effective business operations. In today’s world, it is more efficient for

countries to treat together in forming political as well economic bloc such as the European Union. This facilitates faster as well effective means of operating in the international market and as well having good relation with other countries. Having policies that encourages the formation of such economic blocs can be of great help in strengthening the unity and harmonization of different states and nations.

Some of the main economic factors that influence the international market include the variable interest rates, inflation, income levels, savings and consumption among others. Inflation influences pricing strategies likely to be adopted by the organizations that ultimately may lead to unfavorable exchanges rates. U.S. being the economically strong in the world has great influences other countries economy. Considering that it is following the effects of economic forces that countries impose tariffs; the government should be very keen on the aspect of providing subsidies in addition to imposing quota to protect the domestic market in a manner that is likely not violated the good relation with the trading partners from outside. According to Cabell the United States should spearhead the real international good relations through the formulation of effective policies and strategies that promote good interaction with other countries though again very keen on matters of global terrorist and other militants.

Recommendations

Chinese has undertaken military modernization through improved training and improvement of living conditions of its forces. It has also acquired modern equipments for the military. However, conflict exists between the U.S. and China. The U.S. should respect the democracy of China even if it protects territorial borders as a world policeman. The rising powers and the existing dominants are always in turmoil due

to the competition for power and resources. These nations could take steps such as signing agreements to foster peace and cooperation among nations.

Taking into Consideration the decision of the Britain in the coming June 2016 on whether to remain to be part of the European Union is expected to test the limits of the political and economic ties in the international affairs. All these activities together with the overflow of Syrian refugees into Europe “humanitarian disaster” unraveling already-tense relationships are bound to create uncertainty in the international arena hence declination of the global economy. Hence, IMF undertakes that central banks should keep stimulating their respective economies if deflation threatened or else growth remains below the potential. It is also a call to the government policymakers and in particular the United States to strengthen the growth and take measures of dealing with the worst scenarios. This is not the time for errors as IMF advocates, and action must be taken. The truth of the matter is that weak economic fuel resentment against open borders, free trade and sparks rises in the nationalistic policies. Over the time, IMF and United States has been in favor of infrastructure investment in addition to tax reform as a means of addressing economic deflation. All in all, U.S should always the be at the front line in formulating the most efficient policies as well as identifying additional levers that can be pulled in case the world slips back into recession.

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