Combo with medical terminology combining forms, suffix, oncology and 1 other – Flashcards
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aden/o-
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gland
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adjuv/o-
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giving help or assistance
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angi/o-
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blood vessel; lymphatic vessel
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bas/o-
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base of a structure; basic
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bi/o-
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life; living organisms; living tissue
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blast/o-
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immature; embryonic
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cancer/o-
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cancer
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capsul/o-
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capsule
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carcin/o-
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cancer
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cellul/o-
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cell
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chem/o-
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chemical; drug
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chrom/o-
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color
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cry/o-
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cold
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cyt/o-
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cell
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differentiat/o-
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being distinct; specialized
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dissect/o-
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to cut apart
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embryon/o-
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embryo; immature form
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excis/o-
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to cut out
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explorat/o-
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to search out
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gene/o-
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gene
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gen/o-
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arising from; produced by
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germin/o-
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embryonic tissue
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hered/o-
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genetic inheritance
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incis/o-
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to cut into
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invas/o-
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to go into
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kary/o-
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nucleus
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lymph/o-
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lymph; lymphatic system
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lys/o-
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break down; destroy
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malign/o-
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intentionally causing harm; cancer
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melan/o-
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black
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mit/o-
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threadlike structure
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mutat/o-
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to change
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ne/o-
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new
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necr/o-
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dead cells, tissue, or body
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nucle/o-
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nucleus
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nucleol/o-
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...
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onc/o-
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tumor; mass
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path/o-
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disease; suffering
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plasm/o-
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plasma
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plas/o-
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growth; formation
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radic/o-
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all parts including the root
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radi/o-
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radius; x-rays; radiation
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resect/o-
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to cut out; remove
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remiss/o-
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send back
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sarc/o-
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connective tissue
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squam/o-
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scalelike cell
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surg/o-
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operative procedure
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terat/o-
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bizarre form
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transit/o-
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change over from one thing to another
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Brachi/o
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arm
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Blast/o
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immature cell
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Cardi/o
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heart
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Caud/o
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tail
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Cephal/o
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head
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Cerebr/o
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brain, cerebrum
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Cervic/o
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neck
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Chlor/o
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green
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Chrom/o
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color
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Col/o
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colon
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Colon/o
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colon
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Cost/o
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rib
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Crani/o
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skull, cranium
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Cry/o
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cold
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Cyan/o
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blue
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Cyt/o
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cell
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Dermat/o, Derm/o
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skin
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Disk/o
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Disk (as in disk of spine)
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Dors/o
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back
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Poster/o
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back
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Electr/o
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electric, electricity
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Epitheli/o
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epithelium (top skin layer)
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Erythr/o
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red
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Fibr/o
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fiber
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Gastr/o
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stomach
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Gluc/o, Glyc/o
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glucose, sugar
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Hem/o, Hemat/o
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blood
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Hist/o
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tissue
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Hydr/o
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water, fluid
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Infer/o
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below
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Later/o
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side
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Lei/o
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smooth
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Leuk/o
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white
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Lip/o
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fat
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Lith/o
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stone, calculus
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Lumb/o
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lumbar region, lower back
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Lymph/o
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lymph
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Medi/o
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middle
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Melan/o
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black, dark
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Morph/o
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form, shape
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My/o, Myos/o
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muscle
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Myel/o
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bone marrow, spinal cord
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Necr/o
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death
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Nephr/o
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kidney
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Ren/o
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kidney
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Neur/o
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nerve
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Nucle/o
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nucleus
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Olig/o
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scanty, few
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Oste/o
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bone
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Pancreat/o
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pancreas
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Path/o
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disease
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Ped/o, pod/o
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foot
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Phag/o
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eat, swallow
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Pharyng/o
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pharynx
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Plas/o
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formation, growth
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Proxim/o
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near point of origin
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Pub/o
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pubis
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Pulmon/o
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lung
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Py/o
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pus
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Rhabd/o
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striated muscle
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Sarc/o
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flesh
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Son/o
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sleep, sound waves
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Super/o
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above
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Thorac/o
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chest, thorax
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Thromb/o
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blood clot
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Ton/o
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tension, pressure
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Troph/o
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nourishment
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Ventr/o
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belly
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Viscer/o
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internal organs
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Anter/o
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front
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Acr/o
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extremity, tip
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Abdomin/o
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abdomen
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Aden/o
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gland
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Ventricul/o
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ventricle
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Adip/o
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fat
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Aer/o
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air
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Albin/o
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white
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Angi/o
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vessel (usu blood or lymph)
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Aort/o
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aorta
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Append/o, Appendic/o
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appendix
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Arteri/o, Arter/o
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artery
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Arthr/o
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joint
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Atel/o
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incomplete; imperfect
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Ather/o
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fatty plaque
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Cutane/o
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skin
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Hepat/o
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liver
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Jaund/o
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yellow
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Kerat/o
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horny tissue, hard; cornea
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Lingu/o
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tongue
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Myc/o
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fungus
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Nas/o
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nose
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Phleb/o
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vein
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Phren/o
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diaphragm; mind
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Pil/o
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hair
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Pneum/o, Pneumon/o
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lung, air
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Rhin/o
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nose
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Sin/o, Sinus/o
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sinus, cavity
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Spir/o
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breathe
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Stomat/o
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mouth
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Ven/o
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vein
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-algia
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PAIN
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-cele
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HERNIA, PROTRUSION
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-cise
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CUT
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-cyte
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CELL
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-dynia
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PAIN
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-ectasis
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DILATION
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-gen
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THAT WHICH PRODUCE
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-genesis
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PRODUCE, GENERATES
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-genic
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PRODUCING, PRODUCED BY
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-ia
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STATE, CONDITION
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-iasis
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ABNORMAL CONDITION
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-iarty
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MEDICAL TREATMENT
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-ism
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STATE OF
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-itis
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INFLAMMATION
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-logist
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ONE WHO STUDIES
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-logy
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STUDY OF
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-lysis
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DESTRUCTION
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-lytic
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DESTRUCTION
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-malacia
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ABNORMAL SOFTENING
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-megaly
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ENLARGEMENT, LARGE
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-oid
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RESEMBLING
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-oma
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TUMOR, MASS, SWELLING
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-osis
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ABNORMAL CONDITION
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-pathy
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DISEASE
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-phobia
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FEAR
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-plasia
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DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH
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-plasm
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FORMATION, DEVELOPMENT
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-ptosis
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DROOPING
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-rrhage
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EXCESSIVE, ABNORMAL FLOW
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-rrhagia
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ABNORMAL FLOW CONDITION
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-rrhea
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discharge, flow
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-rrhexis
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rupture
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-sclerosis
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hardening
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-stenosis
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narrowing
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-therapy
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treatment
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-trophy
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nourishment, development
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-ule
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small
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-manometer
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instrument to measure pressure
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-ole
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small
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-tension
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pressure
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-tonic
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pertaining to tone
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-ule
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small
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-derma
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skin condition
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-opsy
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view of
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-tome
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instrument used to cut
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-blast
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immature, embryonic
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-clasia
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to surgically break
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-desis
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stablilize, fuse
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-listhesis
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slipping
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-porosis
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porous
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-asthenia
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weakness
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-ion
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action, condition
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-kinesia
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movement
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-tonia
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tone
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-apheresis
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removal, carry away from
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-crit
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seperation of
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-cytosis
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more than the normal number of cells
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-emia
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blood condition
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-globin
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protein
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-penia
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abnormal decrease, too few
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-phil
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attracted to
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-poiese
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formation
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-stasis
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standing still
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-edema
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swelling
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-globulin
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protein
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-capnia
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carbon dioxide
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-osmia
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smell
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-phonia
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voice
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-plegia
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paralysis
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-pnea
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breathing
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-ptysis
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spitting
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-spasm
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involuntary muscle contraction
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-thorax
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chest
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-emesis
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vomit
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-istry
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specialty of
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-lithiasis
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condition of stones
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-orexia
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appetite
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-pepsia
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digestion
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-phagia
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eat, swallow
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-prandial
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pertaining to a meal
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-tripsy
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surgical crushing
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-lith
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stone
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lithiasis
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condition of stones
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-uria
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condition of the urine
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-arche
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begining
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-cyesis
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state of pregnancy
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-gravida
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pregnancy
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-para
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to bear (offspring)
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-partum
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childbirth
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-salpinx
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uterine tube
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-tocia
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labor, childbirth
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-cide
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to kill
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-spermia
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condition of sperm
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-dipsia
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thirst
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-prandial
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relating to a meal
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-pressin
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to press down
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-tropin
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to stimulate
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-paresis
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weakness
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-phasia
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speech
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-plegia
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paralysis
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-taxia
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muscle coordination
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-trophic
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pertaining to development
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-ician
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specialist
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-metrist
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specialist in measuring
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-opia
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vision condition
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-opsia
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vision condition
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-tropia
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turned condition
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Oncology
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The medical specialty that studies the anatomy and physiology of a cancer cell and uses diagnostic tests, medical and surgical procedures, and drugs to treat cancerous diseases.
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Cancer
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General word for any type of cancerous cell or tumor; there are four broad categories of cancer: carcinoma, sarcoma, leukemia, and embryonal cell.
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Carcinoid Tumor
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Slow-growing cancerous tumor that seldom metastasizes; they do not exhibit all of the characteristics of cancer; they occur mainly in the digestive tract.
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Anaplasia
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Condition in which normal cells that are mature and differentiated become cancerous cells that are undifferentiated in appearance and behavior.
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Carcinomatosis
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General word for a condition in which cancerous tumors are present in multiple sites in the body.
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Dysplasia
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Condition of atypical cells that are abnormal in size, shape, or organization, but have not yet become cancerous.
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Lymphadenopathy
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Enlarged lymph nodes; the lymph nodes trap cancerous cells that break away from the site of the original tumor; the lymph node itself then becomes a site of cancer.
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Neoplasm
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General word for any growing tissue that is not part of normal body structure or function; neoplasms are also known as tumors.
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Relapse
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Return of the symptoms or signs of cancer after a period of improvement or even remission.
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Remission
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Period of time during which there are no signs and symptoms of cancer; a remission occurs after the successful treatment of cancer.
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Site of the Tumor
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Area where the cancerous cell first formed and grew into a cancerous tumor is known as the primary site.
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Adenocarcinoma
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Cancer of the epithelial cells that line the ducts of glands of the breast, gallbaldder, pancreas, prostate gland, or salivary gland.
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Carcinoma
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Cancer of epithelial cells in the skin and mucous membranes of organs.
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
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Cancer of the deepest layer (base layer) of epidermis of the skin.
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Bronchogenic Carcinoma
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Cancer of the mucous membranes lining the bronchi of the lungs.
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Cholangiocarcinoma
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Cancer of the epithelial cells lining the ducts of the gallbladder; this is a type of adenocarcinoma.
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Endometrial Carcinoma
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Cancer of the mucous membranes (endometrium) lining the uterus.
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Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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Cancer of the liver cells; also known as a hepatoma.
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Small Cell Carcinoma
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Cancer of the epithelial cells of the lungs.
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Cancer of the squamous cells of epidermis of the skin.
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Transitional Cell Carcinoma
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Cancer of the mucous membranes of the bladder or urinary tract.
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Malignant Melanoma
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Cancer of melanocytes of the skin.
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Sarcoma
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Cancer of connective tissues (cartilage, bone, tendon, ligament, aponeurosis, fascia, fat)
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Angiosarcoma
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Cancer of a blood vessel or lymphatic vessel
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Astrocytoma
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Cancer of an astrocyte (branching cell that supports neurons) in the cerebrum of the brain.
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Chondrosarcoma
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Cancer of the cartilage.
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Ewing's Sarcoma
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Cancer of the growth zone at the end of a bone.
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Fibrosarcoma
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Cancer of a tendon, ligament, aponeurosis, or scar tissue.
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Glioblastoma Multiforme
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Cancer of an immature astrocyte (branching cell that supports neurons) in the cerebrum of the brain.
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Kaposi's Sarcoma
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Cancer of the subcutaneous tissue.
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Leiomyosarcoma
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Cancer of a smooth muscle tumor in the uterus, digestive tract, bladder, or prostate gland
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Liposarcoma
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Cancer of the fat tissue
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Myosarcoma
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Cancer of a muscle.
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Neurofibrosarcoma
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Cancer of Schwann cells around a cranial nerve or peripheral nerve.
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Oligodendroglioma
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Cancer of an oligodendrocyte (myelin-forming cell) in the brain or spinal cord.
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Osteosarcoma
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Cancer of a bone.
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Rhabdomyosarcoma
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Cancer of a skeletal (voluntary) muscle tumor in the arms or legs.
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Leukemia
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Cancer of leukocytes (white blood cells).
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Lymphoma
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Cancer of a lymph node or lymphoid tissue and T or B lymphocytes; there are 2 types of lymphomas, Hodgkin's lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
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Multiple myeloma
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Cancer of a plasma cell.
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Embryonal Cell Cancer
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Cancer of an embryonal cell that does not mature and differentiate like a normal cell.
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Choriocarcinoma
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Cancer that develops during pregnancy.
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Germ Cell Tumor
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Cancer of an embryonal cell in the ovary.
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Dysgerminoma
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Cancer of an immature oocyte in the ovary that occurs in young adulthood in females.
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Hepatoblastoma
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Cancer of an embryonal cell in the liver.
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Neuroblastoma
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Cancer of an embryonal nerve cell.
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Retinoblastoma
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Cancer of an embryonal cell in the retina.
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Seminoma
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Cancer of an embryonal cell in the testis.
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Teratoma
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Cancer of a type of cell that does not belong in a certain area; in the ovary, a teratoma usually is in the form of a benign dermoid cyst that contains hair and even teeth; however, a teratoma in the testis is usually malignant.
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Wilms' Tumor
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Cancer of an embryonal cell of the kidney in children.
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acapnia
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Lack of carbon dioxide.
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adenoids
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Another term for pharyngeal tonsils. The tonsils are a collection of lymphatic tissue found in the nasopharynx to combat microorganisms entering the body through the nose.
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adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
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Acute respiratory failure in adults characterized by tachypnea, dyspnea, cyanosis, tachycardia, and hypoxemia.
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aerosol therapy
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Medication suspended in a mist that is intended to be inhaled. Delivered by a nebulizer, which delivers the mist for a period of time while the patient breathes or a metered dose inhaler (MDI), which delivers a single puff of mist.
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alveoli
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The tiny air sacs at the end of each bronchiole. The alveoli are surrounded by a capillary network. Gas exchange takes place as oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveolar and capillary walls.
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anosmia
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Loss of the sense of smell.
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anoxia
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Lack of oxygen.
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anthracosis
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A type of pneumoconiosis that develops from the collection of coal dust in the lung. Also called black lung or miner's lung.
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antibiotic
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Destroys or prohibits the growth of microorganisms. Used to treat bacterial infections. Have not been found to be effective in treating viral infections. To be effective, it must be taken regularly for a specified period.
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antihistamine
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Acts to control allergic symptoms by counteracting histamine, which exists naturally in the body, and which is released in allergic reactions.
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antitussive
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Controls or relieves coughing. Codeine is an ingredient in many prescription cough medicines that acts upon the brain to control coughing.
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apex
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Directional term meaning tip or summit.
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aphonia
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No voice.
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apnea
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The condition of not breathing.
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arterial blood gases (ABG)
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Lab test that measures the amount of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen in the blood, and the pH.
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asbestosis
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A type of pneumoconiosis that develops from collection of asbestos fibers in the lungs; may lead to the development of lung cancer.
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asphyxia
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Lack of oxygen that can lead to unconsciousness and death if not corrected immediately. Some of the common causes are drowning, foreign body in the respiratory tract, poisoning, and electric shock.
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aspiration
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For respiratory system, refers to inhaling food, liquid, or a foreign object into the airways; term also refers to withdrawing fluid from a body cavity using suction.
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asthma
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Disease caused by various conditions, such as allergens, and resulting in constriction of the bronchial airways and labored respirations. Can cause violent spasms of the bronchi (bronchospasms) but is generally not a life-threatening condition. Medication can be very effective.
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atelectasis
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Condition in which lung tissue collapses, which prevents the respiratory exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Can be caused by a variety of conditions, including pressure upon the lung from a tumor or other object.
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auditory tube
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Another name for the eustachian tube connecting the middle ear and pharynx.
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base
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Directional term meaning bottom or lower part.
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bradypnea
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Slow breathing.
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bronchial
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Pertaining to the bronchi.
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bronchial tubes
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An organ of the respiratory system that carries air into each lung.
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bronchiectasis
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Results from a dilation of a bronchus or the bronchi that can be the result of infection. This abnormal stretching can be irreversible and result in destruction of the bronchial walls. The major symptom is a large amount of purulent (pus-filled) sputum. Rales (bubbling chest sound) and hemoptysis may be present.
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bronchioles
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The narrowest air tubes in the lungs. Each bronchiole terminates in tiny air sacs called alveoli.
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bronchitis
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An acute or chronic inflammation of the lower respiratory tract that often occurs after other childhood infections such as measles.
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bronchodilator
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Dilates or opens the bronchi (airways in the lungs) to improve breathing.
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bronchogenic
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Originating in the bronchi.
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bronchogenic carcinoma
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Malignant lung tumor that originates in the bronchi. Usually associated with a history of cigarette smoking.
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bronchogram
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An X-ray record of the lungs and bronchial tubes.
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bronchography
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Process of taking an X-ray of the lung after a radiopaque substance has been placed into the trachea or bronchial tree.
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bronchoplasty
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Surgical repair of a bronchial defect.
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bronchoscope
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An instrument to view inside a bronchus.
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bronchoscopy (Broncho)
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Using the bronchoscope to visualize the bronchi. The instrument can also be used to obtain tissue for biopsy and to remove foreign objects.
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bronchospasm
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An involuntary muscle spasm in the bronchi.
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bronchus
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The distal end of the trachea splits into a left and right main bronchi as it enters each lung. Each main bronchus is subdivided into smaller branches. The smallest bronchi are the bronchioles. Each bronchiole ends in tiny air sacs called alveoli.
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carbon dioxide
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A waste product of cellular energy production. It is removed from the cells by the blood and eliminated from the body by the lungs.
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cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
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Emergency treatment provided by persons trained in CPR and given to patients when their respirations and heart stop. CPR provides oxygen to the brain, heart, and other vital organs until medical treatment can restore a normal heart and pulmonary function.
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chest x-ray (CXR)
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Taking a radiograhic picture of the lungs and heart from the back and sides.
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Cheyne-Stokes respiration
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Abnormal breathing pattern in which there are long periods (10 to 60 seconds) of apnea followed by deeper, more rapid breathing.
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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Progressive, chronic, and usually irreversible condition in which the lungs have a diminished capacity for inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation). The person may have difficulty breathing on exertion (dyspnea) and a cough. Also called chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD).
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cilia
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A term for eyelashes that protect the eye from foreign particles or for nasal hairs that help filter dust and bacteria out of inhaled air.
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clubbing
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The abnormal widening and thickening of the ends of the fingers and toes associated with chronic oxygen deficiency. Seen in patients with chronic respiratory conditions or circulatory problems.
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corticosteroids
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General term for the group of hormones secreted by the adrenal contex. They include mineralocorticoid hormones, glucocorticoid hormones, and steroid sex hormones.
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croup
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Acute viral respiratory infection common in infants and young children and characterized by a hoarse cough.
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cyanosis
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Slightly bluish color of the skin due to a deficiency of oxygen and an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood. It is caused by a variety of disorder, ranging from chronic lung disease to congenital and chronic heart problems.
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cystic fibrosis
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Hereditary condition causing the exocrine glands to malfunction. The patient produces very thick mucous that causes severe congestion within the lungs and digestive system. Through more advanced treatment, many children are now living into adulthood with this disease.
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decongestant
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Reduces nasal congestion and swelling.
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diaphragm
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The major muscle of inspiration. It separates the thoracic from the abdominal cavity.
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diphtheria
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A bacterial infection of the respiratory system characterized by severe inflammation that can form a membrane coating in the upper respiratory tract that can cause marked difficulty breathing.
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dysphonia
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Abnormal voice.
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dyspnea
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Difficult, labored breathing.
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emphysema
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Pulmonary condition that can occur as a result of long-term heavy smoking. Air pollution also worsens this disease. The patient may not be able to breathe except in a sitting or standing position.
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empyema
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Pus within the pleural space, usually the result of infection.
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endotracheal
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Pertaining to inside the trachea.
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endotracheal intubation
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Placing a tube through the mouth to create an airway.
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epiglottis
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A flap of cartilage that covers the larynx when a person swallows. This prevents food and drink from entering the larynx and trachea.
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epistaxis
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Nosebleed.
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eupnea
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Normal breathing.
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eustachian tube
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Tube or canal that connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx and allows for a balance of pressure between the outer and middle ear. Infection can travel via the mucous membranes of the eustachian tube, resulting in middle ear infections.
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exhalation
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To breathe air out of the lungs. Also called expiration.
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expectorant
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Assists in the removal of secretions from the bronchopulmonary membranes.
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expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
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The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal quiet respiration. This is also called supplemental air.
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external respiration
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The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide that takes place in the lungs.
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functional residual capacity (FRC)
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The air that remains in the lungs after a normal exhalation has taken place.
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glottis
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The opening between the vocal cords. Air passes through the glottis as it moves through the larynx. Changing the tension of the vocal cords changes the size of the opening.
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Heimlich maneuver
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Technique for removing a foreign body or food from the trachea or pharynx when it is choking a person. The maneuver consists of applying pressure just under the diaphragm to pop the obstruction out.
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hemoptysis
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Coughing up blood or blood-stained sputum.
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hemothorax
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Condition of having blood in the chest cavity.
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hilum
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Center of the concave side of the kidney which is an important landmark on the kidney. It is the site where the renal artery enters, the renal vein leaves, the ureter leaves, and nerves enter and leave the kidney.
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histoplasmosis
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Pulmonary disease caused by a fungus found in dust in the droppings of pigeons and chickens.
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hypercapnia
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Excessive carbon dioxide.
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hyperpnea
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Excessive deep breathing.
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hyperventilation
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To breathe both fast (tachypnea) and deep (hyperpnea).
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hypopnea
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Insufficient or shallow breathing.
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hypoventilation
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To breathe both slow (bradypnea) and shallow (hypopnea).
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hypoxemia
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Deficiency of oxygen in the blood.
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hypoxia
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Absence of oxygen in the tissues.
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infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)
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A lung condition most commonly found in premature infants that is characterized by tachypnea and respiratory grunting. Also called hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn.
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influenza
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Viral infection of the respiratory system characterized by chills, fever, body aches, and fatigue. Commonly called the flu.
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inhalation
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To breathe air into the lungs. Also called inspiration.
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inspiratory capacity (IC)
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The volume of air inhaled after a normal exhale.
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inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
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The air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal respiration has taken place. Also called complemental air.
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intercostal muscles
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Muscles between the ribs. When they contract they raise the ribs, which helps to enlarge the thoracic cavity.
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intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB)
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Method for assisting patients to breathe using a mask connected to a machine that produces an increased pressure.
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internal medicine
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Branch of medicine involving the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of internal organs such as the respiratory system. The physician is an internist.
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internal respiration
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The process of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange at the cellular level when oxygen leaves the bloodstream and is delivered to the tissues.
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internist
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A physician specialized in treating diseases and conditions of internal organs such as the respiratory system.
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laryngeal
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Pertaining to the larynx.
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laryngectomy
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Surgical removal of the larynx. This procedure is most frequently performed for excision of cancer.
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laryngitis
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Inflammation of the larynx causing difficulty in speaking.
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laryngopharynx
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The inferior section of the pharynx. It lies at the same level in the neck as the larynx. Air has already entered the larynx, therefore the laryngopharynx carries food and drink to the esophagus.
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laryngoplasty
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Surgical repair of the larynx.
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laryngoplegia
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Paralysis of the voice box.
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laryngoscopy
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Examination of the interior of the larynx with a lighted instrument.
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larynx
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Also called the voice box. Respiratory system organ responsible for producing speech. It is located just below the pharynx.
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Legionnaire's disease
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Severe, often fatal disease characterized by pneumonia and gastrointestinal symptoms. Caused by a gram-negative bacillus and named after people who came down with it at an American Legion convention in 1976.
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lingual tonsil
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Tonsil located on the very posterior section of the tongue as it joins with the pharynx.
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lobectomy
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Surgical removal of a lobe of the lung. Often the treatment of choice for lung cancer.
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lobes
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Subdivisions of an organ such as the lungs or brain.
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lungs
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The major organs of respiration. The lungs consist of air passageways, the bronchi and bronchioles, and the air sacs, alveoli. Gas exchange takes place within the alveoli.
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mediastinum
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The central region of the chest cavity. It contains the organs between the lungs, including the heart, aorta, esophagus, and trachea.
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mucolytic
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Liquefies mucus so it is easier to cough and clear it from the respiratory tract.
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mucous membrane
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These membranes line body passages that open directly to the exterior of the body, such as the mouth and reproductive tract, and secrete a thick substance, or mucus.
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mucus
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Sticky fluid secreted by mucous membrane lining of the respiratory tract. Assists in cleansing air by trapping dust and bacteria.
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mycoplasma pneumonia
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A less severe but longer lasting form of pneumonia caused by the Mycoplasma pneumoniae bacteria. Also called walking pneumonia.
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nares
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External openings of the nose that open into the nasal cavity.
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nasal canula
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Two-pronged plastic device for delivering oxygen into the nose; one prong is inserted into each nares.
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nasal cavity
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Large cavity just behind the external nose that receives the outside air. It is covered with mucous membrane to cleanse the air. The nasal septum divides the nasal cavity into left and right halves.
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nasal septum
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A flexible cartilage wall that divides the nasal cavity into left and right halves. It is covered by mucous membrane.
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nasopharynx
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The superior section of the pharynx that receives air from the nose.
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oropharynx
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The middle section of the pharynx that receives food and drink from the mouth.
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orthopnea
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Term to describe a patient who needs to sit up straight in order to breathe comfortably.
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otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
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Branch of medicine that treats diseases of the ears, nose, and throat. Also referred to as ENT.
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oximeter
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Instrument to measure oxygen.
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oximetry
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Process of measuring oxygen.
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oxygen
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Gaseous element absorbed by the blood from the air sacs in the lungs. It is necessary for cells to make energy.
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palate
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The roof of the mouth. The anterior portion is hard or bony, and the posterior portion is soft or flexible.
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palatine tonsils
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Tonsils located in the lateral wall of the pharynx close to the mouth.
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pansinusitis
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Inflammation of all the sinuses.
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paranasal sinuses
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Air-filled cavities within the facial bones that open into the nasal cavity; act as an echo chamber during sound production.
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parietal pleura
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The outer layer of the serous membrane sac lining the thoracic cavity.
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patent
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Open or unblocked, such as a patent airway.
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percussion
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Use of the fingertips to tap the body lightly and sharply. Aids in determining the size, position, and consistency of the underlying body part.
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pertussis
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A contagious bacterial infection of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi characterized by coughing attacks that end with a whooping sound. Also called whopping cough.
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pharyngeal
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Pertaining to the pharynx.
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pharyngeal tonsils
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Another term for adenoids. The tonsils are a collection of lymphatic tissue found in the nasopharynx to combat microorganisms entering the body through the nose.
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pharyngitis
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Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the pharynx, usually caused by a viral or bacterial infection. Commonly called a sore throat.
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pharynx
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Medical term for the throat. The passageway that conducts air from the nasal cavity to the trachea, and also carries food and drink from the mouth to the esophagus. The pharynx is divided into three sections: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
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phlegm
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Thick mucus secreted by the membranes that line the respiratory tract. When phlegm is coughed through the mouth, it is called sputum. Phlegm is examined for color, odor, and consistency.
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pleura
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A protective double layer of serous membrane around the lungs. The parietal membrane is the outer layer and the visceral layer is the inner membrane. It secretes a thin, watery fluid to reduce friction associated with lung movement.
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pleural cavity
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Cavity formed by the serous membrane sac surrounding the lungs.
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pleural effusion
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Abnormal presence of fluid or gas in the pleural cavity. Physicians can detect the presence of fluid by tapping the chest (percussion) or listening with a stethoscope (auscultation).
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pleural rub
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Grating sound made when two surfaces, such as the pleura surfaces, rub together during respiration. It is caused when one of the surfaces becomes thicker as a result of inflammation or other disease conditions. This rub can be felt through the fingertips when they are placed on the chest wall or heard through the stethoscope.
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pleural rub
answer
Grating sound made when two surfaces, such as the pleura surfaces, rub together during respiration. It is caused when one of the surfaces becomes thicker as a result of inflammation or other disease conditions. This rub can be felt through the fingertips when they are placed on the chest wall or heard through the stethoscope.
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pleurectomy
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Excision of the pleura.
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pleurisy
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Inflammation of the pleura.
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pleurocentesis
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A puncture of the pleura to withdraw fluid from the thoracic cavity in order to diagnose disease.
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pleurodynia
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Pleural pain.
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pneumoconiosis
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Condition resulting from inhaling environmental particles that become toxic, such as coal dust (anthracosis), or asbestos (asbestosis).
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Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
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Pneumonia with a nonproductive cough, very little fever, and dyspnea. Seen in persons with weakened immune systems, such as patients with AIDS.
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pneumonia
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Inflammatory condition of the lung, which can be caused by bacterial and viral infections, diseases, and chemicals.
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pneumothorax
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Collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity, which can result in the collapse of a lung.
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polysomnography
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Monitoring a patient while sleeping to identify sleep apnea. Also called sleep apnea study.
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postural drainage
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Draining secretions from the bronchi by placing the patient in a position that uses gravity to promote drainage. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis, and before lobectomy surgery.
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pulmonary
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Pertaining to the lung.
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pulmonary angiography
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Injecting dye into a blood vessel for the purpose of taking an X-ray of the arteries and veins of the lungs.
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pulmonary capillaries
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Network of capillaries in the lungs that tightly encase each alveolus; sight of gas exchange.
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pulmonary edema
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Condition in which lung tissue retain an excessive amount of fluid. Results in labored breathing.
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pulmonary embolism
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Blood clot or air bubble in the pulmonary artery or one of its branches.
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pulmonary function test (PFT)
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Breathing equipment used to determine respiratory function and measure lung volumes and gas exchange.
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pulmonologist
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A physician specialized in treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system.
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pulmonology
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Branch of medicine specializing in conditions of the respiratory system.
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pyothorax
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Condition of having pus in the chest cavity.
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rales
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Abnormal crackling sound made during inspiration. Usually indicates the presence of moisture and can indicate a pneumonia condition.
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residual volume (RV)
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The air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation.
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respiratory membrane
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Formed by the tight association of the walls of alveoli and capillaries; gas exchange between lungs and blood occurs across this membrane.
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respiratory therapist
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Allied health professional whose duties include conducting pulmonary function tests, monitoring oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, and administering breathing treatments.
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rhinitis
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Inflammation of the nose.
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rhinomycosis
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Condition of having a fungal infection in the nose.
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rhinoplasty
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Plastic surgery of the nose.
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rhinorrhagia
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Rapid and excessive flow of blood from the nose.
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rhinorrhea
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Watery discharge from the nose, especially with allergies or a cold, runny nose.
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rhonchi
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Somewhat musical sound during expiration, often found in asthma or infection, and caused by spasms of the bronchial tubes. Also called wheezing.
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serous fluid
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Watery secretion of serous membranes.
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severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
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Disease seen in children born with a nonfunctioning immune system; often forced to live in sealed sterile rooms.
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shortness of breath (SOB)
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Term used to indicate that a patient is having some difficulty breathing. The cause can range from mild SOB after exercise to SOB associated with heart disease.
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silicosis
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Form of respiratory disease resulting from the inhalation of silica (quartz) dust. Considered an occupational disease.
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sleep apnea
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Condition in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep long enough to cause a drop in oxygen levels in the blood.
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spirometer
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Instrument consisting of a container into which a patient can exhale for the purpose of measuring the air capacity of the lungs.
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spirometry
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Using a devise to measure the breathing capacity of the lungs.
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sputum
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Mucus or phlegm that is coughed up from the lining of the respiratory tract. Tested to determine what type of bacteria of virus is present as an aid in selecting the proper antibiotic treatment.
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sputum culture and sensitivity (CS)
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Testing sputum by placing it on a culture medium and observing any bacterial growth. The specimen is then tested to determine antibiotic effectiveness.
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sputum cytology
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Testing for malignant cells in sputum.
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stridor
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Harsh, high-pitched, noisy breathing sound that is made when there is an obstruction of the bronchus or larynx. Found in conditions such as croup in children.
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sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
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The sudden, unexplained death of an infant in which a postmortem examination fails to determine the cause of death.
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supplemental oxygen therapy
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Providing a patient with additional concentration of oxygen to improve oxygen levels in the bloodstream. Oxygen may be provided by a mask or nasal canula.
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sweat test
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Test performed on sweat to determine the level of chloride. There is an increase in skin chloride in the disease cystic fibrosis.
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tachypnea
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Rapid breathing rate.
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thoracalgia
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Chest pain.
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thoracentesis
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Surgical puncture of the chest wall for the removal of fluids.
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thoracic
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Pertaining to the chest.
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thoracic surgeon
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A physician specialized in treating conditions and diseases of the respiratory system by surgical teams.
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thoracic surgery
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Branch of medicine specializing in surgery on the respiratory system and thoracic cavity.
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thoracostomy
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Insertion of a tube into the chest for the purpose of draining off fluid or air.
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thoracotomy
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Incision into the chest.
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thryroid cartilage
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A piece of cartilage associated with the larynx. It is also commonly called the Adam's apple and is larger in males.
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tidal volume (TV)
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The amount of air that enters the lungs in a single inhalation or leaves the lungs in a single exhalation of quiet breathing.
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tonsils
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The collections of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx to combat microorganisms entering the body through the nose or mouth. The tonsils are the pharyngeal tonsils, the palatine tonsils, and the lingual tonsils.
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total lung capacity (TLC)
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The volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inhalation.
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trachea
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Also called the windpipe. It conducts air from the larynx down to the main bronchi in the chest.
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tracheostenosis
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Narrowing and stenosis of the lumen or opening into the trachea.
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tracheostomy
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Surgical procedure used to make an opening in the trachea to create an airway. A tracheostomy tube can be inserted to keep the opening patent.
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tracheotomy
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Surgical incision into the trachea to provide an airway.
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tuberculin skin tests (TB test)
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Applying a chemical agent (Tine or Mantoux tests) under the surface of the skin to determine if the patient has been exposed to tuberculosis.
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tuberculosis (TB)
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Infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, Myocobacterium tuberculosis. Most commonly affects the respiratory system and causes inflammation and calcification of the system. Tuberculosis is again on the uprise and is seen in many patients who have AIDS.
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ventilation
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The movement of air in and out of the lungs.
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ventilation and perfusion scan
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A nuclear medicine diagnostic test that is especially useful in identifying pulmonary emboli. Radioactive air is inhaled for the ventilation portion to determine if air is filling the entire lung. Radioactive intravenous injection shows whether or not blood is flowing to all parts of the lung.
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ventilator
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A machine that provides artificial ventilation for a patient unable to breath on his or her own. Also called a respirator.
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visceral pleura
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The inner layer of the serous membrane sac encasing the thoracic viscera.
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vital capacity (VC)
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The total volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation. This amount will be equal to the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
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vital signs (VS)
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Respiration, pulse, temperature, skin color, blood pressure, and reaction of pupils. These are signs of the condition of body functions.
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vocal cords
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The structures within the larynx that vibrate to produce sound and speech.
