Communication and Therapy: Individual, Family, Group (pg. 162-177) – Flashcards

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Brief Therapy
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-Focus on present -Provide clients with tools to change basic attitudes and behaviors -Termination is discussed from the beginning -Problem or solution focused -Clear goals -Therapeutic style: active, empathic and directive
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Family Therapy
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-A healthy family has: Flexibility, consistent structure, effective exchange of information ** -Family in terms of the whole -Social roles and interpersonal interaction are the focus
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Emotional Cutoff
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Family therapy intervention Enmeshed family member has attempted to break all emotional ties to family members. Unsuccessful technique. Worker helps client re-establish contact and learn successful techniques for disengaging emotionally from family members.
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Triangulation
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Family therapy intervention Worker points out how family members, by words or behavior, talk through others. He encourages them to communicate directly with each other. Usually serves to lessen the difficulties
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Coaching
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Family therapy intervention Guidance in efforts to differentiate client from their families of origin.
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Family rules
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Family therapy intervention Worker explicitly defines the rules by which the family operates; previously family members do not recognize the rules.
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Genogram
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Family therapy intervention Family history is diagrammed
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Restructuring roles
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Family therapy intervention Establishing generational boundaries with the parents in charge. Modifying patterns in alcoholic, violent, incestuous and other dysfunctional family systems. 1. Shifting family interaction within the interview 2. Assigning homework tasks 3. Defining interactional patterns 4. Sculpting or using other psychodrama techniques (pg. 163)
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Multigenerational/Intergenerational approach
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Family therapy approach Murray Bowen -Problems are a result of fusion among family members due to inadequate individuation from family of origin. -Triangulation technique -Goal: To increase differentiation of individuals (avoid the need for triangulation)
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Structural Family Therapy
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Family therapy approach Salvador Minuchin -Importance of family organization -Worker "joins" (engages) in restructuring family -Boundaries and rules determining who does what, where, and when 1. Recognize pattern of rigid enmeshment or disengagement 2. Boundaries must be permeable to maintain well-functioning open system 3. Hierarchial organization maintained by generational boundaries Enactment of situations- Enacting the problem situation during the interview (pg. 164)
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Communication/Interaction Family Therapy
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Family therapy approach Virginia Satir -Implict family rules are made explicit -"In vivo" therapeutic family experiences -Family roles based on communication patterns that become established and fixed in families: Placater, blamer, leveler, distracter (pg. 165)
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Strategic Family therapy
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Family therapy approach Jay Haley/Palo Alto group -A problem is viewed as sx of and response to current dysfunction in family interaction -Techniques of relabeling, reframing, directives, and paradoxical instructions are used to achieve specific behaviorally defined objectives. **
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Relabeling
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Strategic Family therapy approach -To alter the meaning of behavior or redefine the situation so the perceived meaning of the behavior is LESS NEGATIVE
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Paradoxical Instruction
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Strategic Family therapy approach -Prescribe the symptomatic behavior so the patient realizes they can control it; uses the strength of the resistance to change in order to move them towards goals.
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Psychodynamic Approach
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Family therapy approach Ackerman -Family dynamics are the reflection of interactions between intrapsychic factors and societal, cultural, and environmental factors.
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Behavioral Family Therapy Approach
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Family therapy approach -Based on social learning theory and exchange theory -Behavior is learned and maintained by social environment -Gaol: Change consequences of behavior/ altering reinforcements
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Group Therapy
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- Settlement House movement -Goal: Enhance social functioning -Contraindications for group: Clint in crisis/suicidal -Worker focuses on helping each member change his/her environment or behavior through interpersonal experience -Emphasis: conscious components -Common group goal : define purpose, function and structure -Group is helping agent -Individual self-actualization -Psychodrama: roles are enacted through group context
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Group Psychotherapy **
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The focus of group psychotherapy is treatment of pathology or illness **
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Stages of Group Development
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1. Pre-affiliation (FORMING) Development of trust 2. Power & Control (STORMING) Struggles for individual autonomy and group identification 3. Intimacy (NORMING) Utilizing self in service of the group 4. Differentiation (PERFORMING) Acceptance of each other as distinct individuals 5. Separation/termination (ADJOURNING) independence (pg. 167)
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Factors in group cohesion
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Group size Homogeneity Participation in goal and norm setting Interdependence External Threat Member stability
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Group Polarization **
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When discussion strengthens a dominant point of view and results in a shift to a MORE EXTREME position.
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Groupthink **
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High group cohesion and loyalty = failure to consider all alternatives and options (critical thinking)
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Crisis Intervention
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-Goals: Alleviate stress and mobilize psychological capabilities and social resources. Develop coping mechanisms. -Here-and-now, time-limited, directive, high levels of activity and involvement from therapist. Anticipatory Guidance: helps prepare clients for dealing with future stresses- planning coping strategies Understanding Precipitating event of crisis -Ego patterns may be more open to influence and correction -person or family is at a "critical turning point" of coping either adaptively or maladaptively
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Social Role Theory
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Role: Behavior prescribed for an individual occupying a designated status Role behavior: Basic script for behavior Status: Relationship to others, set of rights, and obligations that regulate transitions (ex: mother, middle-class) Social and individual determinants of role behavior: compatibility or conflicts between person's conception of obligations and expectations held by client and others. (pg. 169)
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Role ambiguity
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Social Role Theory Term -Lack of regularized expectations
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Role complementarity
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Social Role Theory Term -Exists when the reciprocal role of role partner is carried out in the expected way (parent-child, etc)
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Role dis-complementarity
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Social Role Theory Term -Different roles conflict or when the role expectations assigned by others differ from one's own
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Role Reversal *
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Social Role Theory Term -Roles are opposite to that which is appropriate
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Failure in role complementarity
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Social Role Theory Term -Cognitive discrepancy, discrepancy of roles, allocative discrepancy, absence of instrumental means (pg. 169)
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Role allocation
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Social Role Theory Term Ascribed: Automatically by age, sex, etc Achieved: by occupation Adopted: Satisfy some need of the individual Assumed: "let's pretend"
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Explicit roles
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Social Role Theory Term Conscious and exposed to observation
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Implicit Role
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Social Role Theory Term Unconscious (client acting like dependent child)
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Role conflict
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Social Role Theory Term Incompatible or conflicting expectations
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Prescription
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Social Role Theory Term Behavior that should or ought to be performed (SW prescribes client behavior if not congruent with client expectations >> strain)
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Sanctioning
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Social Role Theory Term Behavior with the intent of modifying another's behavior, usually toward conformity
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Locus of control **
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The extent to which an individual believes that life events are under his own control (internal locus of control), or under the control of external forces (external locus of control)
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Bases of social power
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Coercive: control of punishments Reward: control of rewards Expert: superior ability or knowledge Referent: acceptance as standard for self-evaluation, like ability, identification Legitimate: legitimate authority Informational: Content of message leads to new cognitions
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Resilience
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"ability to withstand and rebound from adversity" Traits associated with resiliency: -Social competence, autonomy, problem-solving, sense or purpose or belief in future Protective factors: -Presence of one caring and supportive person (love, trust, connectedness), (respect, challenge, structure), (belonging, power, meaning) 3
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Collaboration **
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Collaboration involves: -Interpersonal communication -Group process skills -Empathy- Identify and understand the perspective of others
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Interviewing communication skills
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1. Interview is purposeful 2. It involves verbal and nonverbal communication between people during which ideas, attitudes and feelings are exchanged 3. participants reciprocally influence each other
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Communication Theory
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The ways in which information is TRANSMISSION, the effects of information on human systems, how people RECEIVE information, how they ACT in response to information (pg. 174)
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Information processing
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Communication Theory -Responses to information that are mediated through one's perception and evaluation of knowledge received
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Feedback
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Communication Theory -How one's behavior affects internal states and surroundings, what follows actions.
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Relationships
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Communication Theory -Messages implicit or explicit in communication Symmetrical relationship: Two have equal power Complementary relationship: One-up/one-down position, unequal power.
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Double bind
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Communication Theory -Offering two contradictory messages and prohibiting the recipient from noticing the contradiction
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Paradox
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Communication Theory -Prescribing the symptom
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Metacommunication
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Communication Theory The context within which to interpret the content of the message (ex: nonverbal communication)
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Metacomplentary Relationship
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Communication Theory -One person lets the other have control or forces to take it
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Symmetrical escalation
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Communication Theory -Power struggle, trying to be one-up at the same time.
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The Axioms of Human Communication
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1. One cannot not communicate 2. Every communication has a context and a relationship aspect such that the latter classifies the former and is therefore a meta-communication 3. The nature of a relationship is contingent upon the punctuation of the communicational sequences between the communicants 4. People communicate digitally (words) and analogically (nonverbal and context) 5. All communicational interchanges are either symmetrical or complementary, depending on whether they are based on equality or difference (pg. 177)
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