Comm 109 Final - Flashcards

Q: Which of the following statements is most accurate about plagiarism?

Plagiarism is when you use another person\'s ideas in such a way as to make it appear as if they are your own ideas.

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Which of the following statements is a guideline for avoiding plagiarism in a speech?

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Whenever information is not your own, you should cite the originator of the idea.

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According to the text, ethical speakers...

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always cite the sources of their information.

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The advantages of manuscript delivery include...

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accuracy and preciseness

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Suppose you were at a wedding reception and were asked to give a congratulatory speech to the bride and groom with no prior notice. You would be giving a(n)...

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impromptu speech.

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When you are giving a political speech where every word needs to be stated very carefully, the best delivery method would be

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manuscript.

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Although she prepared well in advance for her speaking assignment, Becky's high-pitched, squeaky voice became a distraction for her fellow classmates. In this example, Becky is struggling with

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vocal quality.

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Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationships among the speaker, the audience, and speech anxiety?

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Speakers who have speech anxiety often overestimate how much the audience notices their behavior.

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According to the text, speech anxiety is often created by

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fear of social inadequacy.

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The key to successful control of speech anxiety is

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the desire to control it.

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Which of the following guidelines will not help reduce your speech anxiety?

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Focus on what other students have done wrong in their speeches.

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The rate at which a speaker speaks is usually between

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120 and 150 words per minute.

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When polishing your delivery you should

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use slightly different wordings each time you practice your speech (unless the speech is supposed to be memorized).

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Which of the following statements is most accurate about plagiarism?

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Plagiarism is when you use another person's ideas in such a way as to make it appear as if they are your own ideas.

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Which of the following statements is true concerning the various methods of presenting visual aids?

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Use graphs mainly to display statistics.

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Which term refers to a technique designed to reduce the tenseness associated with speech anxiety by helping speakers develop a new, relaxed response to the anxiety-provoking event?

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systematic desensitization

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Toasts, acceptance speeches, and introductions typically call for which type of delivery?

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memorized

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When learning how to give a speech, manuscript delivery is often discouraged because it

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invites the speaker to concentrate more on the script than on the audience.

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Which of the following statements is a clear advantage of presenting bar graphs during a speech?

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Bar graphs are an excellent way to show comparisons of complex data.

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Arleen has a clear and distinct voice. She also says her word-endings, never mumbling her words. According to the text, we would say that Arleen is doing a good job with

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intelligibility.

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When displaying the actual object is not practical, the next best visual aid choice to consider using is a

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model

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Which form of delivery provides the advantage of allowing the speaker to focus more on the delivery itself, rather than on what is being said?

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memorized delivery

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Maya Angelou helps your textbook authors make the point that effective preparation involves

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planning and practicing the presentation.

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Which statement accurately portrays the relationship between the speaker's voice and the speaker's delivery?

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Vocal quality is a highly accurate indicator of the presenter's sincerity.

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Vocal variety includes which of the following elements?

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the speaker's use of pauses

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What is the most likely cause of severe speech anxiety?

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hearing that presentational speaking is a horrible experience

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The delivery style that gives you more control than the impromptu method yet does not require you to construct a manuscript is called

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extemporaneous delivery.

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Line graphs are particularly well suited for

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clarifying comparative data over time.

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Using computer-generated visual aids is a very useful presentational device. However, beginning speakers use computer-generated visual aids erroneously in a few ways. Which of the following is a guideline for effectively using computer-generated visual aids?

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Don't overdo the computer-generated graphics.

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Which form of visual aid serves best to display comparative information?

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bar graph

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The president's state of the union address is a good example of which type of delivery?

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manuscript

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When a real estate agent tells you how to distinguish between a good investment and a bad one with the motive to sell, the agent's goal is

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persuasion

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Guidelines for choosing an informative speech topic include which of the following statements?

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choose a topic that is important to you.

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When a student giving a speech on solar energy explains how it affects us personally, he or she is using which technique for gaining audience attention?

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information relevance

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When Elisa gave her speech, she repeated her main argument to help her audience's comprehension. She was using which organizational technique?

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planned repetition

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Which statement accurately reflects the distinction between informative and persuasive speaking?

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The goals of the speaker distinguishes the two forms of speaking.

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Successful speakers consider their audiences by

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communicating clearly and accurately.

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Speeches about processes generally serve which two purposes?

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to increase understanding and to teach the audience how to do something

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Information relevance refers to the

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audience's need for the speaker's information.

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The general goal of an informative speech is to increase the knowledge of the audience. "To share the increasing role of crisis hot lines in community health care," and "To inform the audience about J. K. Rowling's contributions to literature" are two examples of what type of informative speech topic?

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objects

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"To inform my listeners about the benefits of a Green Lifestyle," and "To help my listeners learn the differences between social aggression and bullying" are two examples of what type of speech topic?

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concepts

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Two hints for effective informative speaking are

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avoid assumptions and personalize information.

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Which of the following are criteria used to evaluate an informative speech?

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Supporting materials supply documented evidence that what the speaker is saying is accurate and credible.

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The statements "Two points are critical here" and "The following information is essential" reflect what type of organizational technique used in aiding listeners' understanding?

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advance organizers

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Which of the following is most likely to be an antonym of the word "boring"?

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"exciting"

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The specific purpose of Brent's speech is "To inform the audience about the circumstances leading up to the earthquake in Haiti." Brent's speech is about a(n)

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event

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The specific purpose of Madison's speech is "To inform the audience about the three common misconceptions associated with capitalism." Madison's speech is about a(n)

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concept

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In her speech on communication apprehension, Angela states that communication apprehension is a trait or global anxiety, whereas speech anxiety is a state or situational anxiety. Angela is using what method to clearly define communication apprehension for her audience?

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contrast definition

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Choosing language carefully for an informative speech involves

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matching your level of language to the knowledge your audience already possesses.

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If you are trying to teach someone a skill like performing CPR, using a computer program, or playing a card game, you need to present information in the proper sequence and

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present information in small amounts at a time.

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In describing a communicative extrovert, Josh used the phrases "willingness to talk openly" and "uninhibited speech" to help the audience understand the behaviors of an extrovert. In other words, Josh was using what type of definition?

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synonyms

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Your textbook points out that those individuals who control information have a great deal of

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power

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The percentage of people who now hold jobs related to the management of information has jumped from 17 percent in the 1950s to ________ today.

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75 percent

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Which of the following guidelines help speakers avoid making assumptions in an informative speech? If you believe that a majority of your audience already knows what you mean, acknowledge that in your

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introduction to the topic.

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A speaker can increase the audience's understanding by

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using concrete words

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The key to using descriptors in an informative speech is that they must

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relate to the listeners' experiences

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A strategy where you explain the meaning of something and show how it is different from something else is called a(n)

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contrast definition.

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Kane is doing a presentation on the classical origins of the word "rhetoric." Because many people incorrectly assume "rhetoric" is a negative characterization of public speaking, Kane wanted to provide the classical origin of the meaning of this word. He consulted a specialized dictionary which traced the origin of the word. In this example, Kane is using a(n)

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etymology

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Which of the following components of delivery helps a speaker clarify his or her thoughts most effectively?

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facial expressions

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"Cyberwar is a potential threat to America's security, both physically and psychologically." This thesis statement is most likely for a speech about a(n)

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concept.

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Which of the following is not an action goal of persuasion?

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recurrence

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In her speech on maintaining a nutritious diet, Robyn asks the audience to avoid the practice of going without breakfast in the morning. Which subgoal of persuasion is Robyn attempting to meet?

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discontinuance

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In his campaign to secure the Republican presidential nomination, John McCain needed to aim his speeches at persuading the audience that he was the best candidate. His action goal, therefore, was

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adoption

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"I'm a tender, loving human being." "If you don't vote for me, you shall die of a dreadful disease." "I have been married three times." "I didn't realize I was doing anything wrong." These statements are all examples of strategies which appeal to

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emotion

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The Toyota Prius is a hybrid in the automobile market. Toyota advertisers want the hybrid-lovers of America to invest in this brand of automobile. The action goal of persuasion in the advertising campaign is to obtain

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adoption

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According to the text, there must be some difference between the speaker's view and that of the audience when the speaker's goal is

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adoption

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A speech that asks if something should or should not be done centers around a question of policy. The key to attaining credibility is to establish

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competence, character, and charisma.

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When selecting a topic for a persuasive speech, you can increase your likelihood of success if you

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select a topic with a goal for influence or action.

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Questions such as "Who is the richest person in the world?" and "Which building is the tallest in the world?" reflect

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weak questions of fact for a persuasive speech.

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A logical appeal requires the ability to argue for your point of view. To accomplish this, you usually state

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a proposition and a justification

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Which of the following statements is true about questions of value speeches? Effective speakers should justify their answer to a question of value, using research and evidence to build

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a strong case

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The specific purpose of Tim's speech is "To persuade the audience that violence in television cartoons should be eliminated." Tim's speech centers on a question of

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policy

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When discussing questions of policy, persuasive speakers usually focus on

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need, plan, and suitability.

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If a speaker says, "Our landfills are overflowing because we do not have a required community recycling program," the speaker is using

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causal reasoning.

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When you develop an argument which progresses from a series of related facts to a general conclusion, you are engaging in

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inductive reasoning

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In his speech on the need to halt required recycling programs, John said, "Don't believe that jerk who told us we need required recycling. He is stupid, immature, and doesn't even have a clue about what is going on." What is the flaw most clearly evident in John's argument?

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ad hominem attack

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In Michelle's speech on the need to build a parking garage on campus, she said, "My roommate agrees that we need a parking garage, as does my biology partner. It is clear that students on this campus believe we need a parking garage." The flaw most clearly evident in Michelle's argument development is called

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hasty generalization

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"To persuade the audience that it is wrong for employers to use drug-testing to screen employees" is a persuasive purpose focused on a question of

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value

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According to Toulmin's model of everyday argument, listeners can respond to the claims advanced by a speaker in which of the following ways?

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They can accept the speaker's claims at face value.

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The decision of whether or not to present both sides of an issue rests on

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the audience's evaluation of the speaker's credibility.

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The visualization step in the motivated sequence pattern of organization

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explains how the solution relates to the audience's needs and will solve the problem

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Toulmin's model of everyday argument includes which of the following elements?

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claims, data, and warrants

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Which of the following main points from a speech of policy reflects the clearest example of suitability?

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Laws and education are the best solutions to right-wing extremism.

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When making an argument, the statement indicating what the speaker hopes will be believed is called a(n)

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claim

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A speaker can enhance perceptions of his or her competence by

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demonstrating involvement

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The main elements contributing to the character of a speaker are trustworthiness and

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ethics

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Charismatic speakers

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speak with energy and enthusiasm.

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Which of the following steps is not included in Monroe's motivated sequence pattern?

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evaluation

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The problem-solution pattern typically includes which of the following elements?

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a description of how the best plan can be implemented

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Which of the following statements accurately reflects interpersonal communication?

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Interpersonal communication occurs when the people involved treat each other as unique individuals.

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You go to a party and notice that a group of your friends are sitting in the corner and talking. You go over to them and begin to enter the conversation. Which of Schutz's needs is being most clearly illustrated in this example?

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inclusion

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When Mark met Erin for the first time, he found himself asking Erin a ton of questions so that he could ease his anxiety about her and get to know her better. Which theory best explains Mark's behavior?

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uncertainty reduction theory

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Sean always has to run the show. He tries to dominate others, is willing to makes all of the decisions, and basically is more concerned about himself than others. Sean may be identified as a(n)

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autocrat

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According to the text, relationships can be described in terms of

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the level of intimacy or kinship

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Which of the following statements could be considered self-disclosure?

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I really enjoy romantic comedies.

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According to uncertainty reduction theory, people decide whether or not to continue a potential relationship during which phase of initial interaction?

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the exit phase

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Which of the following statements about interpersonal communication is most accurate?

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Interpersonal communication allows us to establish relationships

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A casual conversation that is superficial, includes a greeting, and includes comments about a trivial event would be described as

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small talk

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According to Schutz's FIRO theory,

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almost all of us have some need to control others and our surroundings.

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The theory which provides a description of the way people move through superficial levels of small talk to more intimate and revealing talk, is called

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social penetration theory

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According to Schutz's FIRO theory, people who cannot stop themselves from getting involved and communicating with others are referred to as

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oversocial

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Men's defensive strategies for reducing embarrassment and maintaining privacy boundaries include

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laughing at their own behavior

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Holly recently joined a new group on campus. She hopes the other group members will accept her as a significant and worthwhile member of the group. Holly's desire is likely motivated by a need for

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inclusion

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Guidelines for appropriate self-disclosure include which of the following?

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In some situations, it is reasonable not to reveal certain aspects of your past.

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When meeting with another student in order to complete a class project, Brian rarely talks. On the rare occasion when he does speak, he says statements such as, "I don't know anything," and "Whatever you decide is fine." According to Schutz's theory of needs, Brian is probably a(n)

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abdicrat

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Small talk is important because it can serve as an interpersonal buffer, a safe way for others to get to know us, and a way to

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maintain a sense of community with others

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People have different motivations for forming relationships. One reason for forming relationships is to reduce our ________ about that person

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uncertainty

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Women's defensive strategies for reducing embarrassment and maintaining privacy boundaries include

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criticizing themselves

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The advantages to interacting with people online include the ability to

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choose the time and place of the contact

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Our self-disclosure during interpersonal communication interactions typically encourages the other person to

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reciprocate our self-disclosure.

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An intentional tactic where we reveal certain aspects of ourselves for specific reasons is called

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self-presentation

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Rhetorical sensitivity is an alternate form of communication that can be applied to a situation in which wideopen disclosure could be harmful. Rhetorically-sensitive people

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accept personal complexity

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As self-disclosure increases in relationships, the largest area in Johari's window is the

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open area

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In the Johari Window model, the area that is known to others but not to ourselves is referred to as the

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blind area

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There are many reasons people decide to self-disclose to others. If you self-disclose to release tension or guilt, you are self-disclosing as a form of

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catharsis

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Schutz's FIRO theory asserts that individuals respond differently to the notion of control. An individual who has his or her control needs filled and is comfortable as either a leader or follower is known as a(n)

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democrat

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Your text recommends some guidelines for appropriate self-disclosure. Which of the following is such a guideline?

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Self-disclosure is a two-way process.

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Karen goes online and enters a chat room to discuss a recent movie she has seen. Karen, who is normally a shy person, goes to this chat room frequently to discuss her opinions on various matters. What feature of online communication most likely enables Karen to overcome her shyness?

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anonymity

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Schutz's FIRO theory consists of three factors that relate to interpersonal communication. These are affection, inclusion, and control. An individual who feels an insignificant need for ________ is described as ________.

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inclusion; undersocial

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Which of the following stages is included in Knapp and Vangelisti's stages of "coming apart?"

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differentiating

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Caleb and Cassandra have dated for six months. During that time they have increasingly shared more personal and private information about each other and their families. Which stage best characterizes their relationship?

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intensifying

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Becky and Chris have dated only three times. Their conversations focus mainly on similarities and interests between them. Which stage best characterizes their relationship?

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experimenting

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The relationship stage in which individuals avoid discussing areas of differences is called

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circumscribing

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Egan and Sara's relationship has greatly deteriorated. When they were last together they argued and Sara told Egan, "I really don't want to see you again!" Which stage best describes Egan and Sara's relationship?

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avoiding

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Conversations in the "experimenting" stage of "coming together" serve which of the following functions?

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They uncover similarities and interests that may lead to deeper conversation.

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Amanda likes spending time with her family on Friday nights, yet she also wants to attend a graduation party and spend time with her friends. Amanda is experiencing which of the following dialectical tensions with her family?

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connection-autonomy

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"The desire to be expressive on the one hand and private on the other" illustrates which dialectical tension?

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openness-closeness

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Patricia approaches conflict by removing herself from the situation. In other words, Patricia illustrates what conflict management style?

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withdrawing

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Shelia and Bill have ended their two year relationship. Each is now circulating his or her own version of the events leading to their breakup, talking to friends and family about why their relationship dissolved. According to Duck, Shelia and Bill are experiencing which of the following stages?

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grave dressing phase

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Lately, Sean and Melanie's relational problems have been the subject of discussions among their family and friends. Both Sean and Melanie have been considering the opinions and feelings that family and friends have shared about their relational difficulties. According to communication theorist Steve Duck, Sean and Melanie are in the

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social phase

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Which of the following is not one of Wilmot & Hocker's elements of conflict?

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verbal aggressiveness

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Which of the following statements about conflict is accurate?

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Conflict is inevitable in relationships.

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Which of the following statements about conflict is accurate?

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In conflict, two individuals perceive that they cannot achieve their individual goals without one or both losing something.

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According to McCroskey and McCain, the three types of interpersonal attraction are

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social attraction, physical attraction, and task attraction

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Jeremy and Jody have been dating each other for a couple of years. They have been seen on campus wearing matching sweatshirts. Jeremy and Jody also borrow personal items from one another, carry photographs of one another in their wallets, and are planning to pool their money to purchase a computer they will share. They are most likely at which stage of Knapp's relationship stages?

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integrating

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Betsy and Shane have been dating for several years. However, over the past few months they have not been communicating with each as often as before, and their interactions have taken on a superficial tone. They are probably at which of Knapp's coming apart stages?

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circumscribing

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Another word for "tensions" in Baxter and Montgomery's dialectical theory is

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contradictions

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Greg and Jules manage the openness-closedness dialectic by sharing information about their mutual friends with each other, but not discussing past romantic encounters with each other. In other words, Greg and Jules are using which strategy to manage the openness-closedness dialectic?

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segmentation

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Which of the following is a strategy for managing dialectical tensions?

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selection

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There are several reasons why one individual might have an interpersonal interest in another person. According to the textbook, one reason is the desire to interact with someone based on a variety of factors including physical attractiveness, personality, rewards, proximity or similarity. These characteristics generally describe the concept of

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interpersonal attraction

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Issues such as where to place blame, how to explain what has happened, and who should be sought out for support are all part of the ________ phase of dissolution.

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social

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Conflict often stems from which of the following factors?

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personal characteristics, faulty attributions, and ineffective communication

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Which of the following statements best characterizes the experimenting phase of relationship development?

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Conversation serves as an audition for the potential friend

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Which statement best characterizes the stagnating stage of "coming apart?"

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During stagnation, both verbal and nonverbal communication tend to be thoroughly thought out

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According to Duck's relationship dissolution stages, which stage is the one where the difficulties in the relationship become apparent to family and friends?

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social phase

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Lindsey and Mark's relationship has developed to a point where they now are sharing confidences and have increased their involvement in the relationship. Both have told each other "I love you." Which stage of "coming together" most accurately reflects the stage that Mark and Lindsey are experiencing?

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intensifying

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Relationships can provide several warning signs indicating trouble is looming around the corner. In general, the first warning sign is

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aggressive behavior

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According to Burleson and Samter, the ability to make another person feel good is known as a

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ego supportive skill

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Brian and Beth have been dating for some time. However, the nature and seriousness of their relationship is ambiguous to most of their friends. To "announce" that they are a serious couple, Brian and Beth invite their closest friends over for wine and cheese. What stage in Knapp and Vangelisti's model are Brian and Beth entering?

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bonding

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Which of the following skills are necessary for effective group communication to occur?

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interviewing skills

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According to communication researchers, the ideal group size involves how many members?

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5-7 members

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Jill looks forward to the morning coffee-break at the office. It makes her feel better and helps her get to know her co-workers. The purpose of this small group activity is best described as

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socialization

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Small group task-related purposes include

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problem solving

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The question of whether or not each person must depend on the others for his or her efforts to be successful addresses which quality of groups?

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interdependence

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Which of the following is not a defining quality of a coherent group?

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money

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According to social psychologist Paul Paulus, people join groups for which of the following reasons?

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Group membership helps meet the need for security.

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According to intercultural communication scholars, which nation tends to have an individualistic orientation?

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Australia

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During the Congressional campaign, each of the campaign volunteers worked hard to complete his/her respective tasks in order to satisfy the other group members. This example best illustrates

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commitment

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What type of group focuses on social and interpersonal relationships and exists to satisfy needs for inclusion and affection?

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primary groups

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Which statement accurately reflects the relationship between group size and group effectiveness?

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The larger the group, the greater the variety of skills possessed by the members of the group.

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Which of the following statements is the strongest reason why small group norms are formed?

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Small groups develop norms because the norms enable small group members to attain group goals and satisfy interpersonal needs.

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When deciding on the most effective size for a group, remember that

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larger groups reduce the time and amount of individual interaction.

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If Kathy said that her campus organization had 72 members, her organization would fail to qualify as a "small group" according to which criterion?

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interaction

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Which of the following groups is an example of a secondary group?

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committees

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Which of the following statements accurately reflects the differences between groups and teams?

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All teams consist of groups, but not all groups consist of teams.

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In groups comprised of both women and men, which of the following statements about research findings pertaining to differences in the way women and men communicate is accurate?

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men are more likely to be goal-oriented

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Which of the following ethical considerations is not recommended for group communication?

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Only those group members designated as leaders should state opinions in group meetings.

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Perhaps the most essential characteristic of a small group is

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interdependance

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"Members will respect each other's rights to state an opinion" is an example of

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a norm

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Seven people were brought together to help design a new academic building on your campus. Among the people were faculty, maintenance workers, students, audio-visual technicians, computer technicians, and even a representative from the Union catering service. Because of the diversity in their backgrounds, the people were highly interdependent on one another. The objective of the people was to design a building that would meet several needs for the campus. This collection of people exhibits characteristics of a

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team

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One major advantage in using interactive computer conferencing over videoconferencing is the ability to

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reduce cost

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The type of small group that allows us to change our behavior in some aspect of our lives is called

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therapy

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Secondary groups can focus on of problem-solving and

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decision making

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Which of the following is a disadvantage to videoconferencing?

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It is more vulnerable to extremely frustrating equipment failures.

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The type of team responsible for an entire work process or part of a process that delivers a product or service is called

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a work team

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When the harmony of the group is seen as more important than new ideas and changing previous assumptions, that group has achieved

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groupthink

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The number of possible interactions in a group with four people is

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28

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Which of the following is not a disadvantage of working in a small group?

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groups tend to be time efficient

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Leaders must help address two sets of needs found in all groups, including

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maintenance needs and task needs.

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The more a group acts or becomes like a team,

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the more likely they are to form a close-knit relationship.

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Two dimensions useful for understanding leadership behavior include

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initiating structure and consideration

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Group leaders who only get involved when called on and otherwise completely avoid participation are referred to as

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laissez-faire leaders

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The first step in group problem-solving and decision-making is to determine the problem or topic for discussion. The second step is to

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discuss the problem.

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Which type of question leaves little room for discussion and can usually be answered through research?

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a question of fact

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When we classify group leaders as being autocratic, democratic, or laissez-faire, we are describing group leaders according to

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how much power they assign to the group members

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Which of the following situations would most likely call for laissez-faire leadership?

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a group conducting a study session

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Research on group leadership styles indicates that

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autocratic leaders are likely to get more done.

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Which of the following most closely approximates the definition of leadership?

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behavior which is voluntarily accepted by group members and which helps to achieve group goals

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When group members are not committed or are unwilling to accept responsibility for implementing a decision, effective leaders use which leadership style?

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an autocratic style

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Effective leaders adopt a democratic style of leadership when

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group members are highly committed and willing to accept responsibility for implementing a decision.

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Professor Lucas was responsible for organizing a group of students to study organizational communication at the university. Two of her students dislike each other. Given what you have read about leadership and participating in small groups, which of the following actions is most appropriate for Dr. Lucas to follow?

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She should take neither student's side in their personal dispute and instead emphasize the need for group members to cooperate so that they will be able to complete the study.

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In general, research on leadership and gender differences suggests that

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men and women lead equally well.

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Which of the following statements is a guideline for phrasing discussion questions in a group setting?

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The wording should specify whose behavior is subject to change.

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Which of the following statements about conducting a small group meeting is most advisable?

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Establish an agenda.

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One of the greatest weaknesses of beginning group participants is their tendency to

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arrive at meetings unprepared.

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As a group leader, Bill tightly controls the discussion and determines who will speak to whom. This is an example of which type of leadership style?

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autocratic

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During discussions in a small group working on solving campus security problems, Erica too often reveals information about her relationship with her boyfriend. This self-centered behavior is referred to as

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self-confessing

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Applying Dewey's "reflective thinking" to group problem-solving involves

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clearly identifying the problem you are trying to solve.

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The technique used by groups to generate as many ideas as possible within a limited amount of time is called

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brainstorming

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A leader of a group can be identified based on how he or she becomes the center of the group's attention, behaviors displayed, and

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his or her position or title

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Defining, studying, and solving a problem are all behaviors related to

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task needs

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Research suggests that when a leader is in a group where members do not want or need a leader, the leadership style most likely to be used is

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laissez-faire

question

The type of leader most likely to get task goals done, even in spite of group satisfaction, is a(n) ________ leader.

answer

autocratic

question

A list of all topics to be discussed during a group meeting is referred to as a(n)

answer

agenda

question

After a problem is identified by the group, it should be stated in the form of a question. The type of question asking whether something is good or bad, desirable or undesirable, is called a question of

answer

value

question

One of the greatest anxieties group members face is

answer

presenting their ideas for the group's evaluation

question

According to Wilmot and Hocker's perspective on conflict, when the group perceives resources as scarce, they will likely assume that

answer

they are incompatible goals

question

A group member whose role it is to determine how close the group is to reaching agreement is known as a(n)

answer

tester of agreements

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