computers chapter 123 – Flashcards
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Communication.
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The power of the Internet allows computer users to communicate with people all over the world.
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Business work done at home.
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Work from home and start home-based businesses.
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Schoolwork.
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Researching information online, electronic books, software for creating polished documents and presentations.
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Entertainment.
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Playing video games and storing music, videos, and movies for on-demand playback on other computers, consoles, and televisions throughout the home.
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Creativity.
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Art, music, photography, and creative writing.
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Finances and shopping.
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Manage your budget, pay bills, and shop online.
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Activities that home users engage in
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Communication Business work done at home Schoolwork Entertainment Creativity Finances and shopping
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Technology has changed health care in a variety of ways
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Procedures Research Training Medical records
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Procedures.
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A variety of medical procedures now involve computers
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Research.
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Powerful systems have helped researchers discover new medications and treatments.
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Training.
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Various technologies, such as automated "dummies," are being used to train students in the health sciences.
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Medical records.
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Most hospitals, doctors, and pharmacies have turned to electronic medical records.
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Large companies use technology in a variety of ways:
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Design Shipping Process control Administration Marketing
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Design
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Computer-aided design or computer-aided manufacturing system.
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Shipping
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Manage deliveries, maintenance, driver schedules, invoices and billing, and many other activities
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Process control.
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Manage assembly lines, check the speed at which a machine runs, and analyze inventory, all with very little human interaction.
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Administration
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Accounting, human resources, management, etc.
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Technology plays a crucial part in nearly every level of government:
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Military Security Taxes Police
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Military
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combat simulation, research, defense and controlling inmanned aerial vehicles (drones)
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Security
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gather intelligence and cyber defense
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Taxes
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IRS processes tax returns, many of which are now filed electronically with computers
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police
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police cruisers are equipped with laptop computers and wireless internet connections for easy record searching
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computer
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device that accepts input, processes data and can output or store the result of its actions
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input
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user entries or activities that tell the computer what to do. It can take a variety of forms such as the text you type with your keyboard or finger movements on the touchscreen of a mobile device
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processing
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the ability of a computer to perform actions based on instructions from the user or a program
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output
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the processes results that a computer sends out to you. typically, the results appear on the computers screen or on a printed paper
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storage
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the ability of a computer to hold or remeber the info. it processes; some storage is temporary, such as the data held by your computers RAM, or memory. most storage is permanent and will remain there until you erase it
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what are the four operations part of the information processing cycle
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input processing output storage
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hardware
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physical devices that make up a computer system any part you can touch . Examples: processors, monitors, and keyboards
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computer program
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set of instructions that directs the computer to perform a variety of tasks
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software
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refers to one or more of these programs that are packaged together for a unified purpose
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examples of software
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Windows or Mac OS operating systems help computer run & mange systems. Apps enable users to perform a variety of activities.
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Data
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consist of individual facts or pieces of information; raw materials that we use in the creation of info.
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network allows:
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users to communicate and share information between computers
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wireless networks allow:
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communication to take place using radio waves
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wi-fi
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current standard for wireless networks and internet connectivity
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information describes:
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concepts, facts, and ideas that people find useful
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internet
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largest network in the world; connects billions of people and organizations throughout the world
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most individuals use internet to access web pages on the:
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World wide web (www)
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whats another popular use of the internet:
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electronic mail or email
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cloud computing
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allows you to store your files and use various application in an online account
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social media
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variety of websites and services that allow individuals to share photos, news, and thoughts on just about anything
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personal computers (???)
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(microcomputers) meant to be used only by one person
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Desktop computer
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traditionally found on the desks in many offices and homes
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all in one computer
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have all of the hardware integrates with the monitor
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laptop computers
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notebook computers, are portable computers that contain all of the components of a desktop computer in a single, integrated unit. They can use the same software and accomplish most of the same tasks as a desktop computer. can connect to internet anywhere; needs to be charged every once in a while;
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In recent times, the term "PC" most commonly refers to personal computers that run the Windows operating system. Although Apple's line of desktop and laptop computers are technically personal computers, no one would ever refer to them
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Today, most desktop computers are in the form of towers. Laptops are fully functional personal computers.
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Netbooks (type of laptop)
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small & inexpensive laptops that have reduced processing power & lack of DVD drive; designed for budget shoppers who only want to use web and create documents
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ultraportable computers (type of laptop)
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thin, lightweight laptops that possess strong processing power, more powerful than netbooks but more expensive,many weigh less than 4 lbs. and are often touch screen capable in order to take advantage of the windows 8 interface. apples macbook air competes with intel based ultrabooks in this category
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convertible laptos
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lightweight laptop computers that allow users to swivel/ detach the touchscreen monitor (can provide tablet experience), gives users maximum flexibility
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chromebooks (type of laptop)
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lightweights & inexpensive laptops that run googles chrome operating system; most affordable because it contains little storage
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clusters or server farms
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individual servers working together to manage data processing requests
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blade server
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thin units that can slide in racks
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Multi-user computers
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are large systems that manage a variety of services for businesses and organizations. act as central computer in a network allowing personal computers to connect to them in order access info. or software stored inside of them
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network server
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a powerful computer with special software and equipment that enables it to function as the primary computer in a network. basic task of making files, software and sometimes hardware
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Mainframe computers
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are very large and powerful systems used in organizations where a heavy amount of processing and user requests need to be handled.
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Supercomputers
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are the largest and most powerful computers in the world, and are ideal for handling large and highly complex problems
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Network server computers are often are linked to share the load. When set up in groups—sometimes called _1_ or server farms—network servers must be arranged in a space saving manner. Each computer is reduced to a thin unit called a _2_, which can slide in and out of a rack that holds many of its companion servers.
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1. clusters 2. blade server
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_1_ are typically used by large businesses such as international banks and airlines. _2_ are used in rocketry (NASA), forecasting weather, performing nuclear research, and even breaking codes on behalf of a government agency.
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1. Mainframes 2. Supercomputers
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Embedded systems
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limited computers because they are placed inside devices that require specific computing functions. manage a variety of functions inside modern cars, military equipment, medical imaging devices, and several home appliances
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E-book readers
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lightweight and affordable devices that make it convenient for individuals to read and store their e-books.Compared to tablet computers, these devices are much lighter, affordable, and enjoy a longer battery life. They have unique screens featuring crisp black text that is capable of being read in even the brightest outdoor conditions.
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Gaming consoles
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complete entertainment systems, offering Internet connectivity, movie rentals, photo storage, and many other services in addition to video games.
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Smart TVs
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use your home's wireless network to connect to a variety of online services such as Netflix, Amazon, and Pandora. if you are not ready to replace an old tv there are a variety of streaming players can add the "smart" features to almost any TV. examples of stream players: roku and apple TV
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With home automation:
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many household activities are being automated or controlled from a distance because they contain wireless embedded systems.often includes the following: security, temperature control, lighting, and smart appliances
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Gaming consoles:
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PS4, Xbox One, WiiU
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If you are not ready to replace your current television, a variety of _____ can add many of these "smart" features to almost any TV.
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streaming players
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Mobile devices
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lightweight, handheld computers that offer a variety of software and communication services for mobile users. They generally have touchscreen interfaces as the primary form of input and use unique programs known as apps.
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Common features of mobile devices:
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Cameras for photos and video Microphone and speakers Wireless connectivity Internal sensors such as accelerometers and GPS
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The tablet computer
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tablet, is a mobile device that typically ranges from 7 to 10 inches in size.
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A smartphone
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a combination mobile phone and handheld computer. Permanent Internet connectivity is offered via data plans.
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phablet
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term given to the newer generation of large smartphones that generally require the use of two hands (much like a tablet).
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Wearable technology Examples:
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computing devices that are worn on various parts of the body. Eyeglasses which offer an augmented reality experience Wristwatch (or smartwatch) that works as a companion to your smartphone. Googles glass: provide users with visual info. in front of their eye
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Tablet: The most popular tablet is arguably the iPad from Apple, which took the world by storm when it was introduced in 2010. Smartphone: Apple transformed the smartphone market with the release of its revolutionary iPhone in 2007. Since then, various Android-based devices (such as the Samsung Galaxy series) have given Apple some serious competition.
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Smartwatch: Display useful alerts and incoming messages from your smartphone, and many offer health and fitness monitoring.
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The ability to communicate with a device without using your hands is known as
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hands-free computing.
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Using a short-range wireless technology known as _____, calls could be made with a wireless headset worn on the ear or the hands-free systems in some cars
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bluetooth
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what are some benefits of bluetooth?
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convenience and safety
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Device damage
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Use a protective case to prevent cracked phones.
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Loss and theft
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Ensure that your mobile device requires a PIN or other security measure on the lock screen. In addition, be prepared to use a remote wipe utility to erase all of your data in the event your device is stolen
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Wireless security
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Wireless security: Always use the correct (and preferably secure) wireless network when connecting outside of your home.
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Location-based services (LBS)
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Location-based services (LBS) allow your mobile device to identify and report your location through the use of GPS, cell phone towers, and nearby wireless access points.
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Real-time information
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Real-time information refers to any information that is delivered to you immediately after it is created.
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Crowdsourcing
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Crowdsourcing is the gathering of information from a large group of people.
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Mobile payments can be completed in many locations using a wireless technology known as ______
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NFC (near field communication).
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Map-related apps often use your location and crowdsourced data to determine high-traffic areas. This real-time information can help you drive around any problem areas.
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For those who need to accept credit cards on a continuous basis, devices such as Square plug into your mobile device and allow customers to swipe their credit card like they would anywhere else.
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Short Message Service (SMS)
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Short Message Service (SMS) allows you to send text messages of 160 characters to any other cell phone user.
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The more versatile _____ allows you to attach a variety of media such as photos and short videos.
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Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
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Various messaging services use the Internet to send messages, share photos, and have video conversations.
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Examples: Google Hangouts Skype
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_______ make it easy for friends and family to share updates and special events with each other. Examples: ___________
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Social networking services Examples: Full-featured: Facebook, Google+ Photo and video sharing: Instagram and Vine Short-duration sharing: Snapchat (shared items are deleted within seconds)
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Streaming media .
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refers to music and movies that are delivered on demand from an online source.
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You can listen to ad-supported streaming music in a variety of ways:
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Personalized radio stations: Pandora, iHeartRadio, Songza On-demands songs: Spotify
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Streaming video is offered in a variety of ways:
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Streaming video is offered in a variety of ways: Movies: Netflix (Requires paid subscription) TV: Hulu (Free, but paid subscription adds more episodes and options) Video clips (social): YouTube
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Fitness:
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Whether you run, walk, or engage in any other type of exercise, fitness apps can help you keep track of your activity goals for each day. Often used in combination with wearable devices such as the Fitbit wristband
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Health:
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Health apps are often used to record and monitor information about your diet, vital signs, and medications. Some require a separate device that is worn on the body or can scan a part of it in order to take measurements
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Cloud storage
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Cloud storage services allow your files to be stored online and accessed from any Internet-connected device.
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Cloud collaboration tools
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Cloud collaboration tools allow individuals to view, edit, and share documents online
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Examples of cloud storage Examples of cloud collaboration tools:
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Examples of cloud storage services/apps: Dropbox, Google Drive, Microsoft OneDrive, Apple iCloud Examples of cloud collaboration tools: Evernote, Google Docs, Microsoft Office Online
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The main component of a desktop computer is the ______ which is the case that houses the computer's critical parts, such as the processing and storage devices.
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system unit
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motherboard
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largest circuit board in a personal computer. It contains a variety of slots, connectors, and plugs for hooking up all the other parts of a computer.
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All data travels through wires located throughout the motherboard's surface, and several ____ act as traffic directors for all this data.
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chipsets
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The motherboard usually contains a collection of plugs, or____, that allow you to connect external devices. The most popular port is the ____.
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ports USB port.
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When tower cases are purchased by themselves, they typically have drive bays (for internal storage), a power supply that provides power to all internal components, and cooling fans to reduce the heat inside the case.
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When tower cases are purchased by themselves, they typically have drive bays (for internal storage), a power supply that provides power to all internal components, and cooling fans to reduce the heat inside the case.
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The central processing unit (CPU), or ???
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The central processing unit (CPU), or microprocessor, is the main processor of a computer. It is responsible for organizing and carrying out instructions to produce a desired output.There are a variety of brands and models, such as Intel and AMD.
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Some CPUs have multiple processors or ???.
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cores.
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The clock rate ()
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The clock rate (in GHz) measures the speed of a processor.
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A ______ means that the CPU is capable of processing billions of instructions per second.
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gigahertz (GHz)
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In a computer, _____ is a general term for electronic chips that store data and program instructions that can be accessed quickly by the CPU.
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Memory
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RAM is the computer's temporary workspace. Whenever you actively work on something using your computer, that work is temporarily stored in RAM.
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RAM is the computer's temporary workspace. Whenever you actively work on something using your computer, that work is temporarily stored in RAM.
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ROM is a small chip that contains device-specific information. The instructions on this chip are known as firmware, and they handle a computer's basic functions when it is powered on.
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ROM is a small chip that contains device-specific information. The instructions on this chip are known as firmware, and they handle a computer's basic functions when it is powered on.
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Cache refers to a form of high-speed memory that stores a small, frequently used set of instructions and data in the CPU.
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Cache refers to a form of high-speed memory that stores a small, frequently used set of instructions and data in the CPU.
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Virtual memory is not actual memory, but rather a portion of your hard drive that is being used as RAM when the situation demands it.
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Virtual memory is not actual memory, but rather a portion of your hard drive that is being used as RAM when the situation demands it.
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Additional details about RAM:
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RAM consists of a set of chips mounted on a small circuit board called a memory module. There are a large variety of RAM types and speeds. Be aware of this when considering a RAM upgrade. Each RAM module has a capacity of several gigabytes.
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The purpose of storage
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The purpose of storage is to hold programs and data permanently, even when the computer is turned off.
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drives.
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The devices that can read, write, and erase data are called drives.
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media.
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The physical locations where things are stored are known as storage media.
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The most fundamental unit of computing is the __, which is typically represented as an on (1) or off (0) value.
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bit
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byte
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A byte is simply a collection of eight bits. It is the amount required to store a single character. Additional units (rounded values): A kilobyte (KB) = 1000 bytes A megabyte (MB) = 1000 KB A gigabyte (GB) = 1000 MB A terabyte (TB) = 1000 GB
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The hard drive
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The hard drive (also known as the hard disk), is the primary storage device of a personal computer. It can be internal (inside the system unit) or external.
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Tape drives
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Tape drives, which use magnetic tape to store data, are popular for organizations that have large quantities of information to back up or archive.
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Compact discs (CDs)
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Compact discs (CDs) are capable of storing up to 700 MB of data.
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Digital versatile discs (DVDs)
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Digital versatile discs (DVDs) can store either 4.7 or 8.5 GB of data
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Blu-ray discs (BD
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Blu-ray discs (BD) typically store 25 or 50 GB of data.
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While most computer software is sold in the DVD format, high-definition movies and console games are sold as blu-ray.
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All three types of discs, along with the drives they are inserted into, have a series of designations that let you know about their read, write, and erase capabilities. If you see the word ROM after any of them, it means they are read only. A designation of - R or + R means the blank disc can only be recorded to once. However, the initials - RW, + RW, or - RE indicate that the disc can be recorded and erased. The process of recording to a blank disc is known as burning.
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Solid state storage relies on a special kind of flash memory chip to permanently store data. Faster than magnetic or optical technology
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Solid state storage relies on a special kind of flash memory chip to permanently store data. Faster than magnetic or optical technology
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A USB flash drive
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A USB flash drive is the small storage stick that plugs into a USB port
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memory cards
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Tiny memory cards are used to store data in tablets, smartphones, and devices such as digital cameras and digital photo frames.
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s solid state drives (SSDs).
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Many hard drives now use flash memory instead of the more traditional magnetic technology. These are known as solid state drives (SSDs).
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The most common format currently in use for memory cards is Secure Digital (SD), available in various speeds and storage capacities. Smaller versions of SD are known as mini and micro SD.
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Ultraportable computers will often use SSD technology exclusively (because of the low weight), even though the storage capacity is only a fraction of what a traditional, magnetic hard drive offers.
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Wireless keyboards do not require a physical connection and can communicate with your computer via Bluetooth wireless technology. Most keyboards share the same categories of keys: Alphanumeric, modifier (e.g. shift, ctrl, alt), function (e.g. F1, F2, F3), cursor control, and a numeric keypad.
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Wireless keyboards do not require a physical connection and can communicate with your computer via Bluetooth wireless technology. Keyboard covers snap directly onto a tablet and can serve as a protective cover as well. They communicate via Bluetooth.
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Ergonomic keyboards,
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Ergonomic keyboards, which are designed to be comfortable and tailored for the human body, can reduce hand and wrist strain.
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These devices issue commands in the form of various types of
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clicks, scrolling, or gestures (finger movements).
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optical mouse
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The optical mouse is the most common pointing device for desktop computers. It senses movement, and contains buttons and a scroll wheel.
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trackball
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a stationary pointing device that works like an upside-down mouse.
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touchpad
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a stationary, rectangular pointing surface that is typically found on laptop computers.
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Touchscreens
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Touchscreens accept input by allowing the user to place a fingertip directly on the computer screen. Your fingers can be used to perform a variety of taps and gestures to accomplish different tasks.
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stylus
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A stylus is a pen-like input tool that is used with a variety of touchscreen devices.
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graphics tablets
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Artists who draw images on a computer often use a stylus in conjunction with special graphics tablets, which offer extra-sensitive touch surfaces that translate an artist's motions into drawings on the computer screen.
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Most of today's devices use capacitive touchscreens, which means that they detect the position of your finger by detecting the electrical current present in your body. Alternatively, some monitors use resistive touchscreens, which detect the pressure of your touch.
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There are also software-based scanners (apps) that use the camera on a mobile device to perform the scan. Because tablet and smartphone cameras have become very sharp, these apps can produce very clear scans of your documents. They are also used to scan barcodes (for product searching) or QR codes, which are specially-coded squares that direct users to a website.
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scanner
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A scanner is a device that uses optical technology to convert objects that it analyzes into a digital format.
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Document scanners
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Document scanners specialize in scanning large quantities of documents in a short amount of time.
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Flatbed scanners
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Flatbed scanners have a glass surface that allows you to scan almost any object, from a page in a textbook to an old photo album. Many of these scanners now include a document feeder, which is a tray that allows you to scan several sheets of paper automatically.
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Barcode scanners
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Barcode scanners are used to scan the barcode labels that uniquely identify most products sold today.
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RFID scanners
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RFID scanners can scan an RFID tag, which is a tiny chip or label that contains electronically stored data.
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Practically all of today's computers are equipped with complete ___ capabilities, which means that they can input and output sound, music, images, and video
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multimedia
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Microphones.
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Microphones. While these are often used for voice recording or video conversations, they are becoming important for speech recognition (a computer's ability to recognize human speech).
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Digital cameras
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Digital cameras are portable devices that electronically capture and store still images and video. Higher megapixel cameras can capture more detail, but they will produce a larger image file on your storage media.
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Video cameras.
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Video cameras. Many of these are in the form of webcams, which are small video cameras typically attached to (or integrated with) your monitor. Businesses often use more sophisticated versions of webcams to engage in videoconferencing , where multiple individuals hold meetings and converse using internal networks or the Internet.
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TV tuner
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A TV tuner is a device that can capture television signals for viewing on a computer. Many individuals are using TV tuners as digital video recorders (DVR) to record television shows for future playback.
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game controller
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Whether you are playing games on a computer or a gaming console, you will often use a game controller as your primary input device
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Biometrics Examples:
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Biometrics refers to the measurement of patterns or characteristics found in the human body. Used for authentication. Many types of computers and mobile devices can now authenticate individuals with integrated biometric technology. Examples: Fingerprint scanners detect the unique patterns and swirls of an individual's finger. Facial recognition is a biometric technology that looks for unique measurements in an individual's face.
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pixels.
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A monitor's screen is divided into millions of tiny dots, called pixels.
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how is the size of the monitor measured?
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diagnolly
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resolution
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refers to the number of pixels that it can display on the screen.
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response time
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amount of time (in milliseconds) that it takes for a pixel to change from black to white.
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contrast ratio
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monitor measures how close the monitor can get to the brightest white and the darkest black.
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A resolution of 1920x1080, for example, will display up to 1,920 pixels in each row (horizontally) and up to 1,080 pixels in each column (vertically). The older CRT monitors, which were large and bulky, are rarely used today.
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Although a higher resolution will produce a sharper image, screen elements will appear to shrink because of these tightly packed pixels. Most monitors today are flat-panel monitors. They are thin, lightweight, and energy efficient.
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LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor
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contains a light source and a screen of special crystals placed in the monitor between the user and the light source.
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LED monitors
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lit by a grid of tiny electronic lights called light emitting diodes (LEDs). tend to be thinner, lighter, and more energy-efficient. In addition, they tend to have better contrast ratios, response times, and viewing angles.
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video card
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The video card is an intermediary device between the CPU and the monitor. It contains a processor (GPU), video-dedicated memory, and other circuitry necessary to process and send information to the monitor. Video cards can include various types of connectors for your monitor or TV: VGA (D-sub), DVI, and HDMI.
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sound card
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a circuit board that converts sound from analog to digital form, and vice versa, for recording or playback.
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dots per inch
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Image quality, also known as print resolution, is usually measured in dots per inch (dpi).Most modern printers can produce output with at least 1200 dpi.
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pages per minute
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Printer speed is measured in the number of pages per minute (ppm) the device can print.Most printers have different ppm ratings for black and color printing because color graphics generally take longer to print. PPM is also affected by print quality.
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duplexing
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ability to automatically print to both sides of a piece of paper is known as duplexing.
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Dot matrix printers
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Dot matrix printers, which date to the 1970's, create output by striking an inked ribbon against paper using metal pins. They are the only printers that can produce carbon-copy or pressure-sensitive forms.
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inkjet printers
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create an image directly on the paper by spraying ink through tiny nozzles. Inkjet is very popular for home use
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laser printers
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create output by using a laser that is aimed at a rotating drum. Toner (ink powder) then sticks to the drum. choice for many businesses
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multi function printers
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combine either inkjet or laser printing capabilities with scanning, photocopying, and faxing capabilities.
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Dye-sublimation (dye-sub)
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printers use a process where by colored dyes are heated and then diffuse on specialty paper or other materials. create ID cards
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thermal printers
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apply heat to special thermal paper, turning select areas black to produce text and basic graphics. used for receipts and labels
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3D printers
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3D printers are unique in that they can create a three-dimensional object made of various materials. Initially, a 3D model is created on a computer using special software. When it is transferred to the printer, a nozzle will heat special plastic material until it melts. This nozzle will expel the liquid in a series of layers, which quickly hardens into solid form.
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digital projectors
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are used to project digital images and video onto a large screen where they can be viewed by an audience
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interactive white boards
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Some projectors are often used with interactive whiteboards, whereby a user can interact with the images projected on a screen or whiteboard.
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haptics/ haptic feedback
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The communication of vibration, motion, or physical resistance to a user is called haptics or haptic feedback. Haptic technology can enhance audio or video output from computers to make them more relevant or noticeable.
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application Software
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any type of software that is made for you, the user. It allows individuals to complete a variety of work and school-related tasks. It also includes all entertainment software
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system software
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refers to any software that is created for the operation, maintenance, and security of a computer. It is crucial for the proper operation and well-being of your system.
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operating system
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manage the flow of data between hardware components and allow the user to communicate with the computer. supports all the other software that is installed in that computer.
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boot process
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computers start up
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Computers that have the same operating system are said to be ____ with each other because they can support the same software.
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compatible
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Graphical user interface (GUI)
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allowing users to communicate via graphical elements on the screen
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command line interface
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requires users to memorize and type a series of commands; For home users, the command-line interface was phased out over 20 years ago. However, many system administrators prefer to use it by typing quick commands instead of clicking through multiple menus.
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multitasking
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the ability to run multiple programs at the same time. A 32-bit operating system can only handle 4 GB of RAM. A 64-bit operating system can handle much more.
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device drivers
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program that allows operating systems to communicate with the hardware
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Unix (or UNIX)
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runs many of the world's most powerful servers. Unix dates back to 1969. There are many variants of Unix, with Oracle's Solaris being one of the most popular. Linux is an open source, Unix-like operating system that was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991.
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open source
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freely distributed and modified
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Hundreds of Linux variants, or distributions, are available commercially or as a free download. Linux is an open source, Unix-like operating system that was created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. Even though Linux is free, companies may choose to sell their own versions of Linux. These companies, such as Red Hat, typically include customer service and support as part of the price, which is desired by most businesses that use Linux.
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Microsoft's Windows Server operating system is widely used in businesses of all sizes to manage users and a variety of services. It employs a GUI that is very similar to the desktop version of Windows. Windows has the largest market share of any competitor, with one version or another appearing on roughly 90 percent of the world's personal computers.
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Windows 8
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is Microsoft's operating system for personal computers. It can run mobile-style apps in the area known as the Start screen, while running traditional Windows software in the more familiar desktop. The Start screen has replaced the older icons on the desktop with newlive tiles that can display real-time information.
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OS X
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the operating system used for Apple's Mac computers. The current Mac operating system, OS X, has gone through multiple versions over the years, each with its own nickname such as "Mountain Lion" or "Yosemite." It has a reputation for: Stability / fewer issues Fewer viruses Useful software is included Unified ecosystem with iOS devices Excellent tech support Ability to run Windows (dual boot)
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linux
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Various companies, such as Ubuntu, are trying to lure Windows and Mac users with their friendly interfaces and familiar features. Free and open source If you want to try Linux before replacing your current OS, many versions can be run directly off a USB drive or through the use virtualization software.
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chrome OS
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In essence, the Chrome web browser will be running your computer. All of the available apps are those that work with the Chrome browser. Cloud storage is encouraged. Part of Google's ecosystem (with Android). is available on a few small, ultraportable computers.
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mobile operating systems
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IOS, Android, Blackberry, Windows RT and Windows phone
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IOS
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The iOS operating system powers Apple's iPhone and iPad.
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Android
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Like Linux, Android is an open source operating system. Although Google owns Android and manages the Google Play Store for apps, it allows any manufacturer to use and modify this operating system for their devices. Many individuals and groups release their own Android versions, or ROMs, that can replace the one you have on your device. To allow this, your phone must be rooted, which involves a series of steps that give you full access and control over your device. This type of access is necessary for flashing a custom ROM as your new operating system.
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blackberry
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This operating system can be found on a variety of BlackBerry smartphones. Its popularity has decreased dramatically in recent years.
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windows
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These run Microsoft's tablets and phones. They use live tiles on the home screen, much like Windows 8. Devices running Windows RT, such as the Microsoft Surface RT, are limited to running mobile-style apps much like their competitors' tablets. However, computers running Windows 8 can run both Windows RT apps and traditional Windows software, including those made for older versions of Windows such as 7 and XP. Windows 8 is what powers Microsoft's Surface Pro devices and most of the laptops and desktops sold today.
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widgets
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Some mobile operating systems use widgets, which are much larger than icons and provide automatically updating information without the need to open an app.
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utilities
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programs that enhance or extended an operating system's capabilities. Some utilities offer features not provided by the operating system. Other utilities are either included with the operating system or enhance the capabilities.
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security suite
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offers a bundle of programs that provide protection beyond what is included with the operating system.
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security software
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keep you, your computer, and your personal information safe from a variety of threats
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examples of security software
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antivirus, firewall, encryption, password mangement, parental computers
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antivirus
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Protects your computer from malicious programs (malware).
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firewall
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A software-based firewall is dedicated to examining and blocking Internet traffic.
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encryption
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The process of scrambling your data or storage devices to make them unreadable by anyone who doesn't have the proper key is known as encryption.
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password management
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A utility that stores and generates passwords.
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parental control
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Utilities that allow parents to set a variety of limits on their children's Internet usage are known as parental control software.
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Antivirus examples:
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Paid: Norton AntiVirus, Bitdefender Antivirus Plus Free: AVG Anti-Virus Free, Avast Free Antivirus, Avira Free Antivirus
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virtual machine
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is a special environment that allows you to run an operating system on top of another operating system. This is useful for individuals who wish to test a different operating system or for those that have software that requires an operating system other than the one that runs their computer.
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virtualization software
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The software that allows you to run a virtual machine. This is useful for individuals who wish to test a different operating system or for those that have software that requires an operating system other than the one that runs their computer.
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formatting
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the process of preparing a storage device for use by an operating system. Formatting may be useful for saving a corrupted SD card or USB flash drive, or making them usable on other operating systems.
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partitioning
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Dividing a hard drive into multiple sections. Some computers include a recovery partition on the hard drive that helps restore your computer to factory settings.
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file system
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configured after partitioning, determines how the operating system manages the space on the device. FAT and NTFS are the two most popular types of file systems.
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disk defragmentation
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(or optimization) reorganizes files and fragments to place related ones nearer to each other.
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disk cleanup
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utilities help clear temporary files created by the operating system and many other programs.
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file compression
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utilities use a variety of techniques that can "squeeze" one or more files into a smaller, compressed file. ZIP and RAR are two popular file compression formats.
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backup
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copy of one or more files (or entire storage devices) that is made in case the originals become lost or damaged. Both Windows (File History) and Mac OS X (Time Machine) include backup utilities.
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cloud backup
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providers are companies that provide utility software that creates automated backups to an online account. Advantages: Safety from physical theft or damage to your home/business backup media. Backups stored in the cloud can be accessed from any Internet-connected device. There are dozens of cloud backup providers, with Carbonite being one of the most popular.
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disk wiping and recovery
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It is possible to recover all or parts of deleted files using recovery utilities. Disk wiping utilities help remove all traces of your files from computers you are selling or giving away. For mobile devices, this can often be accomplished via a factory reset option.
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Computers offer us a variety of ways to store and organize our files. This structure, known as the
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file hierarchy
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drives
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refer to your storage devices. They can store both folders and files.
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folders
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or directories) are containers that can store files or other folders.
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files
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which are the most fundamental components of storage, can be located inside drives, folders, or subfolders.
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file path
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complete address that describes the exact location of a file
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file extension
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short, unique sequence of characters located after the file's name that indicate the file type.
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When files are located on a drive without being inside any folder, they are often said to be in the root directory of that drive.
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Most operating systems help you manage special folders that contain popular file types such as documents, music, photos, and videos. These are often displayed as favorites or libraries
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In Windows, files are managed with a tool known as File Explorer. On a Mac, that tool is known as Finder. On most operating systems, files deleted from the hard drive go to a location that helps you recover those files that were erased by accident. On Windows it is known as the Recycle Bin, while on Mac OS it is called the Trash. With Mac OS and Windows 8, you can type any search text and the operating system will find any files that contain this text. In Windows, the Smart Search feature can be activated by typing on the Start screen, while Mac's Spotlight feature can be accessed from the menu bar or the Finder window.
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These tools allow users to: Copy. The copy command places a copy of the object (or objects) that are currently selected into the clipboard, which is a temporary holding location. Cut. The cut command removes the selected object (or objects) from their current location and places them into the clipboard. Paste. The paste command takes whatever is currently in the clipboard and places it in the location where this command is issued. Delete. When you no longer need a file or a folder, you can use the delete command to remove it from your drive.
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installed
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set up by the operating system
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When software is acquired, it must first be —set up by the operating system before it can be used
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installed
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software license
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contract from the software creator that specifies the rules for using this software.
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copyright law
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Federal copyright law gives software creators a variety of rights and privileges over their creative work.
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Most of the software and apps that individuals install are intended for one user at a time. These are typically purchased as DVDs or a digital download.
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end-user license agreement (EULA)
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An end-user license agreement (EULA) is the typical license that a user must agree to before installing software. Most EULAs take the form of an electronic notification that appears when starting the installation process. Businesses can buy a license for a certain number of users, or they can negotiate a package that includes maintenance and support.
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volume license
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Companies that need to install software on multiple machines generally purchase a volume license.
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subscription model
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With the subscription model, users pay a fixed amount of money per month to use a particular software or a complete software suite. Users must evaluate whether the subscription model will save them money for the period in which they need this software.
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share ware
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trial software, is free to download and install, but will stop working as intended after about 30 days. Users can purchase the full version or a code if they wish to continue using it.
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freeware
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Freeware is software that is free to use without any specified time restrictions. Reasons for being free: Promotion of a more feature-rich, paid version, Necessary for viewing certain files, such as Adobe Flash Player, Embedded advertisements. In-app purchases.
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GNU General Public License (GPL)
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type of open source license, ensures that a particular program and any of its derivatives (modified versions) remain free to distribute. In addition, its programming code can be examined and modified by anyone.
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Web-based applications
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programs that run directly on your web browser.Although they may require you to agree to various provisions or read their privacy policy before using them, no installation is required.
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Office software includes some of the most popular programs that help businesses efficiently carry out tasks such as writing letters, analyzing sales figures, and scheduling meetings.
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Often, several office programs are bundled as a unit known as an office suite. Popular examples include Microsoft Office and the open source LibreOffice.
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Word processing software
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Word processing software provides tools for creating, formatting, and editing all kinds of text-based documents. Word processing: Microsoft Word and Pages for Mac
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Spreadsheet software
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is used for entering, calculating, and analyzing sets of numbers. It is also useful for creating charts/graphs. Spreadsheet: Microsoft Excel and Numbers for Mac
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A database management system (DBMS)
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helps businesses create and manage complex databases that help them store and organize their data. Database: Microsoft Access, Microsoft SQL Server, and Oracle Database
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Presentation software
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Presentation software enables users to create electronic slideshows that are used to present information. Presentation: Microsoft PowerPoint and Keynote for Mac
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A personal information manager (PIM)
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is software designed to keep individuals organized with tools that help them manage contacts, appointments, to-do lists, and emails. PIM: Microsoft Outlook
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accounting and finance
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Accounting software helps businesses manage all aspects of their company's finances. Personal finance software helps individuals and families manage their budget. Tax preparation software allows individuals to prepare their income taxes and file electronically (e-file) with the IRS. Examples: Business Accounting: Intuit QuickBooks, Sage 50 Accounting Personal Finance: Intuit Quicken and YNAB Tax Preparation: Intuit TurboTax and H&R Block
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bitmap graphics
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record your drawings on a pixel-by-pixel basis. These create files such as JPG, GIF, and PNG.
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vector graphics
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on the other hand, rely on mathematics to generate and manipulate a variety of shapes.
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Graphics editing software,
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referred to as image or photo editing software, contains bitmap-based tools that are used primarily to edit images.
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Video editing software
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used to edit and produce a variety of videos.
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Operating systems include applications that allow you to view most multimedia files. Media players refer to applications that allow you to listen to music and play videos. In addition, you will find several image viewers that allow you to view image slideshows and manage photo galleries on desktop and mobile operating systems.
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Examples: Drawing: Adobe Illustrator and CorelDRAW Graphics Editing: Adobe Photoshop and GIMP Video Editing: Adobe Premier and Apple Final Cut Pro
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Computer aided design (CAD)
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software aids architects, engineers, and many others who need to create a digital model of an object.
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3D modeling software
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typically used by artists and animators who need to create three dimensional graphics and characters for advertisements, video games, cartoons, and movies.
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Audio production software
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used to compose, edit, and mix music or sound effects.
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Desktop publishing software
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used to create works that require complex layouts and contain a mix of text and graphics.
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Web development software
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used by professionals who need to manage and publish complex websites.
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Examples:
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CAD: Autodesk AutoCAD 3D Modeling: Autodesk Maya and Autodesk 3ds Max Audio Production: Avid Pro Tools and Apple GarageBand Desktop Publishing: Adobe InDesign Web Development: Adobe Dream -weaver
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Education and entertainment software is very popular in homes and schools. Playing games, learning a new language, and teaching children how to read or do math are all examples in this category.
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Many feel that the future of gaming will involve virtual reality, where humans can experience realistic environments that are simulated by computers.
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Vertical market software
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created for a specific industry such as health care or insurance.
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enterprise resource planning (ERP)
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For large organizations ERP bring together many types of business functions into one software solution. ERP systems can handle tasks as diverse as manufacturing and quality control to accounting and human resources. Managers can also use it for project management functions, where a sophisticated plan is created and tracked to achieve a variety of goals. Some ERP systems also integrate customer relationship management (CRM) capabilities that allow sales departments to manage call centers, support customers, and keep track of sales commissions.
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To create successful software, computer programmers go through a series of steps known as the
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software development life cycle (SDLC).
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Planning.
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Programmers will come up with a series of steps, known as an algorithm, that describes exactly what each portion of their program is supposed to do. This algorithm is often represented visually as a flowchart, which uses special symbols to trace the steps of the program.
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Coding
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The creation of a computer program is known as coding
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Testing and Maintenance
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A programmer will first look for errors, or bugs, by testing the software under a series of conditions. Once software is released, errors and vulnerabilities will continue to be found and programmers will "patch" them by offering software updates to users.
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Many programmers today use an integrated development environment (IDE), which is software that helps them build their computer programs. These IDEs contain a compiler, which is a program that translates a specific programming language into a machine language that can be processed by the CPU. Once a computer program is compiled, the IDE will produce an executable file that can be run by the operating system on a user's computer.
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Popular programming languages: C ++ Java Visual Basic Python
