question

Absolute zero-

answer

lowest possible temperature that any substance can have; the temp. at which the atoms of a substance have their minimum kinestic energy. The temp. of absolute zero is -273.15 C which is -459.7 F and 0 K

question

Avogadro's Number

answer

- 6.02 * 10 ^23 molecules (anything) (1 mol)

question

Atom

answer

- smallest particle of an element

question

Antinode-

answer

any part of a standing wave with max. displacement and max energy

question

Angle of refraction-

answer

between refracted ray and the normal to the surface at which its refracted

question

Angle of reflection-

answer

" " between the reflected ray and the normal to the surface of reflection

question

Angle of Incidence

answer

- Angle between the incidence ray and the normal to the surface it encounters

question

Ampere:

answer

unit of electric current

question

Alternating Current:

answer

Electric current that rapidly reverses in direction. The electric charges vibrate about relatively fixed positions usually at the rate of 60 hertz

question

Alpha Particle

answer

- two neutrons two protons ejected by a nucleus

question

Additive Primary Colors:

answer

Three colors of light red blue and green that when added in certain proportions will produce any color of the spectrum

question

Acoustics-

answer

study of the properties of sound, especially its transmission

question

Absorption Spectrum-

answer

Continuous spectrum like that gerenated by white light, interrupted by dark lines or bamds tat result from the absorption of light of certain frequencies by a substance through which the light passes.

question

conductor-

answer

material through which heat can be transferred material usually a metal through which electric charge can flow good conductors of heat are generally good electric charge conductors

question

conduction-

answer

in heat energy transfer from particle to particle within certain materials or from one material to another when the two are in DIRECT CONTACT in electricity the flow electric charge through a conductor

question

condensation-

answer

change of phase of a gas into a liquid,

question

concave mirror-

answer

mirror that curves inward like a cave

question

compression (in sound)-

answer

in sound the region of increased pressure in a longitudinal wave

question

compound-

answer

chemical substance made of atoms of two or more different elements combined in a fixed position

question

circuit breaker-

answer

device in an electric circuit that breaks the circuit when the current gets high enough to risk causing a fire

question

circuit-

answer

any complete path along which electric charge can flow

question

charging by induction-

answer

redistribution of electric charges in and on objects cause by the electrical influence of a charged object close by but not in contact

question

charging by contact-

answer

transfer of electric charge between objects by rubbing or simple touching

question

chain reaction-

answer

self sustaining reaction that, once started steadily provides the energy and matter necessary to continue the reaction

question

Celsius scale-

answer

temperature scale that assigns 0 to the melt freeze point for water and 100 to the boil-condense point of water at standard pressure

question

calorie-

answer

unit of heat. One calorie is the heat required to raise the temp of one gram of water 1 celsius degree. Once calorie with a capital C is equal to one thousand calories and is the unit used in describing the energy available from food also kilocalorie

question

boiling-

answer

change from liquid to gas occurring beneath the surface of the liquid; rapid vaporization. The liquid loses energy the gas gains it

question

beta particle-

answer

electron emitted during radioactive decay of certain nuclei

question

Doppler effect-

answer

change in frequency of a wave of sound or light due to the motion of the source or the receiver. Red shift blue shift

question

direct current

answer

-electric current whose flow of charge is always in one direction

question

diffraction-

answer

bending of light that passes around an obstacle or through a narrow slit, causing the light to spread and to produce light and dark fringes

question

deuterium-

answer

isotope of hydrogen whose atom has a proton a neutron and an electron the common isotope of hydrogen has only a proton and an electron therefore deuterium has more mass

question

destructive interference-

answer

combination of waves so that crest parts of one wave overlap trough parts of another, resulting in a wave of decreased amplitude

question

de Broglie matter waves-

answer

all particles have wave properties in de broglies equation, the product of momentum and wavelength equals plank's constant

question

cyclotron-

answer

particle accelerator

question

critical mass-

answer

minimum mass of fissionable material in a nuclear reactor or nuclear bomb that will sustain a chain reaction. A subcritical mass is one in which the cahin reaction dies out. A supercritical mass is one in which the chaine reaction builds up explosively

question

crest-

answer

part of a ave where the disturbance is highest at greates

question

convex mirror-

answer

mirror that curves outward the virtual image formed is smaller and closer to the mirror than the object

question

convection-

answer

means of heat transfer by movement of heated substances itself such as by currents in a fluid.

question

constructive interference-

answer

combination of waves so that two or more waves overlap to produce a reslting wave of increased amplitude (interference)

question

convection

answer

- means of heat transfer by movement of heated substances itself such as by currents in a fluid.

question

convex mirror-

answer

mirror that curves outward

question

crest-

answer

part of a wave where the disturbance is highest at greates

question

critical mass-

answer

minimum mass of fissionable material in a nuclear reactions that will sustain a chain reaction

question

cyclotron-

answer

particle accelerator that imparts high energy to charged particals such as protons, deuterons and helium ions

question

de Broglie matter waves-

answer

all particles have wave properties

question

destructive interference-

answer

combination of waves so that crest parts of one wave overlap trough parts of another, resulting in a wave of decreased amplitude

question

deuterium-

answer

isotope of hydrogen whose atom has a proton a neutron and an electron the common isotope of hydrogen has only a proton and an electron therefore deuterium has more mass

question

diffraction-

answer

bending of light that passes around an obstacle or through a narrow slit, causing the light to spread and to produce light and dark fringes

question

direct current

answer

-electric current whose flow of charge is always in one direction

question

Doppler effect-

answer

change in frequency of a wave of sound or light due to the motion of the source or the receiver. Red shift blue shift

question

electric charge-

answer

fundamental electrical property to which the mutual attractions of repulsions between electrons or protons is attributed

question

electric current-

answer

flow of electric charges that transports energy from one place to another, Measured in ameperes, where one ampere is the flow of 6.25 10^18 electrons per second

question

electric field-

answer

force filed that fills the space around every electric charge or group of charges

question

electric potential energy

answer

- energy a charge has due to its locations in an electric field

question

electrical force-

answer

force that one charge exerts on another. When the charges are the same sgn, they repel when the charges are opposite they attract

question

electrical resistance-

answer

resistance of a material to the flow of electric charge through it measure in ohms

question

electricity-

answer

general term for electrical phenomena much like gravity has to do wit gravitations phenomena or sociology with social phenomena

question

electrode-

answer

terminal for example of a battery through which electric current can pass

question

electrodynamics-

answer

study of moving electric charge, as opposed to electrostatics

question

electromagnetic induction-

answer

phenomenon of inducing a voltage in a conductor by changing the magnetic field near the conductor. If the magnetic field within a closed loop changes in any way, a voltage is induced in the loop. Te induction of voltage is actually the result of a more fundamental phenomenon: the induction of an electric field

question

electromagnetic radiation-

answer

transfer of energy by the rapid oscillations of electromagnetic fields, which travel in the form of waves called electromagnetic waves

question

electromagnetic spectrum-

answer

range of frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation can be propogated. The lowest frew. Are associated with radio waves, microwaves have a higher freq. and then infrared waves light ultraviolet radiation, X rays, and gamma rays in sequence

question

electromagnetic wave

answer

any voltage that gives rise to an electric current. A battery or a gerenator is a source of emf.

question

Electrostatics-

answer

study of electric charges at rest as opposed to electrodynamics

question

Element-

answer

substance composed of atoms that all have the same atomic number and therefore the same chemical properties

question

elementary particles-

answer

subatomic particles the basic building blocks of all matter consisting of two classes or particles the quarks and the leptons

question

evaporation-

answer

change of phase from ;iquid to a gas that takes place at the surface of a liquid the opposite of condensation

question

excitation-

answer

process of boosting one or more electrons in an atom or molecule from a lower to a higher energy level. An atom in an excited state will usually decay rapidly to a lower state by the emission of radiations the freq. and energy of emitted radiation are related by E=hf

question

Fahrenheit scale-

answer

temp scale in common use in the US the number 23 is assigned to the melt freeze point of water, and the number 212 to the boil condense point of water at standard pressure

question

Freezing-

answer

change in phse from liquid to solid the opposite of melting

question

Frequency-

answer

the number of vibrations or wave crests per unit of time. HERTZ

question

Fuse-

answer

device in an electric circuit that breaks the circuit when the current gets high enough to risk causing fire

question

Galvanometer-

answer

instrument used to detect electric current

question

gamma ray-

answer

high frewuency electromagnetic radiation emitted by atomic nuclei

question

gas-

answer

phase of matter beyond the liquid phase wherein molecules fill whatever space is available to them, taking no definite shape

question

generator-

answer

machine that produces electric current, usually by rotating a coil within a stationary magnetic field

question

grounding-

answer

allowing charges to move freely along a connection from a conductor to the ground

question

group-

answer

elements in the same column of the periodic table

question

half-life-

answer

time required for half the atoms of a radioactive isotope of an element to decay.

question

heat of fusion-

answer

amount of energy that must be added to a kilogram of a soild already at its melting point to melt it

question

heat of vaporization-

answer

amount of energy that must be added to a kilogram of a liquid to vaporize it

question

heat-

answer

the energy fthat flows from one object to another by virtue of a difference in temp. measured in calories or joules

question

hertz (Hz)-

answer

SI unit of frequency

question

induction-

answer

charging of an object without contact

question

infrared-

answer

electromagnetic waves of frequencies lower than the red of visible light

question

infrasonic-

answer

term applied to sound frequencies below 20 hertz the normal lower limit of human hearing

question

in parallel-

answer

term applied to portions of an electric circuit that are connected at two points and provide alternative paths for the current between those two points

question

in series

answer

- term applied to portions of an electric circuit tat are conneceted in a row so that the current that goes through one must go through all of them

question

insulator

answer

- material that is a porr conductor of hear that is a poor conductor of electricity

question

ion-

answer

atom with a net charge which is due to the loss or gain of electrons a positive ion has a net

question

ionization-

answer

process of adding or reoving electrons to or from the atomic nucleus

question

isotopes-

answer

atoms where nuclei have the same numer of protons but different amount of neutrons

question

Kelvin scale-

answer

temp scale, measured in kelvins K, whose zero is the temp at which it is impossible to extract any more internal energy from a material 0K= -273.15 C there are no negative temp. on the K scale

question

kilowatt-hour-

answer

amount of energy consumed in 1 hour at the rate of 1 kilowatt

question

laser-

answer

optical instrument that produces a beam of coherent light that is light with all wves of the same frequency phase and direction. The word is an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

question

light-

answer

visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum

question

liquid-

answer

phase of matter between the solid and gaseous phases in which the matter possesses a definite colume but no definite shape it takes on the shape of its container

question

longitudinal wave

answer

- wave in which the individual particles of a medium vibrate back and forth in the direction in which the wave travels (sound)

question

magnet-

answer

any pbject that has magnetic properties that is the ability to attract objects made of iron or oter magnetic substances

question

magnetic domain

answer

microscopic cluster of atoms with their magnetic fields aligned

question

magnetic field-

answer

region of magnetic influence around a magnetic pole or a moving charged particle

question

magnetic force

answer

- between magnets, it is the attraction of unlike magnetic poles for each other and the repulsion between like magnetic poles. Between a magnetic field, and a moving charged particle, it is a deflecting force due to the motion of the particle: The deflecting force is perpendicular to the magnetic field line sna dhte firection of motion. This force is greatest when the charged particle moves perpendicular to the field lines and is smallest when it moves parallel to the field lines

question

magnetic pole-

answer

one of the regions on a magnet that produces magnetic forces

question

melting

answer

change in phase from solid to liquid the

question

microwaves

answer

electromagnetic waves with grequencies greater than radio waves buyt less than infrared waves

question

mixture

answer

substnaces mixed together without combining chemically

question

molecule

answer

two or more atoms of the same or different elemtns bonded to form a larger particle

question

natural frequency

answer

frequency at which an elastic object naturally tends to bibrate if it is disturbed and the disturbing force is required

question

neutron

answer

electrically neutral particle that is one of the two kinds of nucleons that compose an atomic nucleus

question

node

answer

any part of a standing wave that remains stationary a region of minimal or zero energy

question

noise

answer

scientifically speaking, sound that sorresponds to an irregular vibration of the eardrum produced by some irregular vibration which appears on an oscilloscope as an irregular pattern

question

normal

answer

at right angles to or perpendicular to a normal force acts at right angles to the surface on which it acts in optics, a normla defines the line perpendicular to a surface about which angles of light rays are measured

question

nuclear fission

answer

splitting of an atomic nucleus particularly that od a heavy element such as uranium 235 into two ligher elements accompanied by the relase of much energy

question

nuclear force

answer

attractice force within a nucleus that holds neutrons and protons toegether, part of the nuvles force is called the strong interaction the strong interaction is an attractice force that acts between protons and neutrons and mesons however it acts only over very short distances the weak interaction is the nuclear force responsible for beta emisson

question

nuclear fusion

answer

combining of nuclei of light atoms such as hydrogen into heavier nuclei accompanied by the relase of much energy

question

nucleon

answer

principal building block of the nucleus a neutron or a proton the collectice name for either or both

question

nucleus

answer

poisitviely charged cneter of an atom which contains protons and neutrons and has almost all the mass of the entire atoms byt only a tiny fraction of volume

question

ohm

answer

SI unit of electrical resistance

question

opaque

answer

term applied to material that absorb light withotu reemission and consequently do not allow light through them

question

oscillation

answer

same as vibration a repeating to and fro motion about an equilibrium position both oscillation and vibration refer to periodic motion that is mption that repeats

question

parallel circuit

answer

electric circuit with two or more devices connected in such a way that the same voltage acts across each one and ay single one completes the circuit independetly of the others

question

period table

answer

chart that lists elements by atomic number and by electron arrangements so that elements with similar chemical properties are in the same column

question

phase

answer

one of the four main forms of matter solid liquid gas and plasma often called state

question

photoelectric effect

answer

ejection of electrons from certain metals when exposed to certain frequencies of light

question

photon

answer

QUANTA PACKET OF ENERGY

question

pitch

answer

term that refers to our subjective impression about the highness or the lowness of a tone, whoch is related to the frequency of the tone a high vibrating source produces a sound of high pitch...low produces low

question

Planck's Constant

answer

fundamental constant of quantum theory that determines the scale of the small scale world plancks constant multiplied by the frequency of radiation gives the energy of a photon of that radiation

question

mass number

answer

the number of nucleons

question

atomic mass

answer

the average of the masses of the exisintg istopes of an element

question

atomic number

answer

number of protons

question

radiation

answer

energy transmitted by electromagnetic waves the particles given off by radioactive atoms such as uranium do not confuse radionat with radioactivity

question

plane mirror

answer

flat surfaced mirror

question

polarization

answer

alighning of vibrations in a transverse wave, usually by filtering out waves of other directions

question

potential difference

answer

difference in electric potential between two points free charge flows when there is a differen and will continue until both points reach a common potential

question

prism

answer

triangular solid of a transparent material such as glass that separates incident light by refraction into its component colors. These componenet colors are oftne called the spectrum

question

proton

answer

positiviely charged particle that is one of the two kinds of nucleons in the nuckeus of an atom

question

quantum

answer

called a photon

question

quantum mechanics

answer

concerned witht he atomic microworld based on wave functions and probabilities introduced by max planck and developed by heisenberg erwin schrodinger and others

question

quantum theory

answer

theory that describes the microworld where many quantities are granular rather than continuous and where particles of light and particles of matter exhibit wave as well as particle properties

question

radiant energy

answer

any energy including heat light and x rays that is trasnmitted by radiation it occurs in the form of electromagnetic waves

question

radio waves

answer

electromagnetic waves of the longest frequency

question

radioactive

answer

term applied to an atom having an unstable nuclues that can spontaneously emit a particle and become the nucleus of an other elemt

question

radioactivity

answer

proces of the atomic nucleus that results in the emission of energetic particles

question

radiotherapy

answer

use of radiation as a treatment to kill cancer cells

question

rarefaction

answer

region of reduced pressure in a longitudianl wave

question

reflection

answer

reutrn of light rays from a surface in sich a way that the angle at whcih a given ray is tretuend is equal to the angle at whic it strikes the surface

question

refraction

answer

bending of an oblique ray of light when it passes from one transparent medium to another difference i speed of light in the transparent

question

resistor

answer

device in an electric circiot designed to resist the flow of charge

question

Schrodinger's wave equation

answer

interprets the wave nature of material particles in terms of probabiltiy wave amplitudes

question

semiconductor

answer

device made of material not only with properties that fall between a conductor and an insulator but with resitance that changes abruptly when other conditions change, sich as temperature voltage and electric of magnetic field

question

series circuit

answer

elecrtirc circuit with devices connected in sich a way that the electric current trough each ot them is the same

question

shock wave

answer

cone shaped wave prodiced nu am object moving at supersonic speed through a fliod

question

solid

answer

phase of matter characterized bu definite shape and volume

question

sound

answer

longitudinal wave phenomenon that consists of successive compressions and rarefaction of the medium through which the wave travels

question

sound barrier

answer

the pile up of sound waves in front of an aircraft approaching or reaching the speed of sound, believed in the early days of jet aircraft to create a barried of soujn that a plane would have to break throuhg in order to go faster than the speed of sound the sound barried does not exist (waves still pile up but no barrier to stop it)

question

standing wave

answer

stationary wave pattern formed in a medium when two sets of identical waves pass through the medium in opposite directions the wave appears not to be traveling

question

strong force

answer

force that attracts nucleons to each other within the nucleus a force that is very strong at close distancesbut decreases rapidly as the distance increatses strong interaction

question

sublimation

answer

direct conversion of a substance from the solid to the capor phase or vice cersa without passing through the liquid phase

question

superconductor

answer

material that is a perfect conductor with zero resistance to the flow of electric charge

question

supersonic

answer

traveling faster than the speed of sound

question

temperature

answer

measure of the average translation kinestic energy per molecule of a substance measure in degrees clesius or farenheit or in kelvins

question

thermodynamics

answer

study of heat and its transformation to mechanical energy,

question

thermometer

answer

device used to meausre temperature usually in degrees celsius F or K

question

transformer

answer

device for increasing or decreasing or decreasing voltage

question

transmutation

answer

conversion of an atomic nucleus of one element into an atoamic nucleus of another element through a loss or gain the number of protons

question

transparent

answer

term applied to materials that allow lght to pass through them in straight lines

question

transuranic element

answer

elemtn with an atomic number above 92 which is the atomic number of uranium all MAN MADE AFTER

question

transverse wave

answer

wave with vibration at right angles to the direction the wave is traveling light consists of transverse waves

question

tritium

answer

unstable radioactive isotop of hydrogen whose atom has a proton two neutrons and an electron

question

trough

answer

one of the places in a wave where the wave is lowest or the distribance is greatest in the opposite direction from a crest.

question

ultrasonic

answer

term applied to sound frequencies above 20,000 hertz the normal upper limit of human hearing

question

ultraviolet

answer

electromagnetic waves of frequencies higher than those of violet light

question

uncertainty principle

answer

is not possible to meausre exactly both the position and the momentum of a particle at the same time nor the energy and the time associated with a particle simultaneously

question

vibration

answer

oscillation

question

visible light

answer

part of the lectromagnetic spectrum that the humjan eye can see

question

volt

answer

SI unit of electric potential

question

voltage

answer

electrical pressure or a measure of electrical ptenotail difference

question

voltage source

answer

device such as dry cell battery or generator provides a potenital difference

question

watt

answer

SI unite of power one watt is expended when one joule of work is done in one second

question

wave

answer

a wiggle in space and time a REGULAR DISTURBANCE that repeats regularly in sace and time and that is trasmitted progressively from on place to the next with no net transport of matter

question

wave speed

answer

WAVELENGTH * FREQ= WAVE SPEED

question

wavelength

answer

distance between successive crests troughs or identical parts of a wave

question

weak force

answer

also called weak interaction the force within a nucleus that ALLOWS RADIOACTIVITY

question

white light

answer

light such as sunlight that is a combination of all the colors under white light white objects appear white and colored objects appear in their individual colors

question

X ray

answer

electromagnetic radiation higher in frequency than ultraviolet emitted by atoms when the innermost orbital electrson undergo excitation

question

Ask a question

answer

first step of the scientific method

question

Form a hypothesis

answer

second step of the scientific method

question

Do the experiment

answer

third step of the scientific method

question

Interpret the data

answer

forth step of the scientific method

question

Conclusion

answer

fifth step of the scientific method

question

Record your results

answer

last step of the scientific method

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