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Impression Management Theory

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The ways by which individuals attempt to control the impressions others have of them.

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Identity Negotiation Theory

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A theory that emphasizes the process of communicating one's own desired identities while reinforcing or resisting other's identities as the core of intercultural communication. Individuals define themselves in relation to groups they belong to due to the basic human need for security and inclusion.

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Avowal

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How an individual portrays him/herself

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Ascription

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How others attribute identities to an individual

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Core symbols

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Fundamental beliefs and central concepts defining identity; shared by the members of a cultural group. EX: Labels-names or markers used to classify individual, social or cultural groups.

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Interpellation

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The communication process by which one is pulled into the social forces that place people into a specific identity.

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Hyphenated Americans

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U.S. Americans who identify not only with being U.S. citizens but also as being members of ethnic groups.

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National Identity

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National citizenship: the sense of belonging to a nation. Legal status.

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Regional Identity

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Identification with a specific geographic region of a nation. They reflect cultural identities that affirm distinctive cuisines, dress, manners, and language.

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Multicultural Identity

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A group currently dramatically increasing in number, are those who live "on the borders" of 2 or more cultures. They often struggle to reconcile 2 very different sets of values, norms, worldviews, and lifestyles.

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Global Nomads (third-culture kids)

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People who grow up in many different cultural contexts because their parents relocated.

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Culture Brokers

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Individuals who act as bridges between cultures, facilitating cross-cultural interaction and conflict.

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Prejudice

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An attitude (usually negative) toward a cultural group based on little or no evidence.

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Semantics

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The study of meaning or how words communicate the meaning we intend to get across in our communication.

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Syntactics

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The study of the structure of language or how words are combined into meaningful sentences; order of words is important.

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Pragmatics

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The study of how language is actually used in particular contexts.

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Phonetics

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The study of the sound system of language, including how words are pronounced; which units of sounds are meaningful for a specific language and which sounds are universal.

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Language acquisition

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The process of learning another language. Learning the language of a group a person dislikes is not the same as learning the language of a more favored group.

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Communication Style

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Combines both language and nonverbal communication; the metamessages that contextualizes how listeners are expected to accept and interpret verbal messages.

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Metamessages

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The meaning of a message that tells others how they should respond to the content of our communication based on our relationship to them.

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High-context style

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A style of communication in which much of the information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person, while very little is in the coded, explicit, transmitted part of the message. Emphasizes understanding messages without direct verbal communication.

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Low-context communication

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A style of communication in which much of the information is conveyed in words rather than in nonverbal cues and contexts. When the majority of a message is in the spoken words.

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Direct style

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Emphasizes verbal messages which reveal a speaker's true intentions, needs, wants or desires. Emphasizes honesty, openness, forthrightness, and individualism.

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Indirect style

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Communication is often designed to hide or minimize the speaker's true intentions, needs, wants, and desires.

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Elaborate Style

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Involves the use of rich, expressive language in everyday talk.

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Understated Style

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Values simple assertions and silence.

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Co-cultural groups

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Non-dominant cultural groups that exist in a national culture, such as African American or Chinese American. Groups that have the most power consciously or unconsciously formulate a communication system that supports their perception of the world. They can communicate non-assertively, assertively or aggressively. Emphasizes assimilation to separate themselves from the dominant group as much as possible. Have different uses of language.

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Assimilation

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Becoming like the dominant group.

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Accommodation

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Adapting to the dominant group.

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Separation strategies

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Independence from dominant.

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Social Positions

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The places from which people speak that are socially constructed and thus embedded with assumptions about gender, race, class, age, social roles, sexuality, and so on. Power of language use and label comes from this.

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Labels

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Category of core symbols; they are the terms we use to refer to particular aspects of our own and other's identities. Communicate many levels of meaning and establish particular kinds of relationships between speaker and listener. Sometimes people use this to communicate closeness and affection for others. Sometimes people intentionally invoke them to establish a hostile relationship, or sometimes people use them that are unintentionally offensive to others.

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Interlanguage

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A kind of communication that emerges when speakers of one language are speaking in another language. The native language's semantics, syntactics, pragmatics, phonetics, and language styles often overlap and create a third way of communicating.

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Code switching

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A technical term in communication that refers to the phenomenon of changing languages, dialects, or even accents. People code switch for several reasons: (1) to accommodate the other speakers, (2) to avoid accommodating others, or (3) to express another aspect of their cultural identity.

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Source text

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The original language text of a translation.

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Target text

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The new language text into which the original language text is translated.

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Language policies

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Laws or customs that determine when and where which language will be spoken. Sometimes they are meant to encourage assimilation into a language and national identity. Sometimes they are meant to provide protection to minority languages. Sometimes they regulate language use in different parts of a nation. EX: A law stating that English is the only language to be used in educational settings. -They are embedded in the politics of class, culture, ethnicity, and economics.

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Ebonics

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American English dialect spoken by African Americans.

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