question

what is ecology?

answer

the study of the interactions of organisms with their environments.

question

what is an ecosystem? what is it made of?

answer

a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment, includes both biotic and abiotic components of the environment.

question

what is the biosphere? where does it extend?

answer

an extension from the atmosphere several kilometers above from the earths to the depths of the ocean, all of the earth that is inhabited by life.

question

what factors effect the biosphere?

answer

- Abiotic factors, - Biotic factors. - Anthropogenic factors

question

what factors affect climate? seasons?

answer

Determine adjustment, so the spreading, also limiting of the population, depending on climatic conditions (temperature, humidity, precipitation, winds blow, the intensity of sunlight, etc.)

question

what climate do we live in?

answer

grasslands

question

what are the two main categories of biomes and what factors affect each category?

answer

aquatic and terrestrial biomes; distance from equator, plants, animals, elevation.

question

what are the aquatic biomes? (saline and fresh)

answer

Freshwater: Ponds and lakes, streams and river, and wetlands. Marine: Oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries.

question

what is the water cycle?

answer

the circulation of the earth's water, in which water evaporates from the sea into the atmosphere, where it condenses and falls as rain or snow, returning to the sea by rivers or returning to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration

question

how does human activity affect the water cycle?

answer

The earth's water supply stays the same but humans can alter the cycle. As population increases, and living standards rise this can increase the demand for water. Humans impact the water cycle by polluting the water in rivers, streams, reservoirs etc.

question

what is population ecology? what's a population?

answer

changes in population size and the factors that regulate populations over time; a group of individuals of a single species that occupy the same general area.

question

recognize the three dispersal patterns? which one may not be "real"?

answer

clumped dispersal, uniform dispersal, and random dispersal.

question

what are the three survivorship curves and examples?

answer

Type I - surivorship; produce offspring but give them good care, increasing the likelihood that they will survive to maturity. Type II - with survivorship constant over the life span are more more vulnerable at one stage of the life cycle that another. Type III - low survivorship for the very young. followed by a period when survivorship is high for those few individuals who live to a certain age.

question

what are the two types of growth curves?

answer

exponential growth and logistic growth

question

what is "k" and what factors limit a population?

answer

"k" stands for carrying capacity; food, breeding territories, nesting sites, and shelters.

question

what are life histories? what sorts of things are studied in a life history?

answer

are traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and death; age of first reproduction, the frequency of reproduction, the number of offspring, and the amount of parental care given.

question

what are r-selected vs k-selected life histories? in what sort of environment would you expect to find each? what are examples of each?

answer

r-selected: occurs in environments where resources are abundant permitting exponential growth; unpredictable disturbances such as fires, floods, hurricanes, droughts, and cold weather. k-selected: occurs in environments where the population size in near carrying capacity; typically are found in stable climates.

question

what is a community?

answer

is an assemblage of all the populations of organisms living close enough together for potential interaction.

question

what are the 4-types of interspecific interactions of community?

answer

Interspecific competition, Mutualism, Predation, and Herbivory;

question

what is niche? what happens when two different species try to occupy the same niche in a community?

answer

defined as a sum of its use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment; populations either stabilize at lower numbers or only one species takes over and cannot coexist together.

question

understand "predation" in a broader sense than just killing an animal for food. example?

answer

has negative affects on reproduction rates but benefit from camouflage, mechanical defense, chemical defenses, and learn to associate color pat

question

what is a keystone species? examples?

answer

a species whose impact on its community is much larger than its community is much larger than its biomass or abundance indicate. ex. bison, starfish, sea urchins.

question

how does energy flow help predation?

answer

gets transferred from plant, to animal, and so on.

question

what is primary production? biomass?

answer

the amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy; is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms.

question

how much energy on the average goes from one trophic level to the next?

answer

80%-95% of the energy at one trophic level never transfers to the next.

question

what are the three levels of biodiversity?

answer

human alteration of habitats pose the single greatest threat to biodiversity. habitat loss as a cause of the biodiversity crisis are invasive species which disrupt communities by competing with, preying on, and parasitizing native species. threat to biodiversity is overexploitation of wildlife by harvesting at rates that exceed the ability of populations to rebound.

question

what are the 5 threats of biodiversity? which one is the leading cause of extirpation? which is the leading cause of extinction?

answer

1. Habitat Degradation and Loss 2. Non-Native Invasive Species 3. Pollution 4. Overuse of Resources 5. Global Environmental Change (1 for extinction)

question

what are some consequences of global warming?

answer

ocean temps rising, warming is greater over land that on sea, arctic sea ice is shrinking, permafrost that characterize the tundra biome is melting. Warmer temperatures are beginning earlier each year and cold day and nights have become less frequent. deadly heat weaves are increasing in frequency and duration.

question

what are three gases causes of the greenhouse affect?

answer

CO2, water vapor, and methane

question

which cause of the greenhouse affect is stronger?

answer

methane

question

what is meant by phenotypic plasticity?

answer

the ability to change phenotype in response to local environment

question

what is biodiversity hotspots? what is an endemic species?

answer

realively small areas have a large number of endangered and threatened species and an exceptional concentration of endemic species; those that are found nowhere else.

question

universal dispersal

answer

interactions between the individuals of a population

question

clumped dispersal

answer

individuals are grouped in patches, the most common in nature.

question

random dispersal

answer

individuals in a population are spaced in an unpredictable way without a pattern. ex. dandelions that grow from windblown seeds might be randomly dispersed.

question

exponential growth

answer

gives an idealized picture of unregulated population growth

question

logistic growth

answer

idealized population growth that is slowed by limiting factors as the population size increased.

question

Components of Populations - how do we measure population structure and status?

answer

distribution, abundance, population dynamics, density, independence

question

What factors limit populations

answer

Predation, competition, disease, nutrients, parasites

question

Density dependent

answer

a population limiting factor whose intensity is linked to population density

question

Density independent

answer

a population limiting factor whose intensity is unrelated to a population's density

question

Survivorship curve

answer

a plot of the number of members of a cohort that are still alive at each age; one way to represent age-specific mortality

question

Exponential growth

answer

occurs when the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate

question

Geometric growth

answer

Population growth in which generations do not overlap and in which successive generations differ in size by a constant ratio.

question

Additive growth

answer

Population growth in which a constant number of individuals is added to the population during successive time intervals

question

Logistic growth

answer

growth pattern in which a population's growth rate slows or stops following a period of exponential growth

question

sustained yield

answer

The rate at which a resource may be used without reducing its long-term availability or limiting its ability to renew itself.

question

carrying capacity

answer

In a population, the number of individuals that an environment can sustain

question

How do we identify the different environments on Earth?

answer

usually classified by precipitation and temperature

question

What's the role fire, or plant succession on biome stability and structure

answer

Some plants or trees rely on fire to reproduce. Fire helps clear out an area of old growth which allows more new growth

question

Ecology

answer

The experimental analysis of the distribution and abundance of organisms

question

Biome

answer

On a biological scale: similar climate, topography and organisms

question

Biosphere

answer

The entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems

question

Wetland

answer

-covered by water at least part of the year -high species diversity -high productivity -high "ecosystem services"

question

Desert

answer

-Sporadic precipitation - <7cm annual rainfall -some microsites on south facing slopes -organisms adapted to avoid water loss

question

Tropical

answer

characterized by high levels of precipitation and warm temperature all year around

question

Savanna

answer

grasses, scattered trees

question

Chaparral

answer

dominated by spiny evergreen shrubs adapted to periodic drought and fires. Found where cold ocean currents circulate offshore creating mild,rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers

question

Temperate

answer

not very hot, and not very cold...no extremes

question

Tundra

answer

-wind and ice - short growing season - soils alternately frozen or waterlogged - grasses, sedges, mosses and lichens

question

Oceanic biome

answer

-nutrient poor and oxygen rich water, phytoplankton growth

question

Community

answer

An assemblage of all the organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.

question

Interspecific Interactions

answer

Relationships between individuals of different species in a community

question

Interspecific Competition

answer

Competition between individuals or populations of two or more species requiring a limited resource.

question

Mutualism

answer

An interspecific relationship in which bother partners benefit

question

Predation

answer

An interaction between species in which one species, the predator, eats the other, the prey

question

Herbivory

answer

Consumption of plant parts or algae by an animal

question

Ecological Niche

answer

The role of a species in its community; the sum total of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment

question

Coevolution

answer

Evolutionary change in which adaptions in one species act as a selective force on a second species, inducing adaptations that in turn act as a selective force on the first species; mutual influence on the evolution of two different interacting species

question

Food Chain

answer

A sequence of food transfers from producers through one to four levels of consumers in an ecosystem

question

Producers

answer

An organism that makes organic food molecules from CO2, H2O, and other inorganic raw materials: a plant, alga, or autotrophic prokaryote

question

Primary Consumers

answer

In the trophic structure of an ecosystem, an organism that eats plants or algae

question

Secondary Consumers

answer

An organism that eats primary consumers

question

Tertiary Consumers

answer

An organism that eats secondary consumers

question

Quaternary Consumers

answer

An organism that eats tertiary consumers

question

Detritus

answer

Dead organic matter

question

Scavengers

answer

An animal that feeds on the carcasses of dead animals

question

Detritivore

answer

An organism that consumes organic wastes and dead organism

question

Decomposers

answer

Prokaryotes and fungi that secrete enzymes that digest nutrients from organic material and convert them to inorganic forms

question

Decomposition

answer

The breakdown of organic materials into inorganic ones

question

Species Diversity

answer

The variety of species that make up a community. Species diversity includes both species richness (the total number of different species) and the relative abundance of the different species in the community

question

Keystone Species

answer

A species that is not usually abundant in a community yet exerts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role, or niche

question

Disturbance

answer

In ecology, a force that changes a biological community and usually removes organism from it

question

Ecological Succession

answer

The process of biological community change resulting from disturbance; transition in the species, composition of a biological community, often following a flood, fire, or volcanic eruption

question

Primary Succession

answer

A type of ecological succession in which a biological community arises in an area without soil

question

Secondary Succession

answer

A type of ecological succession that occurs where a disturbance has destroyed an existing biological community but left the soil intact.

question

Biological Control

answer

The intentional release of a natural enemy to attack a pest population

question

Ecosystem

answer

All the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving (abiotic) factors with which they interact; a biological community and its physical environment

question

Chemical Cycling

answer

The use and reuse of a chemical element, such as carbon, within an ecosystem

question

Primary Production

answer

The amount of soalr energy converted to chimeical energy (in organic compounds) by autotrophs in an ecosystem during a given period

question

Biogeochemical Cycle

answer

Any of the various chemical circuits that involve both biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem

question

Abiotic Reservoirs

answer

The part of an ecosystem where a chemical, such as carbon or nitrogen, accumulates or is stockpiled outside of living organisms

question

Abiotic factor

answer

a nonliving component of an ecosystem, such as air, water, or temperature

question

Aphotic zone

answer

the region of an aquatic ecosystem beneath the photic zone, where light does not penetrate enough for photosynthesis to take place

question

Biotic factor

answer

a living component of a biological community; an organism, or a factor pertaining to one or more organisms

question

Biosphere

answer

the entire portion of earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems

question

Continental shelf

answer

the submerged part of a continent

question

Biome

answer

a major type of ecological association that occupies a broad geographic region of land or water and is characterized by organisms adapted to the particular environment

question

Community

answer

an assemblage f all the organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area

question

Doldrums

answer

an area of calm or very light winds near the equator, caused by rising warm water

question

Ecosystem

answer

all the organisms in a given area, along with the nonliving (abiotic) factors with which they interact; a biological community and its physical environment

question

Ecology

answer

scientific study or how organisms interact with their environment

question

Desert

answer

a biome characterized by organisms adapted to sparse rainfall (less than 30 cm per year) and rapid evaporation

question

Chaparral

answer

a biome dominated by spiny evergreen shrubs adapted to periodic drought and fires; found where cold ocean currents circulate offshore, creating mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers

question

Population

answer

a group of individuals belonging to one species and living the same geographic area

question

Prevailing winds

answer

winds that result from the combined effects of earth's rotation and the rising and falling of air masses

question

Pelagic realm

answer

the region of an ocean occupied by seawater

question

Photic zone

answer

the region of an aquatic ecosystem into which light penetrates and where photosynthesis occurs

question

Phytoplankton

answer

algae and photosynthetic bacteria that drift passively in aquatic environments

question

Intertidal zone

answer

a shallow zone where the waters of the estuary or ocean meet land

question

Estuary

answer

the area where a freshwater stream or river merges with the ocean

question

Temperate zones

answer

latitudes between the tropics and the Arctic Circle in the north and the Antarctic Circle in the south; regions with milder climates than the tropics or Polar Regions

question

Sectors of Ecology

answer

population, community, ecosystems, conservation

question

mark/recapture

answer

way to measure population density

question

logistic growth model

answer

description of idealized population growth that is slowed by limiting factors as the population size increases

question

logistic growth equation

answer

G = rN (K-N)/K

question

Evolutionary cause of behavior is called the

answer

ultimate cause

question

When a nipple is placed in a newborn baby's mouth, the infant will immediately begin to suckle. This is an example of

answer

innate behavior

question

When nest building, a female Fisher's lovebird cuts long strips of vegetation and carries them to the nest site one at a time in her beak. The peach-faced lovebird cuts short strips and carries them to the nest tucked under back feathers. Hybrid offspring cut intermediate-sized strips and attempt to tuck them under back feathers before carrying them in their beak. What does this demonstrate about behavior?

answer

There is a genetic basis to behavior

question

When you successfully study with the stereo in the background, you are demonstrating

answer

habituation

question

A male turkey that imprinted onto a human at hatching is transferred as a subadult to a flock of "normal" turkeys. When this turkey reaches sexual maturity, he will probably try to court

answer

humans

question

A grayling butterfly will normally fly toward the sun. This is an example of

answer

taxis

question

A blue jay hides hundreds of nuts throughout the fall and finds them throughout the winter and spring. The blue jay is most likely finding the stored food by using

answer

Cognitive map

question

The most extensive study of internal maps have involved animals that

answer

migrate

question

Squirrels on a bird feeder seem to be able to figure out how to steal seeds no matter what people do. Yesterday, Jeremy hung out a new bird feeder design, and sure enough, by the end of the day the squirrels found a way to get to the seeds. The squirrels most likely figured out how to get the seeds through

answer

trial-and-error learning

question

The baby bobcats watched as their mother stalked a rabbit and pounced, catching dinner that was shared by all. The next day, two of the young bobcats were seen stalking a field mouse, which quickly escaped from the inexperienced hunters. The young bobcats were learning how to hunt by the process of

answer

social learning

question

An insectivorous bird has the choice of eating (1) meadow beetles, which are abundant and large but expose the bird to hawk predation; (2) under-a-rock beetles, which are large and fatty but hard to obtain; and (3) under-a-leaf beetles, which are easy to obtain but small. The bird has nestlings to feed. As an optimal forager, it will

answer

eat all three kinds of beetles, balancing the energy spent obtaining each against the energy gained and the risks incurred.

question

The need for intense parental care of offspring favors mating systems that are

answer

monogamous

question

Territories are typically used for A. feeding B. mating C. rearing young D. All of the above

answer

D. All of the above

question

Organisms that are nocturnal are more likely to communicate using

answer

smell and sound

question

An ecologist hypothesizes that predation by a particular owl species is the major factor controlling the population of a particular rabbit species. A good preliminary step in testing this hypothesis would be to determine

answer

whether the owls eat the rabbit

question

An owl and a hawk both eat mice. Which of these terms describes the relationship between a hawk and an owl?

answer

competition

question

Within an ecosystem, a tree is a

answer

producer

question

proximate questions

answer

concern immediate reasons for a behavior How a behavior develops during an animal's life span

question

stimuli

answer

environmental cues that cause a response

question

behaviors

answer

adaptations that have been shaped by natural selection

question

Karl von Frisch and Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen

answer

Frisch: bees Lorenz: founder of behavior biology, emphasized importance of studying behavior of various anials in response to different stimuli Tinbergen: experimental studies of inborn behavior and on simple forms of learning

question

Innate Behavior

answer

Performed the same way by all members of a species. A fixed action pattern is an unchangeable series of actions triggered by a specific stimulus. FAPs ensure that activities essential to survival are performed correctly without practice

question

Determinants of behavior

answer

Behavior usually involves bot genetic and environmental influences

question

Behavior ecology

answer

is the study of behavior in an evolutionary context, considering both proximate (immediate) and ultimate (evolutionary) causes of an animal's actions Natural selection preserves behaviors that enhances fitness

question

Learning

answer

change in behavior resulting from experience Habituation is learning to ignorea repeated, unimportant stimulus

question

Imprinting

answer

is irreversible learning limited to a sensitive period in the animal's life Captive breeding programs for endangered species must provide proper imprinting modls

question

Spatial learning

answer

involves using landmarks to move through the environment Kineses and taxes are simple movements in response to a stimulus

question

Cognitive maps

answer

internal representations of spatial relationships of objects in the surrounding Migratory animals may move between areas using the sun, stars, landmarks, or other cues

question

Associative Learning

answer

Many animals can learn by associating external stimuli or their own behavior with positive or negative effects

question

Social LEarning

answer

involves changes in behaviors that result from observation and imitation of others

question

Cognition

answer

is the process of perceiving, storing, integrating, and using information Some animals exhibit problem-solving behavior, which involves complex cognitive processes

question

Foraging

answer

Includes identifying, obtaining, and eating food Optimal foraging theory predicts that feeding behavior will maximize energy gain and minimize energy expenditure and risk

question

signaling

answer

in the form of sounds, scents, displays or touches provides communication needed for interactions between members of the same species

question

courtship rituals

answer

advertise the species, sex, and physical condition of potential mates

question

mating systems

answer

may be promiscuous, monogamous, or polygamous The needs of offspring and certainty of paternity help explain differences in mating systems and parental care by males

question

Endocrine disruptors

answer

in the environment may cause abnormal behavior as well as reproductive abnormalities

question

Sociobiology

answer

is the study of social behavior, the interactions of two or more animals, in the context of evolution

question

Territorial behavior

answer

allocates space and resources Animals exhibiting this behavior defend their territories

question

Agonistic behavior

answer

including threats, rituals, and sometimes combat, settles dispute over resources

question

Dominance hierarchies

answer

partition resources among members of a social group Chimpanzees exhibit dominance hierarchies and reconciliation behaviors

question

Altruism

answer

Can usually be explained by the concepts of inclusive fitness and kin selection: An animal can propagate its own genes by helping relatives reproduce In reciprocal altruism, individuals do favors that may later be repaid cooperative colonies increases inclusive fitness when maximing reproduction of close relatives

question

Human Behavior

answer

has a genetic basis but is strongly influenced by learning

question

Population ecology

answer

concerned with changes in population size and factorss that regulate populations over time a population consists of members of a species living in the same pace at the same time

question

population characteristics

answer

population density is the number of individuals in a given area of volume environmental and social factors influence the spacing of individuals in various dispersion patterns: clumped (most common), uniform, or random Life tables and survivorship curves predict an individual's statistical chance of dying or surviving during each interval in its life three types of survivorship curves reflect species' differences in reproduction and mortality

question

Exponential growth

answer

accelerating increase that occurs when growth is unlimited G=rN describes J shaped growth curve (G = population growth rate, r = organism's inherent capacity to reproduce per capita increase, N = population size)

question

Logistic growth

answer

model that represents the slowing of population growth as a result of limiting factors and the leveling off at carrying capacity, which is the number of individuals the environment can support equation G = rN((K- N)/K) describes a logistic growth curve where K = carrying capacity and the term (K-N)/K accounts for the leveling off of a curve carrying capacity: maximum an environment can hold based on the resources present

question

Limiting Factors

answer

As a population's density increases, factors such as limited food supply and increased disease or predation may increase the death rate, decrease the brth rate, or both Abiotic factors such as severe weather may limit many natural populations Most populations are probably regulated by a mixture of factors, and fluctuations in numbers are common Some populations undergo regular boom-and-bust cycle of growth and decline

question

Diversity of life histories

answer

Natural selection shapes a species of life history, the series of evenets from birth through reproduction to death Populations with so-called r-selected life history traits produce many offspring and grow rapidly in unpredictable environments Populations with K-selected traits raise few offspring and maintain relatively stable populations Most species fall between these extremes Principles of population ecology are useful in managing natural resources

question

Human Population growth

answer

The human population grew rapidly during 20th century and currently stands at 6.5 billion. Demographic transition, the shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates, has lowered the rate of growth in developed countries. In the developing nations, deaths rates have dropped, but birth rates are still high. The age structure of a population -- the proportion of individuals in different age-groups --affects its future growth. Population momentum is the continued growth that occurs despite reduced fertility and as a result of girls in the 0-14 age group of a previously expanding population reaching their childbearing years. Age structures for teh US indicsate social and economic trends

question

Earth's Carrying capacity

answer

An ecological footprint estimates the amount of land required by each person or country to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb all its wastes. it may already be smaller than the population's ecological footprint. THere is a huge disparity between resource consumption in more developed and less developed nations.

question

fixed action pattern (FAP)

answer

strong genetic control repeated actions due to repetitive stimuli that help protect an organism mating dances, penguin & eggs unchangeable series of actions triggered by a specific stimulus once initiated, the sequence is performed in its entirety, regardless of any changes in circumstances simple behavior essential to survival so inherited

question

habituation

answer

animals learns not to respond to a repeated stimulus that conveys little or no information

question

Learning

answer

modification of behavior as a result of specific experiences enables animals to change their behaviors in response to changing environmental conditions

question

innate behavior

answer

behavior under strong genetic control and is performed in virtually the same way by all individuals of a species improves with experience

question

imprinting

answer

learning that is limited to a specific time period in an animal's life and that is generally irreversible sensitive period

question

sensitive period

answer

limited phase in an animal's development when it can learn certain behaviors

question

kinesis

answer

starting or stopping, changing speed, or turning more or less frequently i.e. snowbugs

question

taxis

answer

response directed toward (positive) or a way from (negative) a stimulus

question

spatial learning

answer

memories of landmarks in their environment that indicate the locations of food, nest sites, prospective mates, and potential hazards kinesis wasps

question

cognitive map

answer

internal representation, or code, of spatial relationships among objects in an animal's surrounding

question

migration

answer

regular back-and-forth movement of animals between two geographic areas

question

Associative Learning

answer

ability to associate one environmental feature with another ex: an animal learns to link a particular stimulus to a particular outcome (training a dog) trial-and-error memory is essential

question

trial and error learning

answer

associative learning animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with a positive or negative effect animal then tends to repeat the response if it is rewarded or avoid the response if it is harmed

question

social learning

answer

learning by observing the behavior of others

question

attitudinal relationship

answer

parties mirror one another's attitudes, exchanging favors on the spot favors on the spot pay a price

question

Symmetry-based relationship

answer

mutual affection between two parties prompts similar behavior in both directions without need to keep track of daily give-and-take, so long as the overall relationship remains satisfactory

question

Calculated Relationship

answer

individuals keep track of the benefits they exchange with partners, which helps them to decide to whom to return favors

question

life table

answer

calculates survivability at a certain age % survival (y) & % lifespan (x) humans I, concave down type II: can die at anytime, straight type III: concave up

question

cognition

answer

process carried out by an animal's nervous system to perceive, store, integrate, and use information gathered by the senses

question

problem solving

answer

process of applying past experience to overcome obstacles in novel situations can observe others

question

foraging

answer

food obtaining behavior trigger to search for, recognize and capture

question

search image

answer

concentrate on a particular item of food when it is readily available mechanism that enables an animal to find particular foods efficiently

question

optimal foraging theory

answer

an animal's feeding behavior should provide maximal energy gain with minimal energy expense and minimal risk of being eaten while foraging

question

agnostic behavior

answer

two animals, of the same species, fighting over a mate not very common

question

signal

answer

stimulus transmitted by one animal to another animal visual, electrical, chemical can use more than one at the same time

question

sociobiology

answer

evolutionary theory to the study and interpretation of social behavior study of how social behaviors are adaptive and how they could have evolved by natural selection

question

territory

answer

area usually fixed in location which individuals defend from which other members of the same species are usually excluded

question

dominance hierarchy

answer

ranking of individuals based on social interactions common

question

inclusive fitness

answer

an individual's success at perpetuating its genes by producing its own offspring and by helping close relatives

question

reciprocal altruism

answer

an altruistic act that may be repaid at a later time by the beneficiary appears in the fairly rare, limited largely to species with social groups stable enough that individuals have many chances to exchange aid

question

dispersion pattern

answer

the way individuals are spaced within their area

question

sustainable resource management

answer

harvesting crops without damaging the resource

question

demographic transition

answer

a shift from zero population growth in which birthrates and death rates are high but roughly equal, to zero population growth

question

population momentum

answer

increased proportion of women of childbearing agei in the population

question

ecological footprint

answer

an estimate of the amount of land acquired to provide the raw materials an individual or a nation consumes, including food, fuel, water, housing, and waste disposal

question

Interspecific Interactions

answer

Relationships among 2 different species.

question

Interspecific Competition

answer

competition between animals involving 2 or more species.

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