COM1010 – Flashcard
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Stage fright
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Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience.
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Adrenaline
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A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress.
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Positive nervousness
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Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for his or her presentation.
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Visualization
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Mental imagining in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation.
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Critical thinking
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Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.
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Speaker
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The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener.
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Message
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Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else.
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Channel
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The means by which a message is communicated.
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Listener
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The person who receives the speakers message.
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Frame of reference
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The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.
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Feedback
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The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker.
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Interference
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Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interferences can be external or internal to the listeners.
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Situation
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The time and place in which speech communication occurs.
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Ethnocentrism
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The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.
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Seven elements of communication process
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1. Situation 2. Speaker 3. Channel 4. Interference 5. Adapting to Interference 6. Message 7. Feedback
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Ethics
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The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.
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Ethical decisions
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Sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.
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Name-calling
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The use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups.
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Bill of Rights
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The first 10 amendments to the US Constitution.
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Plagiarism
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Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own.
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Global Plagiarism
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Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own.
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Patchwork plagiarism
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Stealing ideas or languages from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own.
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Incremental plagiarism
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Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people.
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Paraphrase
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To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words.
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Ice Breaker Speech
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A speech early in the term designed to get students speaking in front of the class as soon as possible.
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Introduction
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The opening section of a speech.
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Body
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The main section of a speech.
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Chronological order
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A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.
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Topical order
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A method of speech organization in while the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.
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Main points
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The main points developed in the body of a speech.
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Transition
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A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.
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Conclusion
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The final section of a speech.
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Extemporaneous speech
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A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.
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Gestures
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Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech.
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Eye contact
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Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person.
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General purpose
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The broad goal of a speech.
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Specific purpose
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A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.
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Central idea
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A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major idea of a speech.
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Brainstorming
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A method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.
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Residual message
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What a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech.
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Supporting Material
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The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.
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Example
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A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.
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Mean
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The average value of a group of numbers. Median - The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.
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Mode
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The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.
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Statistics
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Numerical data.
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Brief example
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A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.
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Extended example
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A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.
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Hypothetical example
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An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation. (Imagine that... Picture this...)
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Testimony
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Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.
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Expert testimony
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Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.
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Peer testimony
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Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.
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Direct quotation
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Testimony that is presented word for word.
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Paraphrase
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To restate or summarize a source's ideas in one's own words.
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Quoting out of context
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Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.
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Strategic organization
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Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.
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Main points
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The major points developed in the body of the speech Most speeches contain from two to five main points.
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Internal preview
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A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.
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Internal summary
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A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points.
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Chronological order
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A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.
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Spatial order
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A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.
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Causal order
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A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.
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Problem-solution order
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A method of speech organization in which the first main points deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.
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Topical order
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A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.
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Supporting materials
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The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting material are examples, statistics, and testimony.
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Transitions
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A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.
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Connectives
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A word that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them.
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Signposts
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A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.
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Rhetorical question
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A question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud.
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Credibility
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The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.
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Goodwill
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The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind.
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Preview statement
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A statement in the introduction of speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body.
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Introduction Functions
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1. Get the attention and interest of your audience. 2. Reveal the topic of your speech. 3. Establish your credibility and goodwill. 4. Preview the body of the speech.
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Conclusion Functions
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1. To let the audience know you are ending the speech. 2. To reinforce the audience's understand of, or commitment to, the central idea.
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Visual framework
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The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas.
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Bibliography
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A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech.
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Preparation outline
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A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, sub points, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.
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Speaking outline
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A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech.
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Delivery cues
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Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech.
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Purposes of prep and speaking outlines
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Preparation: An outline that helps you prepare your speech. Speaking: helps you remember what you are going to say; condense version of the preparation outline
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Outline of a Speech
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Preparation: 1. State the specific purpose of your speech. 2. Identify the central idea. 3. Label the introduction, body, and conclusion. 4. Use a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation. 5. State main points and sub points in full sentences. 6. Label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews. 7. Attach a bibliography. 8. Give your speech a title, if one is desired. Speaking: 1. Follow visual framework used in preparation outline. 2. Make sure the outline is legible. 3. Keep the outline as brief as possible. 4.Give yourself cues for delivering the speech.
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Nonverbal communication
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Communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.
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Manuscript speech
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A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.
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Memorized speech
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A speech delivered through memory.
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Impromptu speech
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A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.
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Extemporaneous speech
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A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.
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Conversational quality
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Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed.
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Volume
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The loudness or softness of the speaker's voice.
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Pitch
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The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice.
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Inflections
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Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice.
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Monotone
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A constant pitch or tone of voice.
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Rate
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The speed at which a person speaks.
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Vocalized Pause
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A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words and vocalizations such as "uh," "er," and "um."
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Pause
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A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech.
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Articulation
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The physical production of particular speech sounds.
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Pronunciation
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The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language.
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Dialect
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A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.
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Vocal variety
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Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that gives the voice variety and expressiveness.
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Kinesics
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The study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication.
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Gestures
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Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech.
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Eye contact
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Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person.
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Kinds of visual aids
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1. Objects and models 2. Photographs and drawings 3. Graphs 4. Video 5. The speaker 6. Powerpoint
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Line graph
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A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space.
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Pie graph
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A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns.
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Bar graph
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A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items.
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Chart
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A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form.
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Guidelines for preparing visual aids
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1. Prepare visual aids well in advance. 2. Keep visual aids simple. 3. Make sure visual aids are large enough. 4. Use a limited amount of text. 5. Use fonts effectively. 6. Use color effectively. 7. Use images strategically.
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Guidelines for presenting visual aids
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1. Display visual aids where listeners can see them. 2. Avoid passing visual aids among the audience. 3. Display visual aids only while discussing them. 4. Explain visual aids clearly and concisely. 5. Talk to your audience not your visual aid. 6. Practice with your visual aids. 7. Check the room and the equipment.
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Informative Speech
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A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding.
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Object
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Anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form.
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Event
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Anything that happens or is regarded to happen. Process - A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.
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Concept
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A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.
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Description
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A statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness.
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Comparison
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A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.
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Contrast
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A statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.
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Jargon
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Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group of people and are difficult for others to understand.
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Personalize
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To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience.
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Guidelines for informative speeches: 1. Don't overestimate what the audience knows. 2. Relate directly to the audience 3. Don't be too technical. 4. Avoid abstractions. 5. Personalize your ideas. 6. Be creative.
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Word Graffiti
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Vocalized Pauses.
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Power of 3
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Listing three items at a time for a powerful effect.
