COM180 Midterm 1 – Flashcards
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What are the personal, professional and public benefits of enhancing your public speaking skills?
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personal- special event, such as a toast at a wedding prof.- job (sports broadcaster, comedian ect...) Public-helps participate in democracy
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What is the difference between the linear and transactional model of communication?
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Linear- 3 parts sender channel and receiver trans- circular process
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Define and give an original example of each of the elements of the communication process
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Encoding Decoding communicator message
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Which of the elements of the communication process do you think has the greatest impact on the way a message is interpreted. Explain.
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Encoding important because someone can talk all day but if the listener isn't engaging theres no point Decoding the listener cant get anything out of an incoherent pitch
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What are the three types of speeches? For each of the three types of speeches, give two examples of an occasion or situation in which that type of speech might be given
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1. informative speech- the presenter will share info (teachers & job training) 2. persuasive speech, the presenter will attempt to reinforce or change their audiences' beliefs, attitudes, feelings, or values (sales pitch or political debate) 3. commemorate- tell of shared experiences (toast from the best man or eulogy)
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List the eleven speaking competencies. For each competency listed, describe the differences between the advanced speaker and the inexperienced speaker.
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1. useful topic 2. engaging introduction 3. clear organization 4. well-supported ideas 5. closure in conclusion 6. clear and vivid language 7. suitable vocal expression 8. corresponding non-verbals 9. adapted to the audience 10. adept use of visual aids 11. convincing persuasion
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Four kinds of Noise
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Psychological noise -mental states or emotional states that impede message transmission or reception physical noise- the actual sound level Physiological noise- bodily processes and states that interfere with a message Cultural noise- message interference that results from differences in peoples' worldview
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What historical events gave rise to Athens establishing democracy for its citizens?
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Ceylon took control then was over thrown, Draco made laws punishable by new standards from before being an eye for an eye to now being specific crime ad punishment
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Who was Draco, and what did he do in Athens?
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Draco was an elderly and wise man who set up laws in Athens that took over eye for an eye idea. he now had clear crime and punishments
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Under whose reign did Athens enjoy its greatest glory, and why?
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Under Pericles was Athens greatest glory- start of pure democracy, poor was now represented in the governtment, legislative system makes laws
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Who was Plato, and what form of inquiry did he advocate?
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dialect-debate intended to resolve a conflict between two contradictory, or apparently contradictory ideas or elements logically, establishing truths on both sides rather than disproving one argument
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Who was Aristotle, and what is he most noted for?
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Aristotle wrote that rhetoric is the means persuasion. He was most noted for becoming the primary source of all later rhetorical theory.
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What did the Romans borrow from the Greeks and how did they improve upon it?
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- The Romans borrowed or copied ideas on Greek rhetoric. - They improved upon it by refining and identifying the subject of rhetoric into five parts - Invention, Arrangement, Style, Memory, and Delivery.
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Why was Cicero considered to be the greatest Roman orator?
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He gives us insight into the general nature of rhetorical instruction in the first century B.C. He believed that the perfect orator should be able to speak wisely and eloquently on any subject with a dignified, restrained delivery
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What did Quintilian contribute to the art of persuasion?
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He contributed influence on rhetoric Quintilian's system of rhetorical education aimed at the creation of the ideal Roman orator: a virtuous, efficient, courageous, eloquent man.
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What role did rhetoric play in education in the Middle Ages?
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Rhetoric's role in education in the Middle Ages is known as one of the three great liberal arts.
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The Renaissance gave birth to the Humanists and Rationalists. Can you describe the differences between the two and name two representatives from each and their contributions to persuasion?
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Humanistis- Interested in the human world as constructed through language, rather than the natural world, the Humanists focused on the human epistemologically. Rationalists- they were seen as having connection to science and truth
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What is the "epistemological tradition" and who best represent this movement?
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create rhetorics based on an understanding of human nature Richard Whately
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Where did ethics originate? How are ethics used in public speaking?
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Ethics originated in greece and rome builds credibility
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What is plagiarism?
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Passing off another's work as your own
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What is the difference between global and patchwork plagiarism?
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global-speaker presents a speech that is not his or her own work. patchwork-"patches" together bits and pieces from one or more sources and represents the end result as his or her own
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What is the difference between paraphrasing and directly quoting a source?
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paraphrase—a sentence or string of sentences that shares learned information in your own words direct quote- sentence or string of sentences that conveys an author's idea word-for-word
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What free speech rights are granted to a speaker?
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First amendment right
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Why is raising social awareness an ethical concern when preparing a speech?
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Because the audience may not have the same stance on a topic as you and it will offend/alienate people
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What are some ways to use language ethically in presentations?
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Use inclusive "we" language
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How is ethical listening used in the public speaking setting?
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An ethical listener is one who actively interprets shared materials and analyzes the content
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What are some guidelines for being an ethical listener?
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actively interprets shared material and analyzes the speech content and speaker's effectiveness.
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listening and hearing
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hearing is taking in sound where as listening is taking in sound and and distinguishing relevance
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What are some benefits for you personally from effective listening?
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Personal- completing commnitcation loop professional- make a better impression on employers academic- retain more info. be more prepared for tests
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Name and give an example of each of the three A's of active listening
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attention, adjustment(be flexible with their direction) attitude
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Identify the three main barriers to listening. Which of these barriers is most problematic for you? What can you do about it?
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Judgement, anticipating and emotionally reacting -anticipating i can think to myself to pay attention
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What does an effective listener do with the extra thought process time while a speaker is speaking only 150 words-per-minute?
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They would take notes of main points
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How can you communicate non-verbally that you are listening?
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listeners lean, eye contact or noding
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What are some considerations in offering constructive feedback?
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Approach the speaker in a non threatening way and actively listen so you can make sugestions
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What are strategies that help hold your listeners' attention during your speech?
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Make topic relatable, cue listeners
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What are the four basic functions of introductions, and why are these functions important?
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-Gain intrest -gain goodwill -state purpose -preview structure of speech
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List and give one original example of each of the ten attention-getting devices
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Tell a story Refer to the occasion refer to recent or historical events refer to other speeches refer to personal intrest use startling statement use analogy use a quote ask a question use humor
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What are three reasons why stories are effective as introductions?
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It has built in structure people understand creates shared experience has beginning middle and end
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Why is humor both useful and dangerous at the same time?
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It can create a connection with audience or it can ruin their credibility
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What is a preview statement, and why is it important as part of an introduction?
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It lets you know what the speech is going to be about
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What are the four basic functions of conclusions, and why are these functions important?
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Prepare the audience for the end of your speech, summarize and close, end with a "clincher'
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Compare and contrast an appeal and a challenge. When would you use each technique?
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Appeals are requests ie. ask yourself.... Challenges are more forceful ie. I dare you to...
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What does it mean to "follow the structure" in a conclusion?
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Use quotes questions and shocking statements because they are proven to work
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Why are introductions and conclusions prepared last?
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Its easier to captivate an audience after you have researched and have info for your paper
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What percentage of the general population is likely dealing with CA?
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20% or more
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What are some of the potential issues or problems that can result from CA?
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Decrease the audience engagement, leave negative disposition
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What are some of the different ways researchers classify CA? What are the differences between these ideas?
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Trait Anxiety- anxiety alligned with the personality ie. shy state anxiety- derived from external situations ie. audience member making distracting noises scrutiny fear- fear of being watched ie. doesnt want to be center of attention
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How does Cognitive Restructuring work? Does it work the same for every person who tries it?
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Internal process where you change the way an experience is perceived ie. if i mess up on my speech people will sympathize with me rather than make fun of me
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What does it mean to become conversant in your topic?
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Conversant is some one who is ready to discuss the topic intelligently
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Why is memorizing a presentation a risky move? Is there any part of your presentation that should be memorized?
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Because there is as risk of forgetting. Introduction should be memorized though
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Know the four types of speeches and delivery options
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Descriptive - Explanatory- Definitional- Demonstration- manuscript, memorized, impromptu, extemporaneous
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What three aspects of vocal delivery do you believe are most important to a speaker's credibility? Explain.
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Inflection- Pace- Tone-
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How might a speaker's accent affect the audience's perception of him or her? Illustrate your answer with an example.
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If the accent is too strong then audience wont understand him and he wont have the same credibility
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List three methods you would personally use to reduce your anxiety before your speeches
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Breathe and release practice out loud Prepare well
